Comparative Forecast Verification for a Rainfall Process Caused by the Northeast Cold Vortex in Different Valid Time

The forecast of precipitation,height,temperature,divergence and water vapor divergence during a rainfall process in Northeast China during June 13-14 in 2012 were analyzed. The results showed that the rainfall process in Northeast China on June 13 and 14 in 2012 was mainly caused by the typical northeast cold vortex at 500 h Pa,southwest low-level jet at 850 and 700 h Pa,and surface cyclone. The rainfall forecast valid in 60 h was obviously better than those valid in 36 and 84 h,and the forecast error mainly resulted from the prediction error of vertical water vapor transportation.

Quadrant-Averaged Structure and Evolution Mechanisms of a Northeast Cold Vortex during Its Mature Stage

A Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV) that maintained from 0200 UTC 3 July to 0500 UTC 3 July 2013 and caused several heavy rainfall events was analyzed in detail to reveal its quadrant-averaged structure and main maintaining mechanisms during its mature stage. Results indicated the vortex's intensity, divergence, ascending motions, precipitable water(PW), and thermal structures were all characterized by significant unevenness, and their main pattern changed gradually during the mature stage. Mechanisms accounting for the maintenance of the NCCV were also characterized by remarkable unevenness. Within different quadrants, dominant factors for the vortex's evolution may have differed from each other significantly. The NCCV-averaged vorticity budget revealed that the vertical advection of vorticity, which is closely related to convective activities, was the most favorable factor for maintaining the NCCV, whereas the tilting effect, which is closely related to the vertical shear of the horizontal wind(horizontal vorticity), was the most detrimental factor.

An Extreme Gale Event in East China under the Arctic Potential Vorticity Anomaly through the Northeast China Cold Vortex

Arctic changes influence not only temperature and precipitation in the midlatitudes but also contribute to severe convection.This study investigates an extreme gale event that occurred on 30 April 2021 in East China and was forced by an Arctic potential vorticity(PV)anomaly intrusion.Temperature advection steered by storms contributed to the equatorward propagation of Arctic high PV,forming the Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV).At the upper levels,a PV southward intrusion guided the combination of the polar jet and the subtropical jet,providing strong vertical wind shear and downward momentum transportation to the event.The PV anomaly cooled the upper troposphere and the northern part of East China,whereas the lower levels over southern East China were dominated by local warm air,thus establishing strong instability and baroclinicity.In addition,the entrainment of Arctic dry air strengthened the surface pressure gradient by evaporation cooling.Capturing the above mechanism has the potential to improve convective weather forecasts under climate change.This study suggests that the more frequent NCCV-induced gale events in recent years are partly due to high-latitude waviness and storm activities,and this hypothesis needs to be investigated using more cases.

The Coordinated Influence of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature and Arctic Sea Ice on Anomalous Northeast China Cold Vortex Activities with Different Paths during Late Summer

The Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV)during late summer(from July to August)is identified and classified into three types in terms of its movement path using machine learning.The relationships of the three types of NCCV intensity with atmospheric circulations in late summer,the sea surface temperature(SST),and Arctic sea ice concentration(SIC)in the preceding months,are analyzed.The sensitivity tests by the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3(CAM5.3)are used to verify the statistical results.The results show that the coordination pattern of East Asia-Pacific(EAP)and Lake Baikal high pressure forced by SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean dipole mode(NIOD)during the preceding April and SIC anomalies in the Nansen Basin during the preceding June results in an intensity anomaly for the first type of NCCV.While the pattern of high pressure over the Urals and Okhotsk Sea and low pressure over Lake Baikal during late summer-which is forced by SST anomalies in the South Indian Ocean dipole mode(SIOD)in the preceding June and SIC anomalies in the Barents Sea in the preceding April-causes the intensity anomaly of the second type.The third type is atypical and is not analyzed in detail.Sensitivity tests,jointly forced by the SST and SIC in the preceding period,can well reproduce the observations.In contrast,the results forced separately by the SST and SIC are poor,indicating that the NCCV during late summer is likely influenced by the coordinated effects of both SST and SIC in the preceding months.

Modulation of the late summer Northeast China cold vortex by previous-winter ENSO

本文利用再分析资料,研究了前冬ENSO对夏末东北冷涡(NCCV)的调制作用.结果表明,前冬ENSO与夏末NCCV强度之间存在显著的相关性,El Nino(La Ni?a)对应于弱(强)的NCCV.印度洋海盆模态(IOBM)在前冬ENSO对夏末东北亚地区大气环流的影响中起着至关重要的作用.作为东部型El Nino的被动响应,IOBM可以从前冬一直持续至夏末,并在夏末激发“中国中部上空气旋—东北亚地区上空反气旋”的经向遥相关模态,从而不利于NCCV增强.反之亦然.此外,印度洋的信号在中部型El Nino和中性年份相对较弱,使得它们对于NCCV的影响不显著.

"Climate effect" of the northeast cold vortex and its influences on Meiyu

The Northeast Cold Vortex (NECV) is an important weather system in the middle and high latitudes in East Asia. Its time scale is synoptic, yet the frequent activities of NECV have significant "climate effect" which influences not only the monthly temperature in the lower troposphere in Northeast China but also the Meiyu rainfall in East Asia. On the basis of ERA-40 reanalysis data provided by ECMWF, the "climate effect" of NECV and its relationship with Meiyu in East Asia are studied. It is shown that there is significant correlation between NECV during the Meiyu period and rainfall amount: strong NECV corresponds to more Meiyu rainfall and weak NECV corresponds to less rainfall. In strong NECV years, the dry and cold air from the north is led to the south by NECV, converges with the lower-level warm and wet southwesterly on the north verge of Meiyu region, thus forms an unstable stratification of "upper dryness and lower wetness" . Triggered by ascending motion, the Meiyu rainfall amount is more than usual. It is on the contrary in weak NECV years. The anomalous SST in north Pacific in the previ-ous year may be a factor that results in the anomalous NECV at Meiyu period. The land-sea thermal contrast in summer facilitates NECV, while that in winter inhibits NECV. All of the above provide a meaningful result for the short-term climate prediction of NECV and Meiyu.

Classification of Northeast China Cold Vortex Activity Paths in Early Summer Based on K-means Clustering and Their Climate Impact

The classification of the Northeast China Cold Vortex(NCCV)activity paths is an important way to analyze its characteristics in detail.Based on the daily precipitation data of the northeastern China(NEC)region,and the atmospheric circulation field and temperature field data of ERA-Interim for every six hours,the NCCV processes during the early summer(June)seasons from 1979 to 2018 were objectively identified.Then,the NCCV processes were classified using a machine learning method(k-means)according to the characteristic parameters of the activity path information.The rationality of the classification results was verified from two aspects,as follows:(1)the atmospheric circulation configuration of the NCCV on various paths;and(2)its influences on the climate conditions in the NEC.The obtained results showed that the activity paths of the NCCV could be divided into four types according to such characteristics as the generation origin,movement direction,and movement velocity of the NCCV.These included the generation-eastward movement type in the east of the Mongolia Plateau(eastward movement type or type A);generation-southeast longdistance movement type in the upstream of the Lena River(southeast long-distance movement type or type B);generationeastward less-movement type near Lake Baikal(eastward less-movement type or type C);and the generation-southward less-movement type in eastern Siberia(southward less-movement type or type D).There were obvious differences observed in the atmospheric circulation configuration and the climate impact of the NCCV on the four above-mentioned types of paths,which indicated that the classification results were reasonable.

Influence of the Northeast Cold Vortex on Flooding in Northeast China in Summer 2013

Severe flooding occurred in Northeast China(NEC) in summer 2013. Compared with the rainfall climatology of the region, the rainy season began earlier in 2013 and two main rainy periods occurred from late June to early July and from mid July to early August, respectively. During the summer season of 2013, the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) was located farther westward, which strengthened the southerly winds on its west side in the lower troposphere. Under this circulation pattern, more water vapor was transported to North China and NEC. Another moisture transport pathway to NEC was traced to the cross-equatorial flow over the Bay of Bengal. In mid–high latitudes in summer 2013, the Northeast Cold Vortex(NECV) was much stronger and remained stable over NEC. Thus, the cold air flow from its northwest side frequently met with the warm and wet air from the south to form stronger moisture convergence at lower levels in the troposphere, resulting in increased precipitation over the region. Correlation analysis indicated that the NECV played a more direct role than the WPSH. Synoptic analyses of the two heaviest flood cases on 2 and 16 July confirmed this conclusion. The four wettest summers in NEC before 2000 were also analyzed and the results were consistent with the conclusion that both the WPSH and the NECV led to the intense rainfall in NEC, but the NECV had a more direct role.

Objective identification research on cold vortex and mid-summer rainy periods in Northeast China

Considering the differences between the Northeast China Cold Vortex(CV) and the Mid-Summer(MS) rainy period and their corresponding atmospheric circulations are comprehensively analyzed, and the objective identification methods of defining the annual beginning and ending dates of Northeast China CV and MS rainy periods are developed respectively.The annual beginning date of the CV(MS) rainy period is as follows. In a period from April to August, if daily regional mean precipitation ryi is larger than yearly regional mean precipitation R(or 2R) on a certain day, the station precipitation rs is larger than the station yearly mean precipitation r(or 2 r) in at least 50% of stations in Northeast China, and this condition is satisfied in the following 2(7) days, then this date is defined as the beginning date of the CV(MS) rainy period.While the definition of the ending date of the MS rainy period shows the opposite process to its beginning date. With this objective identification method, the multi-year average(1981–2010) beginning date of the CV rainy period is May 3, the beginning date of the MS rainy period is June 27, the ending day of the CV rainy period is defined as the day before the beginning date of the MS rainy period, and the ending date of the MS rainy period is August 29. Meanwhile, corresponding anomaly analysis at a 500-h Pa geopotential height, 850-h Pa wind, Omega and relative humidity fields all show that the definitions of the average beginning and ending dates of the CV and MS rainy periods have a certain circulation meaning.Furthermore, the daily evolution of the CV index, meridional and zonal wind index, etc. all show that these objectively defined beginning and ending dates of the CV and MS rainy periods have climate significance.

Study on the Evolution of a Northeast China Cold Vortex during the Spring of 2010

Based on the final analysis data with horizontal resolution of 1°× 1°(four times a day) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP), a typical Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV) during the spring of 2010 was examined with the quasi-Lagrange- form eddy flux circulation(EFC) budget equation. Results indicated that the mechanisms that account for the development, maintenance, and attenuation of the cyclone varied with levels and stages. Displacement of the cyclone and transports by background environmental circulations dominated the variation of the cyclone in the middle and upper levels, whereas displacement and divergence associated with the cyclone dominated the evolution of the NCCV in the middle and lower levels. Moreover, interactions between the NCCV and other subsynoptic weather systems were important for the development of the cyclone, and the pattern of background environmental circulations was also important for the evolution of the NCCV, since the cyclone enhanced(weakened) as it moved from areas of low(high) vorticity to high(low) ones.

2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气分析

选用常规气象观测资料、人工加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR格点资料,对2021年11月7—9日辽宁省极端雨雪天气进行诊断分析。结果表明:东北冷涡和地面气旋为此次极端雨雪天气的主要影响系统,对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散以及强的冷暖气流交汇,是产生极端雨雪天气的主要原因;高低空急流耦合和高空辐散抽吸作用,配合东北冷涡动力抬升作用,暖湿低空急流沿冷垫爬升,进一步加强了上升运动。暖湿急流为此次极端雨雪天气提供了充沛的水汽条件,暖湿急流的增强对应水汽辐合作用增强,配合低层冷垫和东北冷涡的动力抬升作用,对降雪有明显增幅作用;地面辐合线沿地形分布,触发了此次极端强降雪天气。地形阻挡导致地面冷空气堆积形成冷垫,是极端降雪天气发生的重要原因。温度层结差异是鞍山、岫岩雨雪相态差异的主要原因。具有冻结层特征的低层冷垫,为鞍山极端暴雪提供了有利的温度层结条件;融化层厚度和地面温度是岫岩出现冻雨的关键因素。

东北暖季冷涡降水日变化的聚类分析

使用2017~2022年5~9月逐小时三源融合实况格点降水(CMPAS)资料,采用K-均值聚类算法对东北暖季冷涡降水日变化分类,分析其特征及空间分布,结果显示:1)东北暖季冷涡降水多年平均降水量空间分布从西北到东南增加,降水频次的空间分布与其相似,降水强度大值区集中在辽东半岛附近。2)东北地区冷涡背景下降水量、降水频次和降水强度暖季平均日变化均呈双峰型,降水量的下午主峰值主要源于降水频次,而夜间次峰值与降水频次和降水强度均关系密切。3)聚类后冷涡降水量、降水频次的日变化表现为单峰型和双峰型特征,且单峰型格点占比较大,降水强度的日变化表现为单峰型。依据峰值出现时间及日变化形态间差异,降水量、频次与强度均可划分为4类不同的日变化类型。4)各类日变化空间占比统计结果显示,冷涡降水量、降水频次日变化存在下午峰值的格点均占比最大,夜间峰值次之,两者聚类后区域特征明显,与地形关系密切且分布相对规整;冷涡降水强度日变化下午单峰型格点占比最大,聚类后空间分布较为零散。

2023年麦收期河南省连阴雨的气候特征和可能成因

2023年麦收期河南省出现了罕见的连阴雨天气,降水和阴雨日数异常偏多,分别为自1961年以来的历史第五位和第二位。分析连阴雨的可能气候成因,主要结论如下:(1)造成连阴雨的环流形势为欧亚中高纬度西高东低,乌拉尔山高压脊持续发展并出现阶段性阻塞,东北冷涡活跃,冷空气能持续南下,西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)偏北、偏强且异常偏西,来自副高西北侧边缘的暖湿气流和冷空气在河南省交汇。(2)副高偏强、偏北、偏西是由偏强、偏北、偏大、偏东的南亚高压和偏强、偏北的东亚副热带西风急流(以下简称西风急流)的引导所致,而东南亚对流层中高层的暖中心偏大、偏北和偏东且呈东西向带状分布,使南亚高压形成了上述的特征。暖中心和东北冷涡的共同作用,使东亚中高层的气温梯度增大,进而加强了西风急流。(3)2023年前期的La Ni1a事件有利于麦收期副高偏北,但不利于副高偏强和明显偏西。麦收期由于台风扰动由泰国湾至菲律宾群岛以东的热带西太平洋对流活跃释放的凝结潜热较多,以及麦收期前期的春季和麦收期伊朗高原至青藏高原的地面感热和潜热较强,使暖中心形成了上述的特征,进而决定了南亚高压和副高的特征。(4)2023年麦收期北大西洋海温偏高,以及北大西洋三极子为负位相,导致了乌拉尔山高压脊持续发展并出现阶段性阻塞,麦收期前期的春季和麦收期伏尔加河至贝加尔湖西北侧地面感热和潜热偏强,而下游贝加尔湖东南侧至鄂霍次克海地面感热和潜热偏弱一定程度上导致上述两区域分别出现了大范围的位势高度正距平和负距平。

1961—2021年黑龙江省春播期东北冷涡气候影响特征

选用1961—2021年黑龙江省62站逐日地面降水、气温资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,统计分析黑龙江省春播期间持续时间3 d及以上的东北冷涡活动特征及其对春播期气候要素的影响。结果表明:61 a春播期发生东北冷涡过程233次,共958 d,发生频次及日数均为增大趋势,发生频次与单次冷涡持续时间为显著负相关。东北冷涡的降水贡献率约为43.29%,冷涡过程中出现大雨及暴雨日的频率较大,分别为48.66%和59.46%;东北冷涡对春播期气温影响不显著。500 hPa位势高度场,东北冷涡与贝加尔湖至鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压存在较好的正相关,超30%的冷涡活动与鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压相伴发生。鄂霍茨克海阻塞高压对冷涡降水有显著的增强作用,而对冷涡过程低温的影响不显著。

西风流场切变分歧及其对东北冷涡形成的影响机制的初步分析

本研究运用多尺度变换和摄动法简化正压准地转涡度方程,分析了西风流场切变对具有非线性Shrödinger孤子特征的包络Rossby孤立波的影响,并分析了具有这类波形的西风流场的拓扑结构。结果表明:(1)西风流场切变存在一临界值,当切变小于这个临界值时,流场的拓扑结构无奇异点,只有退化的中心结构,对应的西风流场为纬向流场;大于这个临界值时,流场的拓扑结构存在奇异点,西风流场则有涡旋产生。(2)流场奇异点出现位置不同,西风流场呈现不同的涡旋流型,当奇异点仅出现在系统的北部时,则西风流场呈Ω型阻塞流场;当奇异点仅出现系统的南部时,则西风流场呈倒Ω型切断流场;当奇异点在南北部均出现时,则西风流场呈偶极子型阻塞流场。(3)倒Ω型流场和偶极子型阻塞流场中,均有切断低压出现,如果切断低压在乌拉尔山附近形成,向下游运动到我国东北地区,则为东北冷涡。研究从东北冷涡的源头阻塞形势为切入点,结合阻塞的全局思想与局地特征,探讨东北冷涡的形成机制,深化了对东北冷涡形成的认识。

东北冷涡背景下三类区域性强对流天气过程时空分布和环境特征对比分析

东北冷涡是造成中国暖季强对流的重要天气尺度系统之一。为对比东北冷涡与不同类型强对流过程的时空关系及其环境特征差异,基于欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代大气再分析数据和中国国家气象信息中心提供的逐时大风、降水观测资料,筛选了2017—2021年4—9月东北冷涡背景下9例雷暴大风型、9例强降水型以及8例混合型强对流天气过程,通过动态合成开展了分析研究。结果表明:(1)三类强天气过程相对于冷涡的时空分布差异明显:雷暴大风型过程,超过70%的雷暴大风出现在冷涡中心的西南部或南部;而混合型过程,超过70%的大风出现在冷涡中心的东南部或南部;混合型和强降水型过程中,短时强降水均主要出现在冷涡中心南部或东南部,但后者发生在冷涡东南部的比例更高;雷暴大风型和强降水型过程主要出现在东北冷涡的发展和成熟阶段,而混合型过程主要发生在东北冷涡的成熟阶段。(2)三类强天气过程的环流形势和环境条件差异显著。雷暴大风型过程多出现在5—6月,一般对应的东北冷涡更深厚,等温线更密集,大气环境偏干,存在气温垂直递减率大和强风垂直切变条件,雷暴大风多发生在冷涡南侧的锋区附近,对流层中、高层受干冷空气控制,叠加在低层比较浅薄的暖湿空气之上有利于大气层结条件不稳定的增强,降水粒子蒸发降温形成的下沉气流和地面冷池,叠加锋区辐合更有利于形成区域性地面强风;而强降水型过程多集中在7—8月,对应的东北冷涡强度较弱,等温线较稀疏,强降水一般出现在锋前靠近暖区一侧的强层结不稳定区域内,对应水汽充沛、整层暖湿的环境条件,中低层温差较小,风垂直切变较弱。混合型过程对应的月份和冷涡强度与强降水型过程更接近,水汽、高低层温差以及风垂直切变等环境条件介于上述两类过程之间,但下沉对流有效位能在三类过程中表现为最大。总体来看,相较于中国中、低海拔地区雷暴大风和短时强降水的环境特征而言,东北冷涡背景下的强天气过程对应更强的深层风垂直切变,具有更强的天气尺度动力强迫。

东北冷涡发生次数和日数气候分析

基于ERA5再分析资料筛选的东北冷涡过程数据,分析1961—2021年东北冷涡过程发生次数和日数气候和气候变化特征,发现:(1)东北冷涡平均每年发生31次,初夏5月最多,晚秋11月最少;冷涡过程持续日数平均4.2 d,6月最长,4月最短;年平均东北冷涡发生日数126.6 d;东北冷涡持续日数多为3-4 d。(2)2000年代和1970年代东北冷涡发生较多,1960年代和1980年代较少;1997年东北冷涡过程最多(39次),1982年最少(20次);东北冷涡过程5月显著增多趋势(速率0.38次/10 a),7月减少趋势(速率0.24次/10 a)。(3)年东北冷涡日数有两次趋势突变,发生在1980年和2017年;5月冷涡日数有两次趋势突变,发生在1990年和2004年。各月和年冷涡日数主要表现为年际尺度振荡。

高空切断冷涡研究进展

高空切断冷涡是中高纬度地区大气环流的重要组成部分,高空切断冷涡的出现往往会产生对流不稳定,导致各种高影响天气的发生发展。中国最常见的切断冷涡是东北冷涡,其发生发展不仅能影响我国东北地区的天气气候异常,也对中东部地区具有重要的影响。因此,有必要关注高空切断冷涡的形成机理和预测理论与方法。基于此,对近些年来国内外有关高空切断冷涡的形成机理和预测方法取得的主要研究进展进行了回顾,简述了切断冷涡的定义、天气气候学特征、不同天气气候系统和大气外强迫因子对切断冷涡的影响,最后指出了目前研究中仍然存在的不足和需要进一步深入研究的关键科学问题。

2017-2021年辽宁省冷涡型雷暴大风时空分布及环境参数特征

选用2017—2021年辽宁省自动气象站、闪电定位仪、葵花8号卫星和ERA5再分析资料,分析辽宁省雷暴大风的时空分布特征和不同天气系统下雷暴大风发生的环境条件。结果表明:冷涡系统是导致辽宁雷暴大风的最主要天气系统,占全部雷暴大风的62%。冷涡雷暴大风主要集中分布在辽宁中部平原,该区域冷涡引起的雷暴大风占所有雷暴大风的90%。雷暴大风集中出现在5—9月,午后到傍晚出现的次数最多。不同季节雷暴大风发生时的环境条件存在差异,春、秋季雷暴大风对应不同层温差、垂直风切变较强和风暴承载层风速较大等特征;盛夏雷暴大风发生对应水汽条件充沛,近地面蒸发较强、中层干空气侵入和热对流特征明显等。与非冷涡系统相比,冷涡背景下的低空与500 hPa温差和对流有效位能更强,中低层更干燥,垂直风切变和风暴承载层风速更强。冷涡四象限中,雷暴大风常出现在东南和西南象限,占比分别为77.9%和18.5%。两象限雷暴大风对应的环境条件存在差异,东南象限水汽条件更充沛,不稳定程度更强;西南象限中低层更为干燥,地面与500 hPa温差和下沉对流有效位能更大。

东北冷涡气候特征及其对海河流域夏季降水的影响

东北冷涡是对流层发生在东北亚区域深厚的冷性低压系统,它的活动异常往往会给夏季降水预测带来很大的不确定性。为改进降水预测技术,使用1961—2021年中国2400多站降水数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析环流数据等资料,采用机器自动识别、相关分析和回归重构等方法,分析了东北冷涡气候特征及其对海河流域夏季降水的影响。主要结果如下:(1)东北冷涡发生时间和地理位置具有明显的气候特征。东北冷涡一年四季均可出现,夏季冷涡天数最多。月份上,5—9月冷涡过程明显偏多,其中6月过程和天数最多。夏季,冷涡中心位置在6月最偏南,7月最偏西,8月最偏东北。(2)海河流域夏季降水与全年或夏季的东北冷涡天数整体上不存在明显相关,但与夏季西涡(<120°E)天数存在显著的正相关,与夏季东涡(≥120°E)天数存在显著的负相关。夏季西涡活动多,有利于海河流域夏季降水偏多;夏季东涡活动多,可能会造成海河流域夏季降水偏少。(3)东北冷涡可通过动力环流异常和水汽输送异常影响海河流域夏季降水。西涡出现时,会造成200 hPa层西风急流在海河流域上空显著增强,500 hPa层海河流域处于“东高西低”环流型槽前的上升区,850 hPa层东亚地区出现偏南风异常,增强了向海河流域的水汽输送。东涡出现时,200 hPa层西风急流在海河流域上空无明显异常,500 hPa层海河流域处于“东低西高”环流型高压脊前的辐散区,850 hPa东亚地区无明显水汽输送异常。