中国主要克拉通前寒武纪裂谷分布与油气勘探前景

利用地质、地球物理和钻井资料编制中国主要克拉通盆地长城系、蓟县系和南华系残余厚度图,初步查明中-新元古代裂谷分布。华北和扬子克拉通中-新元古代裂谷中心以一套由粗快速变细的裂陷层序为标志,从目前的裂谷期地层等时对比格架上判断,现今鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地腹部的中-上元古界烃源岩均不如盆地覆盖区外的裂谷中心区域发育。塔里木克拉通南部和北部新元古代裂谷则具有不同的展布特征、形成时间和成因演化,塔里木南部的裂谷活动与以华南大陆(由扬子克拉通和华夏克拉通构成)为中心的地幔柱作用有关,而塔里木北部的裂谷主要形成于罗迪利亚超大陆外侧泛大洋俯冲引起的弧后伸展作用。塔里木南部裂谷开启时间较华南晚约20~40 Ma,但比塔里木北部提前至少40 Ma。前寒武纪裂谷演化对早寒武世沉积盆地具有重要的控制,使得后者具有"向前相似"而不是"向后相似"的特点。在塔里木和扬子,早寒武世盆地与南华纪—震旦纪裂谷盆地具有显著的继承性关系;在华北,青白口纪裂谷活动中心向东南缘移位控制了早寒武世盆地的发育位置和海侵方向。就目前的研究程度而言,中国古老克拉通前寒武纪裂谷的类型和分布特征仍显示出动力学上的多样性和复杂性,因而在充填演化和勘探价值研究上也有不同的观点和结论。近期研究除应继续加强地球物理资料处理,以更精细落实盆地覆盖区隐伏裂谷和裂陷外,也应重点开展裂谷期层序识别、地层对比和充填模式建立工作,努力解决前寒武纪裂谷类型及其演化的动力学问题,以恢复与烃源岩沉积阶段的盆地原型,查明烃源岩分布规律。

塔里木克拉通北部沙雅隆起古元古代A型花岗岩的发现及其构造意义

本文对塔里木克拉通北部沙雅隆起桥古2井(QG2)基底碱长花岗岩进行了岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学和元素地球化学分析。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其形成时代为1847±19Ma,为古元古代晚期。岩石SiO_2=66.32%~76.39%,Na_2O+K_2O=7.13%~8.93%,Al2O3=11.21%~13.46%,FeO^T/Mg O=12.1~19.2,TiO_2=0.29%~0.57%,A/CNK=0.89~0.99,为高硅、富碱、富铁、低钙镁、贫钛的准铝质花岗岩。稀土元素总量相对较低(∑REE=64.4×10^(-6)~212.7×10^(-6)),轻稀土元素富集,(La/Yb)_N=10.2~13.8,轻重稀土元素分馏较明显,δEu值为0.67~1.03,富集Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素和Zr、Hf等高场强元素,亏损Sr、P、Ti、Ta、Nb等元素。锆石饱和温度介于856~959℃之间,Ga/Al比值高,显示A型花岗岩特征。岩石具有低Y、Yb、∑HREE、(La/Yb)N和Mg~#值及较高的Nb/Ta、Zr/Sm比值,推测岩浆源区为含有石榴石、斜长石、金红石、辉石等的麻粒岩相,岩浆的形成可能与加厚地壳的部分熔融有关。QG2井A型花岗岩可能代表了塔里木克拉通北部古元古代晚期(约1850Ma)造山期地壳增厚事件的结束,指示了区域构造环境从挤压体制开始转为造山后陆内伸展体制。

阿尔金北缘新太古代TTG片麻岩的成因及其构造意义

塔里木克拉通前寒武纪构造演化,特别是早前寒武纪构造演化一直是地质学家讨论的焦点。本文通过对阿尔金北缘新太古代TTG片麻岩进行详细的野外调查、岩相学观察、地球化学分析以及锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年来揭示该岩石的成因以及探讨塔里木克拉通早前寒武纪构造演化。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果显示阿尔金北缘TTG片麻岩的形成年龄为2740±19Ma,而后经历了新太古代(2494±53Ma)混合岩化作用和古元古代(1962±78Ma)麻粒岩相变质作用。阿尔金北缘英云闪长质片麻岩显示低的MgO含量(1.33%~3.08%)和Mg#(37~52),具有高Sr(469×10-6~764×10-6)含量、低Y(4.72×10-6~13.5×10-6)和Yb(0.37×10-6~0.99×10-6)含量的特点,它们的Sr/Y比值可达到41~99。岩石的这些特征与基性下地壳部分熔融形成的TTG相同。并且,该新太古代TTG片麻岩还具有正的εNd(t)值(0.2~3.6)、高的Nd同位素初始值(0.509088~0.509260)和古太古代两阶段模式年龄(3.62~3.70Ga)。因此,阿尔金北缘新太古代TTG片麻岩可能来源于基性下地壳部分熔融,并且岩浆源区有石榴石、角闪石和金红石的残留。综合前人的研究成果,对比相邻区域TTG的形成时代,变质事件的记录以及太古宙地壳增生差异都指示阿尔金北缘和敦煌-库鲁塔格地区可能来源于不同的大陆块体。

Zircon Hf Isotope of Yingfeng Rapakivi Granites from the Quanji Massif and ～2.7 Ga Crustal Growth

The Quanji （全吉） Massif is located in the Northwest China, which is interpreted as a micro-continent that is composed of metamorphic basement and stable cover strata. There are some controversies of genetic relationship between the Quanji Massif and the major cratons in China. In this study, we obtained in situ zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of the Yingfeng （鹰峰） rapakivi granites from the northwest Quanji Massif by application of LA-MC-ICP-MS technique. Twenty U-Pb age measurements points are concordant or near concordant, and their weighted mean 207pb/206pb age is 1 793.9±6.4 Ma （MSWD= 1.09）, yields an upper intercept age of 1 800±17 Ma （MSWD=0.41）; 19 Hf isotope measurements yield a two-stage Hf model ages （TDM2） of 2.63 to 2.81 Ga, with a weighted average age of about 2.70±0.02 Ga and till（t）values variate between -8.91 to -5.35. This indicates that magma source of the Yingfeng rapakivi granites were produced from partial melting of late stage of Neoarchean juvenile crust, and suggests a significant crustal growth event occurred in the Quanji Massif at that time. The Quanji Massif might be an ancient continental segment detached from the Tarim Craton based on the crustal growth history and other geological records. The Tarim Craton （including the Quanji Massif） and the North China Craton had a similar or homological early crustal evolution around -2.7 Ga, which implies that Tarim Craton might be one of the component parts of North China Craton. of the Yingfeng rapakivi granites were produced from partial melting of late stage of Neoarchean juve- nile crust, and suggests a significant crustal growth event occurred in the Quanji Massif at that time. The Quanji Massif might be an ancient continental segment detached from the Tarim Craton based on the crustal growth history and other geological records. The Tarim Craton （including the Quanji Massif） and the North China Craton had a similar or homological early crustal evolution around -2.7 Ga, which implies that Tarim Craton might be one of the component parts of North China Craton.

Zircon Hf Isotopes and Geochemistry of the Early Paleoproterozoic High-Sr Low-Y Quartz-Diorite in the Quanji Massif,NW China:Crustal Growth and Tectonic Implications

The metamorphosed Early Paleoproterozoic granitoids in the Quanji massif, Northwest- ern China provide constraints for relationship between the Tarim Craton and North China Craton. Among granitoids batholiths, rocks of the Mohe quartz-diorite show typically adakitic geochemical characteristics, with medium K2O/Na2O ratios （0.56-1.17） and high Sr （519-619 ppm） low Y （9.37-20.40 ppm） and Yb （0.97-1.77 ppm） concentrations. The rocks have εNd（t） values between ＋2.4 and ＋4.4 and depleted mantle Nd model ages of 2.43-2.59 Ga. The magmatic zircons have positive εHf（t） values ranging from ＋0.40 to ＋7.60 and depleted mantle Hf model ages of 2.43-2.70 Ga, with major peaks at -2.54 and -2.65 Ga. The geochemical and Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics indicate that the Mohe quartz-dioritic rocks might be formed by partial melting of high-pressure metamorphosed juve- nile crustal rocks in post-orogenic extensional regime in the Early Paleoproterozoic. It suggests that important crustal growth occurred in the Quanji massif and the Tarim Craton at -2.4 and 2.5-2.7 Ga. The Quanji massif and Tarim Craton might share a similar crustal evolution history with the North China Craton in the Neoarchean.