Optimization of inter-seasonal nitrogen allocation increases yield and resource-use efficiency in a water-limited wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain

Winter wheat–summer maize cropping system in the North China Plain often experiences droughtinduced yield reduction in the wheat season and rainwater and nitrogen(N)fertilizer losses in the maize season.This study aimed to identify an optimal interseasonal water-and N-management strategy to alleviate these losses.Four ratios of allocation of 360 kg N ha^(-1)between the wheat and maize seasons under one-time presowing root-zone irrigation(W0)and additional jointing and anthesis irrigation(W2)in wheat and one irrigation after maize sowing were set as follows:N1(120:240),N2(180:180),N3(240:120)and N4(300:60).The results showed that under W0,the N3 treatment produced the highest annual yield,crop water productivity(WPC),and nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFPN).Increased N allocation in wheat under W0 improved wheat yield without affecting maize yield,as surplus nitrate after wheat harvest was retained in the topsoil layers and available for the subsequent maize.Under W2,annual yield was largest in the N2 treatment.The risk of nitrate leaching increased in W2 when N application rate in wheat exceeded that of the N2 treatment,especially in the wet year.Compared to W2N2,the W0N3 maintained 95.2%grain yield over two years.The WPCwas higher in the W0 treatment than in the W2 treatment.Therefore,following limited total N rate,an appropriate fertilizer N transfer from maize to wheat season had the potential of a“triple win”for high annual yield,WPCand PFPN in a water-limited wheat–maize cropping system.

Integrating a novel irrigation approximation method with a process-based remote sensing model to estimate multi-years'winter wheat yield over the North China Plain

Accurate estimation of regional winter wheat yields is essential for understanding the food production status and ensuring national food security.However,using the existing remote sensing-based crop yield models to accurately reproduce the inter-annual and spatial variations in winter wheat yields remains challenging due to the limited ability to acquire irrigation information in water-limited regions.Thus,we proposed a new approach to approximating irrigations of winter wheat over the North China Plain(NCP),where irrigation occurs extensively during the winter wheat growing season.This approach used irrigation pattern parameters(IPPs)to define the irrigation frequency and timing.Then,they were incorporated into a newly-developed process-based and remote sensing-driven crop yield model for winter wheat(PRYM–Wheat),to improve the regional estimates of winter wheat over the NCP.The IPPs were determined using statistical yield data of reference years(2010–2015)over the NCP.Our findings showed that PRYM–Wheat with the optimal IPPs could improve the regional estimate of winter wheat yield,with an increase and decrease in the correlation coefficient(R)and root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.15(about 37%)and 0.90 t ha–1(about 41%),respectively.The data in validation years(2001–2009 and 2016–2019)were used to validate PRYM–Wheat.In addition,our findings also showed R(RMSE)of 0.80(0.62 t ha–1)on a site level,0.61(0.91 t ha–1)for Hebei Province on a county level,0.73(0.97 t ha–1)for Henan Province on a county level,and 0.55(0.75 t ha–1)for Shandong Province on a city level.Overall,PRYM–Wheat can offer a stable and robust approach to estimating regional winter wheat yield across multiple years,providing a scientific basis for ensuring regional food security.

Soil Properties and Yield of Jerusalem Artichoke(Helianthus tuberosus L.)with Seawater Irrigation in North China Plain

Irrigation with various dilutions of seawater can act as an alternate water resource and thus plays an important role in saving freshwater resources as well as promoting agriculture in the coastal semi-arid areas of the North China Plain. Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.） grown in a field experiment was irrigated with seawater diluted with freshwater from 2001 to 2003 to determine the feasibility of seawater irrigation in the Laizhou area. For treatments of CK （non-irrigation） along with seawater concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, total dissolved solid （TDS） in the non-irrigated soil significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） in both 2002 and 2003 and was 1.3 times higher in 2003 than in 2001. In the 25% and 50% seawater concentration treatments, TDS in 2001 was significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） than CK; however, TDS in these two treatments decreased by 34.9% and 40.1%, respectively, in 2003 compared with 2001. The sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） remained below 10 mmol^1/2 L^-1/2, indicating that alkalization was low with seawater irrigation. In 2001 and 2002, compared to CK and the irrigation treatment with 75% seawater, irrigation with 25% and 50% seawater increased the yields of Jerusalem .artichoke. This meant that Jerusalem artichoke could be safely grown in salt-affected land of Laizhou area with 25% and 50% seawater irrigation.

Influences of drip and flood irrigation on soil carbon dioxide emission and soil carbon sequestration of maize cropland in the North China Plain

The need is pressing to investigate soil CO2 （carbon dioxide） emissions and soil organic carbon dynamics under water-saving irrigation practices in agricultural systems for exploring the potentials of soil carbon sequestration. A field experiment was conducted to compare the influences of drip irrigation （DI） and flood irrigation （FI） on soil organic carbon dynamics and the spatial and temporal variations in CO2 emissions during the summer maize growing season in the North China Plain using the static closed chamber method. The mean CO2 efflux over the growing season was larger under DI than that under FI. The cumulative CO2 emissions at the field scale were 1959.10 and 1759.12 g/m2 under DI and FI, respectively. The cumulative CO2 emission on plant rows （OR） was larger than that between plant rows （BR） under FI, and the cumulative CO2 emission on the irrigation pipes （OP） was larger than that between irrigation pipes （BP） under DI. The cumulative CO2 emissions of OP, BP and bare area （BA） under DI were larger than those of OR, BR and BA under FI, respectively. Additionally, DI promoted root respiration more effectively than FI did. The average proportion of root respiration contributing to the soil CO2 emissions of OP under DI was larger than that of OR under FI. A general conclusion drawn from this study is that soil CO2 emission was significantly influenced by the soil water content, soil temperature and air temperature under both DI and FI. Larger concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and total organic carbon （TOC） were observed under FI than those under DI. The observed high concentrations （DOC, MBC, and TOC） under FI might be resulted from the irrigation-associated soil saturation that in turn inhibited microbial activity and lowered decomposition rate of soil organic matter. However, DI increased the soil organic matter quality （the ratio of MBC to TOC） at the depth of 10-20 cm compared with FI. Our results suggest that the transformation from conventional FI to integrated DI can increase the CO2 emissions and DI needs to be combined with other management practices to reduce the CO2 emissions from summer maize fields in the North China Plain.

A simulation of winter wheat crop responses to irrigation management using CERES-Wheat model in the North China Plain

To improve efficiency in the use of water resources in water-limited environments such as the North China Plain（NCP）, where winter wheat is a major and groundwater-consuming crop, the application of water-saving irrigation strategies must be considered as a method for the sustainable development of water resources. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the CERES-Wheat model simulation to predict the winter wheat grain yield, biomass yield and water use efficiency（WUE） responses to different irrigation management methods in the NCP. The results from evaluation and validation analyses were compared to observed data from 8 field experiments, and the results indicated that the model can accurately predict these parameters. The modified CERES-Wheat model was then used to simulate the development and growth of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments ranging from rainfed to four irrigation applications（full irrigation） using historical weather data from crop seasons over 33 years（1981–2014）. The data were classified into three types according to seasonal precipitation： 〈100 mm, 100–140 mm, and 〉140 mm. Our results showed that the grain and biomass yield, harvest index（HI） and WUE responses to irrigation management were influenced by precipitation among years, whereby yield increased with higher precipitation. Scenario simulation analysis also showed that two irrigation applications of 75 mm each at the jointing stage and anthesis stage（T3） resulted in the highest grain yield and WUE among the irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, productivity in this treatment remained stable through different precipitation levels among years. One irrigation at the jointing stage（T1） improved grain yield compared to the rainfed treatment and resulted in yield values near those of T3, especially when precipitation was higher. These results indicate that T3 is the most suitable irrigation strategy under variable precipitation regimes for stable yield of winter wheat with maximum water savings in the NCP. The application of one irrigation at the jointing stage may also serve as an alternative irrigation strategy for further reducing irrigation for sustainable water resources management in this area.

华北山前平原区厚包气带次降水入渗补给定量估算

降水入渗补给定量估算对于区域水资源评价具有重要作用。在干旱半干旱地区,年降水入渗补给量通常取决于年内几次集中的降水特性。因而,开展次降水入渗补给机理研究,建立次降水入渗补给量估算方法,有望提高干旱半干旱地区入渗补给量评估的科学性和准确性。本文以华北山前平原地下水深埋区为例,利用中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站和河北冉庄水资源实验站实测的土壤含水量、土壤水势、地下水补给量和降水量等长序列资料校准Hydrus-1D模型,模拟日降水入渗补给过程,构建具有物理意义的次降水入渗补给事件划分标准,深入研究华北山前平原地下水深埋条件下次降水入渗补给机理,定量估算次降水入渗补给量,建立次降水入渗补给量和次降水量间的定量关系。研究结果表明:次降水入渗补给量具有较大的变异性,次降水入渗补给量与次降水量或次总有效水量(次降水量+前期200 cm土壤储水量)呈显著相关关系(P<0.01),决定系数(R^(2))达0.801~0.962;但次降水入渗补给系数与次降水量无显著相关关系,这是由于次降水入渗补给系数不能反映降水前期土壤水分条件对补给的影响。因此,在地下水深埋区,不建议利用次降水入渗补给系数来估算次降水入渗补给量。本研究结果对区域地下水资源评价具有重要理论意义。

环丙沙星在地下水灌区土壤的吸附解吸特征

为了更全面认识环丙沙星(CIP)在不同背景土壤中的迁移特性,在华北平原地下水灌溉农田区选择有机质组成特征和理化性质显著的两处土壤样品,从动力学和热力学两方面研究CIP在土壤中的吸附-解吸机制。结果显示,动力学实验数据更符合准二级动力学方程,等温模式呈非线性特征、Langmuir模型拟合效果最优。吸附动力学常数(K_(2),8 772.64 vs 2 846.37 g/(mg·h))、吸附平衡速率常数(Kl,0.113 vs 0.094 L/mol)及最大吸附量(Q_(m),5 033 vs 3 167 mg/kg)参数均呈现出献县样品大于正定样品,指示献县土壤更快的吸附速率和更大的吸附容量。相应地,解吸实验得到的解吸率(5.98%vs 8.07%)、最大解吸量(6 592 vs 7 564 mg/kg)及由热力学计算所得吸附自由能ΔG(-25.08 vs-23.00 kJ/mol)大小均一致反映出献县土壤相较正定土壤对CIP的吸附性能更强。综合实验研究结果和光谱特征、理化参数特征分析得出,献县土壤的高分子、高芳香性和多官能团的腐殖质成分以及更高黏粒含量是其吸附性能整体表现更强的重要因素,腐殖质分子的疏水作用和静电作用等物理吸附机制可能对献县土壤吸附CIP起到更加积极的作用。

灌溉变化对华北平原地下水可持续利用的影响

针对华北平原地下水可持续利用问题,利用校准好的分布式水文MIKE SHE模型,考虑灌溉变化对地下水利用的影响,设定3种情景(现状保持型情景MS1、灌溉水量改变情景MS2和灌溉频率改变情景MS3)对华北平原未来20 a地下水利用进行预测。结果表明:(1)3种情景下华北平原未来20 a地下水水位均呈下降趋势,MS1、MS2和MS3下地下水水位年均降幅分别为0.335~1.648、0.298~1.588和0.303~1.607 m/a,东部沿海和京津地区出现了较严重的地下水降落漏斗问题,灌溉变化对地下水降落漏斗缓解效果并不显著。(2)灌溉变化在一定程度上能促进华北平原地下水水位和含水层储量恢复,且减少灌溉频率的作用大于降低灌溉水量的作用;相对于MS1,MS2和MS3可使含水层储量在20 a后分别恢复0.06 m和0.12 m。(3)采用灌溉变化无法彻底解决华北平原地下水水位和含水层持续消耗问题,须与其它措施结合,才能从长远角度保证华北平原地下水可持续利用。研究成果可为水资源规划与管理提供科学的依据和建议。

Much Improved Irrigation Use Efficiency in an Intensive Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System in the North China Plain

Crop yield and water use efficiency （WUE） in a wheat-maize double cropping system are influenced by short and uneven rainfalls in the North China Plain （NCP）, A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation on soil water balance, crop yield and WUE to improve irrigation use efficiency in the cropping system, Soil water depletion （~SWS） by crop generally decreased with the increase of irrigation and rainfall, while ASWS for the whole rotation was relatively stable among these irrigation treatments, High irrigations in wheat season increased initial soil moisture and ASWS for subsequent maize especially in the drought season, Initial soil water influenced mainly by the irrigation and rainfall in the previous crop season, is essential to high yield in such cropping systems, Grain yield decreased prior to evapotranspiraUon （ET） when ET reached about 300mm for wheat, while maize showed various WUEs with similar seasonal ET, For whole rotation, WUE declined when ET exceeded about 650 mm, These results indicate great potential for improving irrigation use efficiency in such wheat-maize cropping system in the NCP, Based on the present results, reasonable irrigation schedules according to different annual rainfall conditions are presented for such a cropping system.

夏玉米12展叶期补灌的增产效应及其影响因素

为制定华北地区夏玉米稳产节灌制度,研究了夏玉米长期不同施氮量及生育期降水对12展叶期补灌的增产效应。采用两因子裂区试验,灌水量为主区,设限水(W1)和适水(W2);施氮量为副区,纯氮分别为0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm^(2)。结果表明施氮水平明显影响12展叶期补灌增产效应,施氮量≤60 kg/hm^(2)土壤全氮和有机质含量从第2和第4年开始逐年下降,多数年份12展叶期补灌增产效应基本消失;施氮量≥120 kg/hm^(2)土壤养分含量升高或基本维持平衡,补灌的增产效应较大。12展叶期补灌的增产效应受播种-12展叶期有效降水量的影响,该时期降水量≥136 mm时,播前灌1次水即可维持较高的产量水平;降水量<136 mm时,12展叶期补灌可优化穗粒数和千粒重,增产效果显著。综合分析,夏玉米在灌溉播前水前提下,播种–12展叶期有效降水量可作为12展叶期灌水与否的重要决策依据。

降水对华北主要粮食作物灌溉需求影响特征

探明华北地区作物灌溉需求规律及主控因素是合理制定水资源规划,缓解该区地下水超采的重要依据。本文基于华北60个气象站近50年(1971—2020年)逐日气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算作物需水量,并分析降水对主要粮食作物(冬小麦和夏玉米)灌溉需求时空特征的影响。结果表明:在降水丰水年(25%),冬小麦作物灌溉需求指数IRI以0.50~0.75区间的高度灌溉需求分布区为主,夏玉米则以0.25~0.50区间的中度灌溉需求分布区为主,分布面积比率分别为研究区的92%、86%;在平水年(50%),冬小麦IRI以大于0.75的极高灌溉需求分布区为主,分布面积比率占56%,夏玉米仍以0.25~0.50的中度灌溉需求分布区为主,但分布面积比率扩大至100%;在枯水年(75%),冬小麦极高灌溉需求分布面积比率增大至97%,夏玉米则以0.50~0.75的高度灌溉需求分布区为主。降水量是影响IRI的主控因素,随降水量的增大,不同区位IRI均呈直线下降趋势,但对降水量变化的敏感性存在较大差异,其中,冬小麦以燕山山前平原、太行山前-冀中平原、中部-冀中平原和滨海平原最为敏感,降水量每增大100 mm,IRI降低0.14,夏玉米则以中部-冀中平原最为敏感,降水量每增大100 mm,IRI降低0.26。不同区位冬小麦和夏玉米IRI均服从正态分布,但随降水量变化,分布参数变化明显。

Change of winter wheat planting area and its impacts on groundwater depletion in the North China Plain

The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in severe environmental problems. Accurate estimation of crop water consumption and net irrigation water consumption is crucial to guarantee the management of agricultural water resources. An actual crop evapotranspiration(ET) estimation model was proposed, by combining FAO Penman-Monteith method with remote sensing data. The planting area of winter wheat has a significant impact on water consumption; therefore, the planting area was also retrieved. The estimated ET showed good agreement with field-observed ET at four stations. The average relative bias and root mean square error(RMSE) for ET estimation were –2.2% and 25.5 mm, respectively. The results showed the planting area and water consumption of winter wheat had a decreasing trend in the Northern Hebei Plain(N-HBP) and Southern Hebei Plain(S-HBP). Moreover, in these two regions, there was a significant negative correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The total net irrigation water consumption in the N-HBP and S-HBP accounted for 12.9×10~9 m^3 and 31.9×10~9 m^3 during 2001–2016, respectively. Before and after 2001, the decline rate of groundwater table had a decreasing trend, as did the planting area of winter wheat in the N-HBP and S-HBP. The decrease of winter wheat planting area alleviated the decline of groundwater table in these two regions while the total net irrigation water consumption was both up to 28.5×10~9 m^3 during 2001–2016 in the Northwestern Shandong Plain(NW-SDP) and Northern Henan Plain(N-HNP). In these two regions, there was no significant correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The Yellow River was able to supply irrigation and the groundwater table had no significant declining trend.

Groundwater recharge under irrigated agro-ecosystems in the North China Plain: From a critical zone perspective

From a critical zone perspective, the present paper aims to present the magnitude of groundwater recharge under different agricultural land-use types, reveal the process of water and solute transport in thick vadose zone, evaluate the "time lag" effect of recharge, and underscore the role of thickening vadose zone in recharge. The results indicated that different agricultural land-use types need to be further considered in recharge rate estimate. Under the typical irrigation condition in the piedmont plain, the recharge rate under flood irrigated winter wheat and summer maize(W/M_F), maize(M), non-cultivation(NC), native vegetation(NV), vegetables(V), and orchards(O) is 206.4, 149.7, 194.1, 46.4, 320.0, and 48.6 mm/yr, respectively. In the central plain, the value under W/M_F, M, NC, V, and cotton(C) is 92.8, 50.8, 85.0, 255.5, and 26.5 mm/yr, respectively. Soil water residence time(several years) and groundwater level response time(several months) should be distinguished to further understand the processes of groundwater recharge, because the soil water displacement velocities range from 0.2 to 2.2 m/yr while the rate of wetting front propagation is approximately 47 m/yr in the piedmont plain. The thickening vadose zone would prolong residence time of soil water and contaminant, which could postpone the time of or alleviate groundwater pollution, but have no significant influence on the magnitude of recharge in a long time scale. Recharge coefficient based on shorter time span(e.g. 2 or 3 years) should be used with caution as a parameter for groundwater resources evaluation, because it varies with total water input and target soil depth. Uncertainties in evapotranspiration and other water balance components should be evaluated in recharge estimation and the impact of land-use types on recharge should be emphasized. The critical zone science would greatly improve the understanding of groundwater recharge processes. The results of the present study will be helpful in sustainable groundwater resources management.

华北平原灌溉用水强度与地下水承载力适应性状况

针对华北平原农灌区地下水严重超采问题,基于近30a以来降水、水资源和农林灌溉状况的变化过程和现状,应用地学模数理念、均衡理论和MapGIS技术,建立了适应性状况评价指标体系与方法,以0.49km2精度识别了华北平原农林灌溉用水强度与当地地下水可采资源量之间适应性状况。研究结果表明,华北平原中部的大部分地区农林灌溉用水强度处于"严重不适应"状态,河北平原大部分地下水超采区农林灌溉用水强处于"极严重不适应"状态,其中小麦等夏粮作物灌溉用水强度占50%以上,蔬菜作物和耗水型果林灌溉用水强度所占比率呈显著增加趋势,应避免非理性持续大幅增加。

灌溉降低华北冬小麦干旱减产的风险评估研究

从冬小麦生育期水分供需平衡的关系出发,建立了其缺水率模式。采用风险分析技术与方法,基于华北平原河北省及京津地区代表站点近40a(1961～2000年)冬小麦供需水的有关资料,估算了冬小麦全生育期在不同灌溉条件下,不同干旱年型不同缺水率出现的概率,分析了灌溉可降低的冬小麦干旱减产的风险水平。结果表明:这些地区生育期内的自然降水和底墒水只能满足冬小麦全生育期需水的1/3～2/3。如果没有灌溉,冬小麦全生育期缺水率20％以上出现的概率大都在80％以上,缺水率30％～40％的重旱年出现的概率高达30％;随着灌水次数的增加,相应干旱减产的风险水平随之降低。如果在缺水的关键期适当补充3次水,总量在2025m^3/hm^2左右,则缺水率≥10％的风险概率可降到10％以下,而大部分地区基本上可满足水分的需求;为节约用水和提高水分利用效率,除严重干旱年外,大部分地区一般只需灌3次水便可满足冬小麦稳产、高产的水分需求。

华北平原区域水资源特征与作物布局结构适应性研究

据野外调查、遥感和综合研究表明,近50年来华北平原粮食产量持续增加导致农业区地下水开采量不断增大,同时灌溉节水水平的不断提高有效地缓解了农业开采量增加的速率。在1977年之前,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均实际开采量增加0.14×108m3;在1978年以来,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均实际开采量增加0.04×108m3。以2001～2005年平均耗用地下水的开采强度(0.53m3/kg)计算,粮食增产促使地下水开采量平均每五年递增2.45×108m3/a,实际平均每五年少增加9.45×108m3/a。降水量减小,补给量变少,开采量增大;降水量增大,补给量较多,开采量减小。在连续枯(丰)水年份,当年降水量减少(增加)10%时,地下水系统水量减少7.98%(增加7.67%)。因此,需要大力发展抗旱节水作物及高产节水技术,合理调控农业种植结构,对于缓解研究区地下水不断恶化态势具有实质性促进作用。

农业污水灌溉对石家庄市近郊灌区地下水环境的影响

如何在水资源匮乏的干旱,半干旱地区合理有效地利用城市污水不仅是一个资源再生的问题,同时也是一个保护环境,使区域经济保持可持续发展的问题。本文作者通过对石家庄市近郊具有几十年污水灌溉历史的典型灌区的地下水进行了采样分析,评价了华北平原区农业污水灌溉对区域地下水环境的影响。首先,简要回顾了各国污水利用的历史和现状,比较了有关使用城市污水灌溉的利弊。然后,在对比确认污水灌溉对地下水的补给效果的基础上,基于电导率、硝酸根以及溶解氧浓度的测试结果,分析了污灌区地下水的水质变化特性。在污水灌溉区的硝态氮浓度很高,分布在35mg/l^130mg/l范围内,井深小于40m的井水的硝酸根离子浓度超标率为100%。而在用地下水进行灌溉的地区,硝酸根离子浓度都在35 mg/l以下。此外,经过长期污灌的地区,地下水水化学类型已从原有的重碳酸硫酸钙(钙镁)型水演变成了重碳酸氯化钙(钙镁)型水,矿化度也比较高。在一般情况下,由于城市污水来源是连续的,而农作物需水是有季节性的。在作物非生长期,污水很容易进入地下水。这可能是造成长期利用污水灌溉的地区水化学性质改变的主要原因。

华北平原高产粮区不同水氮管理下农田氮素的淋失特征

为了降低集约化种植制度下华北平原农田硝酸盐的淋失,该研究选择华北平原高产粮区,开展了为期2 a(2006-2008年)的田间试验,试验设计了2个灌溉处理(常规灌溉处理和基于土壤水分实时监控的优化灌溉处理)和2个施氮处理(传统施氮处理和优化施氮处理),利用张力计结合土壤溶液提取器对土体2 m处的水分和硝酸盐通量进行了监测和计算。研究结果显示,在相同施氮条件下,优化灌溉能够有效降低农田水分的渗漏量,渗漏量仅为传统灌溉渗漏量的50%左右。优化施氮能够有效降低2.1 m土体硝态氮含量,在相同灌溉条件下2.1 m土体硝态氮的残留量都在传统施氮的60%以下,而灌溉方式对硝态氮累积的影响不大。优化水氮管理相比传统水氮管理氮素的淋失量下降了60%,淋失率也下降了50%左右,粮食产量略有提高。

华北地区冬小麦灌溉制度及其环境效应研究进展

充分利用有限的灌溉水资源确保冬小麦安全生产是华北地区冬小麦稳产高产面临的严峻挑战,解决这一问题的关键在于如何基于环境效应科学地进行灌溉管理。综述了国内外有关冬小麦的灌溉管理制度,即充分灌溉与非充分灌溉管理制度以及冬小麦关键灌溉期的环境效应,在此基础上提出了华北地区冬小麦科学灌溉拟重点关注的研究任务:(1)冬小麦生长发育需水时间与需水量的控制机制研究;(2)冬小麦干旱发生发展过程与致灾临界气象条件研究;(3)气候变化背景下极端干旱事件的冬小麦脆弱性诊断与适应性管理,以为华北地区冬小麦安全生产措施制定提供依据。

华北滹滏平原地下水位下降与灌溉农业关系

针对华北粮蔬主产区滹滏平原浅层地下水位不断下降成因问题,基于大量实测资料和相关分析方法与MapGIS技术,通过对近50年来区内地下水位、粮蔬播种强度、有效灌溉面积变化特征和降水量、气温变化下地下水位下降对粮蔬播种强度响应机制研究,结果表明:1980年前粮蔬播种强度每增加0.01或夏粮和蔬菜播种面积每增加1万hm2,研究区地下水位下降幅度为0.36 m或0.43 m;1980年以来随粮蔬播种强度增大,地下水位下降幅度明显增大,粮蔬播种强度每增加0.01或夏粮和蔬菜播种面积每增加1万hm2,地下水位降幅分别达0.69 m和1.15 m。不仅与因播种强度增大导致农业开采量增加有关,而且还与1980年以来降水量不断减少密切相关。降水量减少100 mm,区内农业开采量增加35.7 mm。