Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis of Cultivated Land Quality in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Cultivated land is an important natural resource to ensure food,ecological and economic security.The cultivated land quality evaluation(CQE)is greatly significant for protecting and managing cultivated land.In this study,320 counties in the black soil region of Northeast China(BSRNC)represent the research units used to construct the CQE system measuring the soil properties(SP),cultivated land productivity(CLP),ecological environment(EE)and social economy(SE).The total of 19 factors were selected to calculate the integrated fertility index(IFI)and divided into grades.Simultaneously,we used the coupling coordination degree model to comprehensively analyze the spatial pattern of the cultivated land quality(CLQ)in the BSRNC,and use the structural equation model(SEM)to analyze the driving mechanism.The results show the following:1)The CLQ of 262 counties in the BSRNC is in a state of coupling and coordination,and the coupling and coordination degree presents a spatial distribution pattern of‘high in the southwest and northeast,low in the northwest and southeast’.The coordinated development degree of 271 counties is between 0.4 and 0.6,which is in a transitional state between coordination and disorder.2)The CLQ in the BSRNC is generally good,with an average grade of 3.High-quality cultivated land accounts for 58.45%of all counties,middle-and upper-quality cultivated land accounts for 27.05%,and poor-quality cultivated land accounts for 14.49%.3)The SEM analysis shows that the SP,CLP,EE,and SE all influence the CLQ.Among them,the SP has the largest driving force on the CLQ,while the SE has the smallest driving force on it.The results confirm that the main factors affecting the evaluation results are crop productivity level,normalized difference vegetation index,ratio vegetation index,difference vegetation index,and organic carbon content.When implementing protection measures in counties with a low CLQ,considering a balanced coordination of multiple systems and reasonably controlling the quality degradation are important.This study provides the current situation and driving factors of the CLQ in the BSRNC and will play an important role in black soil governance and utilization.

Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Study on the Method of Soil Productivity Assessment in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The objective of this paper is to investigate a simple and practical method for soil productivity assessment in the black soil region of Northeast China. Firstly, eight kinds of physicochemical properties for each of 120 soil samples collected from 25 black soil profiles were analyzed using cluster and correlation analysis. Subsequently, parameter indices were calculated using physicochemical properties. Finally, a modified productivity index （MPI） model were developed and validated. The results showed that the suitable parameters for soil productivity assessment in black soil region of Northeast China were soil available water, soil pH, clay content, and organic matter content. Compared with original productivity index （PI） model, MPI model added clay content and organic matter content in parameters while omitted bulk density. Simulation results of original PI model and MPI model were compared using crop yield of land block where investigated soil profiles were located. MPI model was proven to perform better with a higher significant correlation with maize yield. The correlation equation between MPI and yield was： Y= 3.2002Ln（MP/）＋ 10.056, R^2 = 0.7564. The results showed that MPI model was an effective and practical method to assess soil productivity in the research area.

Using CropSyst to Simulate Spring Wheat Growth in Black Soil Zone of Northeast China

Available water and fertilizer have been the main limiting factors for yields of spring wheat, which occupies a large area of the black soil zone in northeast China; thus, the need to set up appropriate models for scenario analysis of cropping system models has been increasing. The capability of CropSyst, a cropping system simulation model, to simulate spring wheat growth of a widely grown spring cultivar, 'Longmai 19', in the black soil zone in northeast China under different water and nitrogen regimes was evaluated. Field data collected from a rotation experiment of three growing seasons (1992-1994) were used to calibrate and validate the model. The model was run for 3 years by providing initial conditions at the beginning of the rotation without reinitializing the model in later years in the rotation sequence. Crop input parameters were set based on measured data or taken from CropSyst manual. A few cultivar-specific parameters were adjusted within a reasonable range of fluctuation. The results demonstrated the robustness of CropSyst for simulating evapotranspiration, aboveground biomass, and grain yield of 'Longmai 19' spring wheat with the root mean square errors being 7%, 13% and 13% of the observed means for evapotranspiration (ET), grain yield and aboveground biomass, respectively. Although CropSyst was able to simulate spring production reasonably well, further evaluation and improvement of the model with a more detailed field database was desirable for agricultural systems in northeast China.

Dynamics of soil organic carbon following land-use change:insights from stable C-isotope analysis in black soil of Northeast China

Intensive soil tillage is a significant factor in soil organic matter decline in cultivated soils. Both cultivation abandonment and foregoing tillage have been encouraged in the past 30 years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. However, the dynamic processes of soil organic carbon (SOC) in areas of either continuous cultivation or abandonment remain unclear and inconsistent.Our aims were to assess and model the dynamic processes of SOC under continuous tillage and after cultivation abandonment in the black soil of Northeast China. Soil profiles were collected of cultivated or abandoned land with cultivation history of 0–100 years. An isotope mass balance equation was used to calculate the proportion of SOC derived from corn debris (C_4) and from natural vegetation (C_3) to deduce the dynamic process. Approximately 40% of SOC in the natural surface soil (0–10 cm) was eroded in the first 5 years of cultivation, increasing to about 75% within 40 years, before a slow recovery. C_4 above 30 cm soil depth increased by 4.5%–5% or 0.11–0.12 g·kg^(-1) on average per year under continuous cultivation, while it decreased by approximately 0.34% annually in the surface soil after cultivation abandonment.The increase in the percentage of C_4 was fitted to a linear equation with given intercepts in the upper 30 cm of soil in cultivated land. A significant relationship between the change of C_4 and time was found only in the surface soil after abandonment of cultivation. These results demonstrate the loss and accumulation of corn-derived SOC in surface black soil of Northeast China under continuous tillage or cultivation abandonment.

Effect of farmland shelterbelts on gully erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China

The black soil region of northeast China is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. Increasingly severe gully erosion in this region has destroyed much farmland and reduced grain production. We analyzed SPOT5 imagery from 2007 and TM imagery from 2008 to describe the distributions of gullies and farmland shelterbelts in Kedong County and to assess the effect of farmland shelterbelts on gully erosion. The ima- gery revealed 2311 gullies with average density of 418.51 m km-2, indicating very serious gully erosion. With increasing slope gradient there was an inverse trend between gully density and shelterbelt density, indicating that farmland shelterbelts can prevent gully erosion. The defense effect of farmland shelterbelts against gullyerosion varied with distance： for distances 〈120 m, the defense effect was consistent and very strong; for distances of 120-240 m, a weak linear decrease was found in the defense effect; and for distances 〉240 m, the defense effect of the shelterbelts was significantly weaker. We recommend an optimal planting density of farmland shel- terbelts for the prevention of gully erosion at 1100-1300 m km-2.

Temporal and Spatial Change of Soil Organic Matter and pH in Cultivated Land of the Songliao Plain in Northeast China during the Past 35 Years

Soil organic matter(SOM)and pH are not only an important part of soil fertility,but also a source of nutrients for plants and an energy source for the life activities of soil microorganisms(Huang,2000).Moreover,soil organic matter(SOM)has a great impact on soil properties and can improve soil fertility and buffering performance.

典型黑土区不同保护性耕作方式对玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响

实施保护性耕作对保护东北黑土和保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。为明确东北典型黑土区保护性耕作对玉米产量的影响及其关键因素,开展了连续3年大田定位试验,设常规垄作秸秆不还田(CK)、免耕秸秆全量粉碎覆盖(T1)、免耕留高茬全量秸秆覆盖(T2)、少耕秸秆全量条带覆盖(T3)共4个处理,分析了不同处理对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,保护性耕作处理(T1、T2和T3)0~20 cm耕层土壤有机质含量呈增加趋势;保护性耕作显著提高了播种至出苗期耕层土壤含水量,T1、T2和T3处理分别提高7.8%~30.4%、9.0%~18.7%和17.3%~20.0%,但显著降低土壤温度,分别降低2.56~3.11℃、2.02~2.27℃、0.94~1.93℃;分别延迟玉米出苗时间5~7 d、4~6 d和2 d;T3处理3年平均出苗率较CK增加3.2%,T1和T2处理出苗率分别降低4.3%和4.7%;T1、T2和T3处理均降低了苗期株高整齐度和植株干物质积累,但T3处理降低幅度明显小于T1和T2处理,6叶期之后干物质积累降低幅度逐渐减小;T1和T2处理显著降低玉米产量,降幅分别为7.5%~15.6%和5.5%~12.9%,T3处理产量与CK差异不显著。结构方程模型(SEM)揭示,保护性耕作通过调节土壤含水量和温度,间接影响玉米出苗时间、出苗率、穗数和百粒重,进而影响产量,也可通过直接影响出苗质量和产量构成因素进而影响产量。在东北典型黑土区,少耕秸秆全量条带覆盖(T3)不仅有利于提高土壤有机质含量,而且还有利于平衡土壤水分和温度矛盾,缩短出苗时间、提高出苗质量、高产稳产,是该区域适宜的保护性耕作方式。

Contour Farming Suitability of the Black Soil Region in Northeast China and Its Spatial Characteristics

Contour farming technology plays a key role in reducing soil erosion,enhancing water use efficiency,and fostering sustain-able agricultural development,Despite being a straightforward yet efficacious farming technique,it has not seen widespread implement-ation in China.Considering the deteriorating quality of arable lands in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China(BSR-NEC),it is ne-cessary to investigate spatial patterns and identify suitable areas for contour farming in this region.To achieve this objective,spatial autocorrelation and grouping analysis methods were employed to classify the land into four categories of suitability for contour farming:highly suitable,moderately suitable,generally suitable,and unsuitable.The results reveal that:1)the contour farming suitable area in BSR-NEC covers 89861.32 km^(2),accounting for 21.59%of arable land as of 2020.Heilongjiang Province owns the largest suitable area of 32853.68 km^(2),and Inner Mongolia has the highest proportion of 28.89%.2)In terms of the spatial distribution,regions with higher suitability for contour farming are concentrated in the Da Hinggan Mountains region,particularly Nenjiang City(Heilongjiang Province),which has the highest area of 2593.07 km^(2).Areas with a high proportion of suitable arable lands for contour farming are mainly found in the Da Hinggan Mountains and Changbai Mountains regions,with Ergun City(Inner Mongolia)having the highest pro-portion at 47.2%.Regions with higher suitability and proportion are concentrated in the Da Hinggan Mountains region,primarily cover-ing the Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.3)Regarding spatial clustering,both the area and proportion of suitable contour farming areas exhibit noticeable clustering effects,though not entirely consistent.4)Group analysis results designate 148 counties in BSR-NEC as highly suitable areas,predominantly located in the Changbai Mountains region,Liaodong Peninsula,Hulun Buir Plateau,and the north and south regions of the Da Hinggan Mountains.The zoning of suitable areas for contour farming in BSR-NEC informs the strategic de-velopment of policies and measures,allowing for the implementation of targeted policies in distinct areas suitable for contour farming.This provides a valuable reference for promoting contour farming technology more effectively and efficiently.re effectively and effi-ciently.

东北黑土区农村宅基地功能转型特征与机制研究——以海伦市长华村为例

研究目的:揭示东北黑土区村域尺度农村宅基地功能转型特征与驱动机制,探寻“三权分置”制度框架下宅基地的活化利用与有效管理对策。研究方法:实地调查法和案例研究法。研究结果:(1)东北黑土区内农村宅基地的居住功能弱化,农业生产功能增强,宅基地功能由居住功能主导向居住、生产二元复合功能或农业生产功能为主导转变;(2)村域尺度内,农村宅基地功能转型的阶段特征明显,空间上表现为与中心村的距离越远,宅基地功能转型程度越剧烈;(3)在城镇化等外缘要素的影响下,乡村地域系统内人口和产业的变化共同驱动农村宅基地功能转型;(4)农村宅基地“三权分置”的制度框架下,结合农村宅基地功能组合和利用状态,引导农户选择适宜的宅基地利用方式,有利于促进宅基地利用效率提升。研究结论:东北黑土区农村宅基地功能正在经历转型过程,应根据宅基地功能转型阶段特征,深化农村宅基地“三权分置”改革,筛选适宜的宅基地利用与管理方式。

考虑碳排放约束的耕地利用生态效率时空差异与影响因素分析——以东北黑土区29个地级市为例

为保障粮食安全,促进东北黑土区农业低碳发展,推动黑土区农业绿色高质量发展和区域协同发展提供参考。以耕作过程产生的碳排放量作为非期望产出约束,利用超效率EBM模型对2007—2021年东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率进行有效测度,进一步采用Malmquist指数模型和Tobit回归模型探究考虑碳排放约束的东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率时空差异与影响因素。结果表明:①考虑碳排放约束条件的东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率整体上呈先上升后下降再上升的“N”型态势,东北黑土区四省中黑龙江省是唯一相对有效省份,29个地级市中未达到有效状态城市占72.4%;②碳排放约束条件的耕地利用生态效率损失是投入、非期望产出冗余和期望产出不足导致的,同时技术进步变化对生产率的影响更显著;③东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率受资源禀赋、环境规制水平和政府支持力度的显著影响。基于上述研究,为提高黑土区耕地利用生态效率,应考虑黑土地的自然、生产和生态特性,优化投入结构、提高农业现代化水平、制定可持续耕地利用绿色降碳减排的发展规划。

东北黑土区部分地域除草剂在不同作物类型土壤中残留及分布特征

为了解并掌握东北部分黑土区农田土壤除草剂残留情况,本研究调查了东北黑土区6个地区170份土壤样本,共检出17种除草剂。总体来看,乙草胺检出率最高,为74.7%,氟磺胺草醚平均残留量最高,为198.88μg·kg^(-1)。从省份来看,辽宁省除草剂检出种类最为丰富,黑龙江省除草剂残留量最高。其中,铁岭市、阜新市与长春市、四平市旱田除草剂残留情况更为相似,绥化市土壤除草剂残留情况与前者差异较大。从作物类型来看,水稻田土壤除草剂检出种类更多,旱田作物除草剂残留量更高。其中,水稻田共检出11种类型除草剂,氟磺胺草醚在玉米田和大豆田中的平均残留量分别高达68.77μg·kg^(-1)和409.30μg·kg^(-1)。研究表明,地理位置和作物类型是影响土壤除草剂残留的重要因素。

“双碳”目标下东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率时空格局与演变趋势

[目的]探究东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空格局和演变趋势,将碳源与碳汇融入耕地利用过程,这对于实现黑土减排增效和“双碳”目标至关重要。[方法]基于超效率SBM模型、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析和空间插值工具等方法,系统考察了2006—2020年东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空特征与演进规律。[结果]黑土区耕地利用生态效率历经波动上升、显著下降和迅速回升3个阶段,总体处于较高发展水平,北部边缘城市的效率值明显高于中南部地区,基期和末期区间两极分化局势尤为显著,整体发展严重失衡;黑土区耕地利用生态效率全局空间相关特性并不明显,大致呈现“边缘—中心”空间扩散格局,由南北两端高值集聚向内及四周递减,而后形成多个块状高值区和低值分布带,规模集聚优势未能得到充分发挥;多数城市均存在不同程度的投入与产出冗余,劳动力和化肥冗余问题较为严重,碳排放冗余是造成黑土区耕地利用生态效率损失的普遍因素。[结论]优化要素配置和污染减排治理成为黑土利用重点改善方向,也是提升黑土区耕地利用生态效率的关键路径。

东北典型黑土区耕地侵蚀沟形态系统分类方法构建

侵蚀沟形态分类是认识其发展现状和潜在危害的重要方法,探究耕地侵蚀沟形态分类特征和分布特征对把握耕地侵蚀沟防治重点,预防坡耕地水土流失具有重要意义。针对现有侵蚀沟形态分类体系指标获取难、分类结果不完整等问题,利用遥感解译数据,根据系统分类和信息科学理论,结合东北黑土区现实需求,构建了耕地侵蚀沟系统分类方法,并在典型黑土耕作区海伦市进行了验证。结果表明:1)海伦市耕地侵蚀沟具有小面积、大宽度、短长度的特点,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为数量最多的一级分类;Ⅱ类四等微型沟(Ⅱ4T)和Ⅱ类四等小型沟(Ⅱ4S)在二级和三级分类中数量居多,易通过高标准农田建设进行治理。2)地形要素下耕地侵蚀沟形态分布差异明显,需要特别关注在高程180~<240 m,坡长35~<55 m,坡度2°~6°,西南坡区域内的Ⅰ4T、Ⅱ4S、Ⅱ4T等发育程度较低的侵蚀沟向更高发育程度的Ⅳ4M、Ⅴ4M等类型转变,建议结合农田建设及时采取综合防治措施,以防止耕地侵蚀沟的潜在破坏。3)构建的“类+等+型”耕地侵蚀沟分类定级方法,兼顾指标的易获取性和方法的易操作性,能够精准、直观地揭示耕地侵蚀沟的形态特征及其危害情况,可为侵蚀沟和黑土耕地的协同综合治理提供方法借鉴。

东北半干旱黑土区玉米秸秆还田方式对土壤水溶性有机碳含量及其组分的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤有机碳组分的变化特征,基于6 a秸秆还田长期定位试验,利用三维荧光光谱技术,对无秸秆还田(CK)、秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)含量及水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量及其结构特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,FM处理0~40 cm土层SOC含量提高7.87%~29.54%,FG处理0~30 cm土层SOC含量增加1.91%~18.61%,30~40 cm土层SOC含量降低7.67%;FM和FG处理0~40 cm土层土壤WSOC含量分别提升13.42%~39.42%和0.28%~26.34%。(2)通过WSOC三维荧光光谱发现,各土层CK(Ex/Em=300/34、Ex/Em=300/340、Ex/Em=240/340、Ex/Em=300/340)处理WSOC荧光特征峰为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质荧光峰;FM(Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/430、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/435)和FG(Ex/Em=270/440、Ex/Em=270/435、Ex/Em=340/435、Ex/Em=340/430)处理为类腐殖酸类物质荧光特征峰,腐殖化程度较高,结构较为复杂;荧光区域积分表明,FM和FG处理类腐殖酸类物质(Ⅴ)和富里酸类物质(Ⅲ)的积分百分比分别较CK增加12.18%~27.39%、11.98%~30.72%和3.96%~5.73%、2.99%~5.40%。(3)土壤WSOC包含两个组分,C1(Ex/Em=340/435,270/435)组分为类腐殖酸类物质,C2(Ex/Em=290/345,240/345)组分为溶解性微生物代谢产物和类色氨酸蛋白质物质;F max值结果表明,0~40 cm土层的C1组分相对含量表现为FM>FG>CK,表明秸秆翻埋还田更有助于土壤中营养物质含量增加和形成更高分子量的有机物。综上,不同秸秆还田方式均可提升SOC和土壤WSOC含量,增加腐殖化程度,加强土壤的供肥能力,翻埋还田处理提升作用更为显著。

东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放时空演变及排放潜力分析

稻田甲烷排放是农业源甲烷排放的主要来源。东北黑土地区是我国最大的粮食生产基地,农业温室气体减排是实现黑土地永续利用的关键议题之一。运用稻田甲烷排放模型(CH4MOD)核算并分析了2009—2018年东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放的时空演变特征,结合GOSAT卫星遥感数据探究了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空动态联系,进一步量化了稻田甲烷对区域甲烷排放的贡献程度及不同情景下的排放潜力。结果表明,受水稻生产面积扩张和排放强度提高的影响,东北黑土地区稻田甲烷排放总量从2009年的39.05万t增加到2018年的79.53万t。东北黑土地区区域甲烷排放在季节变化和栅格单元上表现出与稻田甲烷排放较为一致的时空动态,大规模的稻田耕作可能会增加水稻生产与区域甲烷排放直接相关的可能性。随着水稻持续扩种稳产,2018年东北黑土地区水稻生产贡献了区域甲烷排放总量的15.04%,其中黑龙江省的贡献率高达31.06%。在基准发展情景下,预计2035年东北黑土地区稻田CH_4排放量较2018年增加19.5%;在粮食供给保障情景下,维持当前稻田耕作面积,水稻生产集约化程度提高,预计其稻田CH_4排放量较2018年减少0.88%;在此基础上,采取促进秸秆还田、增施有机肥、实施节水间歇灌溉等稻田管理措施将使稻田CH_4排放量增加17.8%—63.6%。以满足膳食需求和供给保障为导向,优化水稻种植结构、控制稻田耕作面积,推动技术进步、品种改良以提升单产水平,采取化肥和有机肥搭配施用、节水间歇灌溉等途径能够缓解稻田甲烷排放。研究综合运用自上而下的遥感数据和自下而上的模型运算,刻画了水稻生产与区域甲烷排放的时空联系,进一步评估了稻田甲烷的排放潜力及减排措施的减排效果,为促进东北黑土地区农业甲烷减排和生产布局优化提供了理论依据和决策参考。

黑土区玉米生理生长特性及产量对不同秸秆覆盖与施肥量的响应

为揭示秸秆覆盖量与施肥量对东北黑土区玉米生理生长特性的影响机制,设置3种秸秆覆盖量(0.5,1.0和1.5倍)和3种施肥量(80%,100%和120%)的交互试验和常规施肥无覆盖对照处理CK共10种处理,研究分析不同秸秆覆盖量与施肥量下玉米叶片净光合速率Pn、气孔导度Gs、胞间CO_(2)浓度Ci和叶绿素SPAD等光合特性指标及株高、产量及其构成要素等生长指标的变化规律,分析各处理生长指标与光合特性参数和产量之间的相关关系,并通过综合指数法优选出效果最优的秸秆覆盖与施肥模式.结果表明:秸秆覆盖和施肥均能提高叶片Pn,Gs和叶绿素SPAD,降低Ci,玉米功能叶片Pn和Gs均随生育时期先增加后减少,而Ci随生育时期先增加后降低;叶绿素整体变化趋势与Pn一致;各处理玉米产量随秸秆覆盖量增加先增加后减少,随施肥量增加而增加,除80%施肥量处理组外其他处理玉米产量较CK处理增加8.9%~21.7%;秸秆覆盖量为8000 kg/hm^(2),施肥量为336 kg/hm^(2)时对研究区域内玉米生长生理及增产效果最佳.

东北黑土区融雪径流侵蚀力时空分布

[目的]融雪侵蚀是东北黑土区主要土壤侵蚀形式之一,是该区土地退化的重要作用力,融雪径流侵蚀力是计算融雪径流侵蚀量的关键因子,因此研究融雪径流侵蚀力具有重要意义。融雪径流侵蚀力主要受积雪深度、辐射强度及升温速率影响,其主要驱动力包括融雪速率和地表径流作用。[方法]通过计算近31年日均融雪径流侵蚀力,分析东北黑土区融雪径流侵蚀力时空分布特征,并利用地理探测器辨析各区域融雪径流侵蚀力的主要影响因子。[结果]3个黑土亚区1990—2020年日均融雪径流侵蚀力均呈现先增大后减小态势,近些年逐步趋于稳定,多年日均融雪径流侵蚀力为0.01(MJ·mm)/(hm ^(2)·h·a);空间上多年日均融雪径流侵蚀力在0~0.21(MJ·mm)/(hm ^(2)·h·a)范围内,基本呈现中间小、四周大规律。融雪径流侵蚀力影响因子空间上表现为积雪深度北部大、南部小,太阳辐射强度呈现由西向东递减,升温速率值从北部向南部递减。通过地探测器辨析融雪径流侵蚀力影响因子作用强弱发现,升温速率对蒙东黑土亚区作用最强,而积雪深度对松嫩黑土亚区及三江黑土亚区作用最强。[结论]通过分析1990—2020年东北黑土区融雪径流侵蚀力时空特征及其影响因子,对于深化研究区融雪径流侵蚀特征及融雪侵蚀防控具有一定的理论和实践意义。

东北黑土地保护利用“北安模式”及推广建议

北大荒集团是东北大粮仓的重要组成部分,为国家粮食安全做出了重要贡献,总结其黑土地保护模式,为黑土地保护利用提供借鉴,为保障国家粮食安全提供路径选择。该研究利用典型案例调查法,通过实地调研与关键人物访谈,梳理黑土地保护做法与经验,总结凝练成“北安模式”。“北安模式”黑土地保护做法体现在,一是修建防护工程解决黑土变“薄”问题,打造绿色屏障,防止黑土地遭到风蚀水蚀;二是采取用养结合解决黑土变“瘦”问题,提高土壤中的有机质;三是运用深松整地解决黑土变“硬”问题,提高土壤结构的稳定性,缓解耕地板结情况。该模式取得明显的保护成效,水土流失治理面积超8 000 hm~2,黑土地有机质含量提高了2.8 g·kg^(-1),耕地质量平均已经提高0.5个等级。在运行机制上,“北安模式”黑土地保护采取“3+1”田长制、规范化生产流程与技术措施以及智慧化监测土壤墒情。为进一步推广黑土地保护的“北安模式”,建议加强高标准农田建设筑牢防护工程以促进耕地的保护和绿色利用;协同农业减污与提质增效以促进农业绿色发展;加强校企合作强化耕地科技以促进农业高质量发展;发挥服务主体优势提升社会化服务水平以协同周边地区共同保护。

黑土区保护性耕作土壤有机碳动态的模型模拟研究

【目的】保护性耕作是恢复和提高土壤肥力的重要措施,土壤有机碳在保持土壤肥力、维持作物生长与保护土壤环境方面具有非常重要的作用。然而,目前国内仍然缺少研究长期耕作的监测平台,因此采用模型的方法有助于研究长期保护性耕作下土壤有机碳的动态。【方法】依托东北黑土地保护性耕作长期定位试验地,选取免耕(NT)、秋翻(MP)、垄作(RT)3种处理下的土壤为研究对象,优化过程模型(RothC、AMG模型)与统计模型(MLPNN模型)的结构与参数,对比模拟长期保护性耕作下土壤有机碳储量的动态变化,评估不同模型对保护性耕作土壤有机碳动态模拟与预测的效果,并揭示东北黑土有机碳对保护性耕作的长期响应及其影响因素。【结果】优化有机碳在模型中各碳库的分配系数后,RothC与AMG模型模拟误差显著降低。保护性耕作实施的前11年(2001—2012),RothC与AMG过程模型对土壤有机碳的动态变化模拟效果没有显著差异,说明过程模型复杂的结构对持续时间相对较短的试验模拟效果没有显著影响,统计模型MLPNN的模拟结果与过程模型相似,验证了统计模型在田块与样地等小空间尺度内的应用效果。未来100年RothC与AMG模型预测的MP处理土壤有机碳变化趋势相同,但RothC模型预测结果得出,NT与RT处理土壤有机碳表现出先增长后达到平衡的趋势,但AMG模型模拟的结果却是有机碳一直处于增长趋势,这可能与土壤碳饱和效应与耕作处理的影响有关。RothC与AMG模型对碳投入都具有很高的灵敏度,但对气候因素与土壤因素变化的响应却存在差异。【结论】模型模拟长期保护性耕作土壤有机碳动态时需要因地制宜选择合适的预测模型。在预测保护性耕作土壤有机碳的短期变化时可以采用结构较为简单的AMG过程模型;在进行长期预测时,可以采用结构较为复杂的RothC模型。在特定条件下,统计模型MLPNN在田块与样地等小空间尺度上对土壤有机碳的模拟与过程模型具有相近的效果。