Types,Characteristics and Significances of Migrating Pathways of Gas-bearing Fluids in the Shenhu Area,Northern Continental Slope of the South China Sea

The first marine gas hydrate expedition in China has been conducted by Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey in the Shenhu Area, northern continental slope of the South China Sea. Previous study has analyzed the P-T conditions, geophysical anomalies and saturation calculations of these gas hydrates, but has not documented in detail the migration of gas-bearing fluids in the study area. Based on the interpretations of 2D/3D seismic data, this work identified two types of migration pathways for gas-bearing fluids in the Shenhu area, i.e., vertical and lateral pathways. The vertical pathways（largescale faults, gas chimneys and mud diapirs） presented as steep seismic reflection anomalies, which could be traced downward to the Eocene source rocks and may penetrate into the Late Miocene strata. The deeper gases/fluids might be allowed migrating into the shallower strata through these vertical conduits. However, the distributions showed distinct differences between these pathways. Large-scale faults developed only in the north and northeast of the Shenhu area, while in the drilling area gas chimneys were the sole vertical migration pathways. Since the Pliocene, normal faults, detachment faults and favorable sediments have constituted the lateral pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area. Although these lateral pathways were connected with gas chimneys, they exerted different effects on hydrate formation and accumulation. Gas-bearing fluids migrated upward along gas chimneys might further migrate laterally because of the normal faults, thereby enlarging the range of the chimneys. Linking gas chimneys with the seafloor, the detachment faults might act as conduits for escaping gases/fluids. Re-deposited sediments developed at the early stage of the Quaternary were located within the gas hydrate stability zone, so hydrates would be enriched in these favorable sediments. Compared with the migration pathways（large-scale faults and mud diapirs） in the LW3-1 deep-sea oil/gas field, the migration efficiency of the vertical pathways（composed of gas chimneys） in the gas hydrate drilling area might be relatively low. Description and qualitative discrimination of migration pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area are helpful to further understand the relationship between good-quality deep source rocks and shallow, mainly biogenicallyproduced, hydrates. As the main source rocks of the Baiyun sag, lacustrine mudstones in the Wenchang and Enping Formations may provide thermogenic methane. Gas chimneys with relatively low migration efficiency created the vertical pathways. Caused by the Dongsha tectonic movement, the release of overpressured fluids might reduce the vertical migration rates of the thermogenic methane. The thick bathyal/abyssal fine-grained sediments since the Late Miocene provided migration media with low permeability. These preconditions may cause carbon isotopic fractionation ofthermogenic methane during long-distance vertical migrations. Therefore, although geochemical analyses indicate that the methane forming gas hydrate in the Shenhu area was mainly produced biogenically, or was mixed methane primarily of microbial origin, thermogenic methane still contribute significantly.

The Relationship between Tectonic Subsidence and BSR of Upper Neogene in the Deep-Water Area of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

BSR （Bottom Simulating Reflector） occurs widely in the strata since the late Miocene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope of South China Sea （SCS）. It is an important seismic reference mark which identifies the gas hydrate and its distribution influenced by the tectonic movements. Single-point basin modeling was conducted using 473 points in the study area. To discuss the relationships between the tectonic subsidence and BSR, the volume and rate of tectonic subsidence in each geological time have been simulated. The results show that there are three tectonic accelerate subsidence processes in the study area since the late Miocene, especially since 1.8Ma the tectonic subsidence accelerates more apparently. Since the Late Miocene to Pleistocene, the rate of tectonic subsidence in deep-water underwent a transformation from weak to strong. The ratio of tectonic subsidence to the total subsidence was relatively high （65-70%）. Through the superposition of the BSR developed areas and the contours of tectonic subsidence in this area, it was discovered that more than 80% of BSR tend to be distributed at the slope break or depression-uplift structural transfer zone and the average tectonic subsidence rate ranges from 70 m/Ma to 125 m/Ma.

Revisit of event-based rainfall characteristics at Shapotou area in northern China

Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating land-scape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tip-ping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time （MIT） from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events.

Simulation of the Accumulation Process of Biogenic Gas Hydrates in the Shenhu Area of Northern South China Sea

Previous work has largely discussed the relations between sediment structures and accumulation of gas hydrates in the Shenhu area of South China Sea, but has not documented why the gas hydrates occurred at the seafloor topographic highs. Many gas hydrate exploration examples abroad also indicate that the saturation of gas hydrates was higher at seafloor topographic highs. This work aims to understand why gas hydrates accumulated at topographic highs and why their saturation is higher.

Brief Study on Application of New Indoor Lawn in Northern Areas of China

At present,the development and function research of lawn has become diversified,and the application of lawn has been extended from outdoor to indoor environment. The indoor lawn has functions of absorbing toxic and harmful gases,releasing oxygen,increasing air humidity and regulating temperature. It can effectively improve the indoor air quality of northern areas,purify and beautify the home environment.This paper elaborated the purpose and significance of the application of new indoor lawn,the establishment methods of the indoor lawn,and the application design of the indoor lawn landscape.

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning,basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic,gravity,magnetic,ocean bottom seismic(OBS),deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program(IODP).During the early syn-rifting period,deep-water area was a half-graben controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust.In the mid syn-rifting period,this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust.In the late syn-rifting period,this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation.A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin.The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks.The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period,and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment.The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.

Abnormality of the monsoon wind in the sea area along the southeasterncoast of China and the response of the northern areaof the South China Sea during the ENSO events

-Variations of monsoon wind field in the sea area along the southeastern coast of China during the ENSO events and its influence on the sea level and sea surface temperature (SST) are explored mainly on the basis of the data of monthly mean wind at 850 hPa and five coastal stations during 1973-1987. The results from the analyses of the data and theoretical estimation show that the southwest wind anomalies appeared in the study area during the events, and northeast wind anomalies occurred in general before the events. With the coastline of the area being parallel basically to the direction of the wind, an Ekman transport will result in an accumulation of the water near the coast or a departure of the water from the coast. As a result , the sea level and SST there will be affected markedly. During the events, southwest wind will intensify in the summer, and northeast wind will weaken in the winter. Their total effect is that a large negative anomaly of the sea level and SST will occur. The estimations indicate that the monsoon wind is stronger in the summer and weaker in the winter than the normal by 1-1. 5 m/s during the events, and this anomaly will cause a decrease of the sea level by 7-11 cm . Changes of the wind field, therefore, is mainly responsible for a large negative anomalies of the sea level and SST there during the ENSO events.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Stromatolite characteristics of Mesoproterozoic Shennongjia Group in the northern margin of Yangtze Block, China

Mesoproterozoic Shennongjia Group in Shennongjia Area can be divided into three subgroups in ascender order. Of which the lower subgroup includes Yingwodong, Dayanping, Macaoyuan, Luanshigou, Dawokeng and Kuangshishan formations;the middle subgroup is formed by Yemahe, Wenshuihe and Shicaohe formations;the upper subgroup consists of Songziyuan and Wagangxi formations. Stromatolites developed very well in the carbonate rocks of each subgroup in Shennongjia Group. Based on descriptions of stromatolites macrotypes and their characteristics, this paper studied the formation environments, discussed the relationship among types, sizes, abundance of stromatolites and sedimentary environment, and established the formation and development pattern of stromatolites. As a result, this research also reveals the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate during the period of the Shennongjia Group deposited, which is beneficial to the study of paleoenvironment, paleogeography and paleoclimate, stratigraphic succession and regional correlation of the northern edge of Yangtze block. Stromatolites of Shennongjia Group are mainly conical, columnar, domal, wavy, stratiform and stromatolite reefs. The columnar and conical stromatolites are well developed. Conical stromatolites are mainly monomers, with a variety of pyramidal types, ranging in diameter from a few millimeters to several meters and formed in the high energy subtidal zone and tidal lagoon environment. Most of the columnar stromatolites are medium to small sizes implied a wide and gentle slope environment at that time. Stratiform (including wavy) stromatolites are larger scales and extends far away and distributed most widely in almost every horizon in the carbonate rocks. Stratiform stromatolites can be formed in low energy environments such as subtidal and intertidal zones and supratidal belts. Wavy stromatolites often developed in the hydrodynamic energy condition from weak energy intertidal zone gradually strengthened to the below of the high energy supratidal. Although stromatolite reefs can be a single or multiform combination, they developed mainly consisted of laminar or small walled columnar and large domal stromatolites. Shicaohe Formation also partially developed large domical stromatolites, the depositional environment is from the upper intertidal to supratidal zone. Stromatolite in Shennongjia Group usually appears as a combination of “Stratiform (wavy)-dome-columnar-coniform ” or “stratiform-dome-coniform-columnar-dome-stratiform ” vertieally, which represents the seawater depth from shallower to deeper or from shallow to deep and then to shallow again. These phenomenons generally reflected a stable sea level and companied with a high frequency oscillation. Comprehensive researches on the stratigraphy, sedimentary facies, sedimentary environment and the stromatolite types and their characteristics in the Shennongjia Group indicated that the Shennongjia Area is located on a gentle slope of carbonate platform in the passive continental edge, generally, i.e., one of warm and humid climate shallow water zone or/and a cold-drought climate, and had been experienced with eustatic cycles during the Shennongjia Group deposited.

Water masses in the northern South China Sea

Using the fuzzy clustering as the principal method, eight water masses in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) are distinguished. They are Alongshore Diluted Water Mass (F), Nearshore Mixed Water Mass (M), Warm Surface Water Mass(WS), Surface Water Mass(S), Surface-Subsurface Mixed Water Mass(SU), Subsurface Water Mass (U), Subsurface-Intermediate Water Mass (UI) and Intermediate Water Mass (1). A synthertic study is made on the formations, basic properties and modified characters of each water mass and the regularities of their disributions and growth and decline variations . They may be classified into three types; the type of runoff-diluted water (F). the type of shallow sea-modified water (M, WS. S. and SU) and the type of deep sea-oceanic water (U, UI, and I).

中国北方草地生态系统服务评估

北方草地是我国天然草地主体部分,其生态功能对提升生态系统稳定性、保障国家生态安全具有重要的作用。在北方草地生态功能分区基础上,开展2011—2015年不同功能区内防风固沙、土壤保持、水源涵养等生态功能评估,探明其现状和空间格局,为北方草地生态功能分区研究提供评估数据,也为推进草地生态系统保护与修复工作提供科技支撑。结果表明:(1)北方草地防风固沙能力为32.44 t hm^(-2) a^(-1),防风固沙量为89.22亿t/a。半干旱草原区防风固沙能力和固沙量最大,分别为68.76 t hm^(-2) a^(-1)和29.16亿t/a,其固沙量占北方草地固沙总量的32.68%。(2)北方草地土壤保持能力为124.5 t hm^(-2) a^(-1),土壤保持量为243.59亿t/a。土壤保持功能的空间异质性较大,暖性灌草丛区土壤保持能力最大,为431.52 t hm^(-2) a^(-1);高寒草甸区土壤保持量最多,为105.36亿t/a,占北方草地土壤保持总量的43.19%。(3)北方草地水源涵养能力为93.03 m^(3) hm^(-2) a^(-1),水源涵养量为288.98亿m^(3)/a。高寒草甸区和高寒草原区水源涵养能力较大,分别为211.09 m^(3) hm^(-2) a^(-1)和118.04 m^(3) hm^(-2) a^(-1)。两个区域的水源涵养量也较多,分别为125.36亿m^(3)/a和72.13亿m^(3)/a,合占北方草地水源涵养总量的68.34%。整体上,北方半干旱草原区、暖性灌草丛区、高寒草甸区和高寒草原区对发挥我国草地防风固沙、土壤保持、水源涵养等生态多功能效益、提升生态系统服务和稳定性具有极其重要的作用。

深水中大型气田滚动勘探技术体系与成效——以琼东南盆地中央峡谷A边际气田为例

为了促进琼东南盆地中央峡谷深水A边际气田开发,引入目标搜索研究、目标评价研究、目标钻探研究等完整气田滚动勘探技术体系。A边际气田目标搜索除利用传统的区带油气潜力目标搜索技术外,提出评价过程目标搜索技术,共搜索了5个油气潜力区块,并优选A4构造进行油气目标评价。从圈闭解释与落实、圈闭烃类检测两方面对A4构造油气成藏主控因素开展研究。A4构造中部预测优势含气区具有强振幅属性、低密度、低速度、低纵波阻抗、低纵横波速度比等有利含气信息特征,总体为Ⅲ类AVO异常,且能够升级HL_0气组控制天然气地质储量,部署滚动探井A4-1井实施钻探,在黄流组钻遇气层超20 m,莺歌海组二段钻遇可疑气层近10 m,获得天然气探明地质储量近30亿立方米,钻探效果好。滚动勘探研究在深水A边际气田的应用,不仅有效地促进了A边际气田后续滚动勘探活动,而且证实了滚动勘探同样适用于深水油气勘探。

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探新认识及攻关方向

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区已成为我国海洋油气勘探增储上产的重要领域,但由于构造演化史复杂,该区不同凹陷的沉积—构造特征、烃源岩生烃—储层成岩演化和成藏模式均存在明显差异。为准确认识该区油气勘探潜力和方向,基于前人研究成果和勘探实践,在综合分析烃源岩、储层、差异成藏等地质条件的基础上,剖析了南海北部陆缘盆地深水区成藏特征、油气勘探作业面临的挑战,并指出了下一步油气攻关研究方向。研究结果表明:①受地壳拆离作用及强烈薄化影响,该区地层沉积特征特殊,岩石地球物理性质多样;②软流圈差异抬升形成深水区独特的高热流背景,促使区域性湖相、煤型及叠合型等3类烃源灶快速、高强度生烃,生烃门限变浅;③深水盆地群的演化和成盆规模差异大,构造演化控制了盆地几何形态和储集体时空展布,深水区独特的板块构造位置、复杂的构造演化史、温压变化剧烈的地质特征等控制了油气成藏模式。结论认为:①该区油气勘探面临地震资料解析度低、规模有效储层预测困难、勘探成本高等技术与经济的双重挑战;②需要创新形成高地温背景下优质储层差异化分布规律的研究思路;③亟需提升勘探设备能力建设,攻关高效地震采集、“重磁电震”地球物理一体化采集处理、双井架钻探作业、多井段“一趟钻”等勘探关键技术,为我国海洋深水油气勘探开发的高质量发展做好理论和技术支撑。

14种园林绿化植物的叶面积测量及经验模型构建

【目的】本文旨在探索快速且准确测定植物叶面积的有效方法。【方法】本试验以中国北方常用的14种园林绿化植物为材料,采用5种不同方法测定其叶面积,并将叶长、叶宽等叶片参数与叶面积进行回归分析,确定系数回归法中叶面积换算的最佳叶片参数,以期为生产和科研提供参考依据和方法。【结果】叶面积仪法、方格计数法、复印纸称重法和数字图像法所获得的叶面积数据之间均存在显著的线性相关关系(P <0.01),数字图像法是叶面积测量中最稳定的一种方法。14种植物的叶面积、叶周长、叶长、叶宽、叶长/叶宽差异均较显著(P <0.01)。14种植物的平均叶面积、叶周长、叶长、叶宽、叶长/叶宽分别为1.11~20.62 cm2、4.43~22.33 cm、1.47~7.90cm、1.02~4.76 cm、1.11~2.89。【结论】叶长和叶宽的乘积与叶面积拟合的线性关系(A=0.72L·W+0.37)和幂指数关系(A=0.78(L·W)^(0.97))最好,均达到显著相关性(P <0.01),在实践中这两个方程均可作为测算14个树种叶面积的回归方程。

Dissociation of gas hydrates by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation-derived slope failures:An example from the South China Sea

The mechanism of slope failure associated with overpressure that is caused by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation remains unclear.High-resolution seismic data and gas hydrate drilling data collected from the Shenhu gas hydrate field(site SH5)offer a valuable opportunity to study the relations between submarine slope failure and hydrocarbon accumulation and flow that is associated with a~2 kmdiameter gas chimney developed beneath site SH5 where none gas hydrates had been recovered by drilling and sampling despite the presence of distinct bottom simulating reflectors(BSRs)and favorable gas hydrate indication.The mechanism of submarine slope failure resulted from buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation which were caused by overpressure from a~1100 m-high gas column in a gas chimney was studied via numerical simulation.The~9.55 MPa overpressure caused by hydrocarbons that migrated through the gas chimney and then accumulated beneath subsurface gas hydratebearing impermeable sediments.This may have resulted in a submarine slope failure,which disequilibrated the gas hydrate-bearing zone and completely decomposed the gas hydrate once precipitated at site SH5.Before the gas hydrate decomposition,the largely impermeable sediments overlying the gas chimney may have undergone a major upward deformation due to the buoyancy extrusion of the overpressure in the gas chimney,and slope failure was initiated from plastic strain of the sediments and reduced internal strength.Slope failure subsequently resulted in partial gas hydrate decomposition and sediment permeability increase.The pressurized gas in the gas chimney may have diffused into the overlying sediments controlled by seepage-derived deformation,causing an effective stress reduction at the base of the sediments and significant plastic deformation.This may have formed a new cycle of submarine slope failure and finally the total gas hydrate dissociation.The modeling results of buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation of the overpressure in the gas chimney would provide new understanding in the development of submarine slope failure and the link between slope failure and gas hydrate accumulation and dissociation.

Analysis on Peasants' Diet Condition and Food Safety Awareness in Northern Jiangsu——From the Perspective of Economics

Taking three counties in northern Jiangsu (Suining,Ganyu and Sihong) as the respondents,the economic principles of food safety issues of rural areas in northern Jiangsu are described from three aspects which are information asymmetry,food supply and food safety issue and food consumption and food safety issue.From the two aspects-adverse selection of consumers and opportunistic behavior of producers,the paper introduces the influence of food safety issues of rural areas in northern Jiangsu.Based on the above analysis,economic theories for solving food safety issues of rural areas in northern Jiangsu are put forward:First,improve consumers' knowledge of food safety;Second,normalize the behavior of main bodies of production and management;Third,improve the current situation of information asymmetry of food safety;Fourth,accelerate economic construction of rural areas in northern Jiangsu,practically increase peasant income and living standard.

辽北开原地区晚古生代—早中生代混杂岩的厘定及其地质意义

辽宁省开原地区地处华北克拉通北缘,域内沿清河断裂出露一套中浅变质岩系,前人先后将其称为“辽河群”、“清河镇群”、“开原岩群”、“清河构造混杂岩”,但对其物质组成和形成时代尚未形成统一认识。通过系统总结不同岩石锆石U-Pb测年结果和地球化学数据,该套变质岩系是由新太古代、古元古代、晚二叠世-中三叠世不同时代地质体组成,其中早三叠世的海相沉积盖层和大面积的晚二叠世-中三叠世活动大陆边缘岛弧岩块指示古亚洲洋的闭合过程,碰撞背景下形成的变质英安岩(244 Ma)将古亚洲洋的最终闭合时间限定为中三叠世。综合对比区域地质资料,古亚洲洋在开原地区的俯冲闭合作用导致形成这套变质程度不同以新太古代华北板块基底岩石、晚二叠世-中三叠世火山岩为“岩块”,变粒岩、浅粒岩等变质碎屑岩为“基质”的混杂岩系。

北方旱寒区甘蓝型冬油菜产量、品质及抗倒性的分析评价

2018—2019年,以34个强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系为试验材料,对其产量、品质及抗倒性进行分析和评价,挖掘优异种质资源。结果表明:不同材料间的产量、品质及抗倒性存在较大差异,单株产量变异范围为6.50~36.67 g,平均产量为21.08 g,17NPZ240-1的产量最高;相关分析表明全株角果数(r=0.897**)和每角粒数(r=0.534**)与单株产量极显著正相关。各材料倒伏系数介于153.74~359.61,17NDL20-7的倒伏系数最低,抗倒性最强;相关分析表明抗折力(r=-0.501**)、重心高度(r=502**)、茎粗(r=-0.816**)、分枝部位(r=0.472**)和主花序长度(r=-0.679**)与倒伏系数呈极显著相关关系。品质性状中,含油量介于33.40%~49.54%,平均含量为43.32%,17DNL32-3的含量最高;蛋白质含量介于16.87%~27.24%,平均含量为21.18%,16NTS309-4的含量最高;油酸含量介于23.62%~68.81%,平均含量为45.92%,17NPZ242-1的含量最高;亚油酸含量介于10.62%~18.48%,平均含量为14.87%,亚麻酸含量介于5.41%~8.97%,平均含量为7.60%,芥酸含量介于0.15%~27.51%,平均含量为10.80%,17NPZ52-3的亚油酸、亚麻酸含量最高,芥酸含量最低;硫代葡萄糖苷含量介于18.47~70.35μmol·g^(-1),平均含量为34.41μmol·g^(-1),16NTS309-7的含量最低;相关分析表明油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和芥酸含量间存在显著相关关系(0.421≤r≤0.913)。9个性状的综合隶属函数值F介于0.25~0.77,相差0.52,品系间差异较大。聚类分析将34份甘蓝型冬油菜材料划分为3大类群,第Ⅰ类群包含17份材料,综合表现最好,但平均含油量最低;第Ⅱ类群包含4份材料,综合表现较弱,倒伏系数均值最高,其他8个性状的平均值都处于中等水平;第Ⅲ类群包含13份材料,综合表现最弱,但平均含油量最高,倒伏系数均值处于中等水平,其他7个性状的均值都处于最低水平。

南海北部陆坡区典型峡谷陡坡群地震稳定性

南海北部陆坡是一个呈条带状分布的大规模海底斜坡,西起海南岛东南部海域,向东延伸至中国台湾岛西南部海域。该区域分布了多个峡谷陡坡群,地质构造复杂、地震易发多发,滑坡地质灾害活跃。特别是该区域地形起伏较大,地震灾害可能诱发区域大面积的海底滑坡,科学评估其地震稳定性显得十分重要。本文以南海北部陆坡区神狐海域典型峡谷陡坡群为例,基于Scoops3D和GIS技术建立了三维计算模型,开展了海底陡坡群的地震稳定性研究,获得了峡谷区不同陡坡的地震稳定性安全系数及其分布特征。结果表明:峡谷剖面大多呈“U”字形,推断研究区峡谷为Ⅱ型海底峡谷系统;强震作用可以大幅削弱海底斜坡稳定性,其中对于C1峡谷区陡坡群,随着水平拟静力地震系数增大至0.40,区域最小安全系数则陡降至0.50;地震作用下西部峡谷陡坡群的失稳范围明显高于东部区域,大部分滑坡发生在两侧谷壁靠近峰顶的位置,另有相当一部分滑坡位于C1和C2峡谷区南段的东侧谷壁,整体呈带状分布。

基于GGE双标图的北方旱寒区冬油菜适应性分析

为评判白菜型冬油菜品种(系)的抗寒性以及在北方地区越冬的稳定性和适应性,对北方11个省(区、市)两年25个试点43点次试验的12个白菜型冬油菜品种的越冬率进行了GGE双标图法分析。结果表明,品种效应为55.12%,远远大于环境效应和品种与环境互作效应,为环境效应、品种与环境互作效应的2.5倍,因此,北方旱寒区冬油菜生产关键是选择超强抗寒品种。陇油6号、7号和12号品种抗寒性优良、越冬率稳定、广适性好,以‘陇油6号’和‘陇油7号’为最佳。GGE双标图分析还表明,本试验25个试点除祁县和天水两个试点外,其余试点对白菜型冬油菜品种抗寒性的鉴别力均较好,可作为北方冬油菜抗寒性鉴定的试点,以泾源、临河和靖边为最佳试点。同时将所有试点划分成不同的生态区,并筛选出了适宜不同生态区的特异适应性品种。‘陇油6号’和‘陇油7号’适于在参试的所有试点栽培;‘07皋兰DQW-1-3’和‘07兰州MXW-1-3’适于在拉萨、酒泉、定州、顺义、延边等地栽培;‘06468’适于在天水栽培。本研究表明,品种效应对冬油菜越冬率的影响占主导地位,但环境效应和品种与环境互作效应对冬油菜越冬率的影响也占较大比重,故在北方旱寒区冬油菜生产中,要综合考虑品种、环境及品种与环境互作效应,因地制宜地选择适宜地区以及不同地区的种植品种,才能保证其安全越冬。