Targeting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-regulated ferroptosis to treat nervous system diseases

By critically examining the work,we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)in nervous system diseases.We also proposed suggestions for future bibliometric studies,including the integration of multiple websites,analytical tools,and analytical approaches,The findings presented provide compelling evidence that ferroptosis is closely associated with the therapeutic challenges of nervous system diseases.Targeted modulation of NRF2 to regulate ferroptosis holds substantial potential for effectively treating these diseases.Future NRF2-related research should not only focus on discovering new drugs but also on designing rational drug delivery systems.In particular,nanocarriers offer substantial potential for facilitating the clinical translation of NRF2 research and addressing existing issues related to NRF2-related drugs.

Emerging trends and hotspots of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in nervous system diseases

BACKGROUND The Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)transcription factor has attracted much attention in the context of neurological diseases.However,none of the studies have systematically clarified this field's research hotspots and evolution rules.AIM To investigate the research hotspots,evolution patterns,and future research trends in this field in recent years.METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search in the Web of Science Core Collection database using the following methods:(((((TS=(NFE2 L2))OR TS=(Nfe2 L2 protein,mouse))OR TS=(NF-E2-Related Factor 2))OR TS=(NRF2))OR TS=(NFE2L2))OR TS=(Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2)AND(((((((TS=(neurological diseases))OR TS=(neurological disorder))OR TS=(brain disorder))OR TS=(brain injury))OR TS=(central nervous system disease))OR TS=(CNS disease))OR TS=(central nervous system disorder))OR TS=(CNS disorder)AND Language=English from 2010 to 2022.There are just two forms of literature available:Articles and reviews.Data were processed with the software Cite-Space(version 6.1.R6).RESULTS We analyzed 1884 articles from 200 schools in 72 countries/regions.Since 2015,the number of publications in this field has increased rapidly.China has the largest number of publications,but the articles published in the United States have better centrality and H-index.Among the top ten authors with the most published papers,five of them are from China,and the author with the most published papers is Wang Handong.The institution with the most articles was Nanjing University.To their credit,three of the top 10 most cited articles were written by Chinese scholars.The keyword co-occurrence map showed that"oxidative stress","NRF2","activation","expression"and"brain"were the five most frequently used keywords.CONCLUSION Research on the role of NRF2 in neurological diseases continues unabated.Researchers in developed countries published more influential papers,while Chinese scholars provided the largest number of articles.There have been numerous studies on the mechanism of NRF2 transcription factor in neurological diseases.NRF2 is also emerging as a potentially effective target for the treatment of neurological diseases.However,despite decades of research,our knowledge of NRF2 transcription factor in nervous system diseases is still limited.Further studies are needed in the future.

Evaluation of combined detection of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and glutathione peroxidase 4 in primary hepatic carcinoma and preliminary exploration of pathogenesis

This study aims to analyze the clinical significance and mechanism of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)in primary hepatic carcinoma(PHC).Methods:The expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in peripheral blood of patients with PHC was determined to analyze the diagnostic value of the two combined for PHC.The prognostic significance of NRF2 and GPX4 was evaluated by 3-year followup.Human liver epithelial cells THLE-2 and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 were purchased,and the expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in the cells was determined.NRF2 and GPX4 aberrant expression vectors were constructed and transfected into HepG2,and changes in cell proliferation and invasion capabilities were observed.Results:The expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in patients with PHC was higher than that in patients with LC or VH(p<0.05),and the two indicators combined was excellent in diagnosing PHC.Moreover,patients with high expression of NRF2 and GPX4 had a higher risk of death(p<0.05).In in vitro experiments,both NRF2 and GPX4 expression was elevated in HepG2(p<0.05).HepG2 activity was enhanced by increasing the expression of the two,vice versa(p<0.05).Conclusion:NRF2 and GPX4 combined is excellent in diagnosing PHC,and promotes the malignant development of PHC.

Oncogene goosecoid is transcriptionally regulated by E2F1 and correlates with disease progression in prostate cancer

Background:Although some well-established oncogenes are involved in cancer initiation and progression such as prostate cancer(PCa),the long tail of cancer genes remains to be defined.Goosecoid(GSC)has been implicated in cancer development.However,the comprehensive biological role of GSC in pan-cancer,specifically in PCa,remains unexplored.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GSC in PCa development.Methods:We performed a systematic bioinformatics exploration of GSC using datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas,Genotype-Tissue Expression,Gene Expression Omnibus,German Cancer Research Center,and our in-house cohorts.First,we evaluated the expression of GSC and its association with patient prognosis,and identified GSC-relevant genetic alterations in cancers.Further,we focused on the clinical characterization and prognostic analysis of GSC in PCa.To understand the transcriptional regulation of GSC by E2F transcription factor 1(E2F1),we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR).Functional experiments were conducted to validate the effect of GSC on the tumor cellular phenotype and sensitivity to trametinib.Results:GSC expression was elevated in various tumors and significantly correlated with patient prognosis.The alterations of GSC contribute to the progression of various tumors especially in PCa.Patients with PCa and high GSC expression exhibited worse progression-free survival and biochemical recurrence outcomes.Further,GSC upregulation in patients with PCa was mostly accompanied with higher Gleason score,advanced tumor stage,lymph node metastasis,and elevated prostate-specific antigen(PSA)levels.Mechanistically,the transcription factor,E2F1,stimulates GSC by binding to its promoter region.Detailed experiments further demonstrated that GSC acted as an oncogene and influenced the response of PCa cells to trametinib treatment.Conclusions:GSC was highly overexpressed and strongly correlated with patient prognosis in PCa.We found that GSC,regulated by E2F1,acted as an oncogene and impeded the therapeutic efficacy of trametinib in PCa.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated signaling and metabolic associated fatty liver disease

Oxidative stress is a key driver in the development and progression of several diseases,including metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).This condition includes a wide spectrum of pathological injuries,extending from simple steatosis to inflammation,fibrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.Excessive buildup of lipids in the liver is strictly related to oxidative stress in MAFLD,progressing to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)is a master regulator of redox homeostasis.NRF2 plays an important role for cellular protection by inducing the expression of genes related to antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective response.Consistent evidence demonstrates that NRF2 is involved in every step of MAFLD development,from simple steatosis to inflammation,advanced fibrosis,and initiation/progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.NRF2 activators regulate lipid metabolism and oxidative stress alleviating the fatty liver disease by inducing the expression of cytoprotective genes.Thus,modulating NRF2 activation is crucial not only in understanding specific mechanisms underlying MAFLD progression but also to characterize effective therapeutic strategies.This review outlined the current knowledge on the effects of NRF2 pathway,modulators,and mechanisms involved in the therapeutic implications of liver steatosis,inflammation,and fibrosis in MAFLD.

Interplay between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and inflammatory mediators in COVID-19-related liver injury

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a global pandemic and poses a major threat to human health worldwide.In addition to respiratory symptoms,COVID-19 is usually accompanied by systemic inflammation and liver damage in moderate and severe cases.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins,participating in COVID-19-mediated inflammation and liver injury.Here,we show the novel reciprocal regulation between NRF2 and inflammatory mediators associated with COVID-19-related liver injury.Additionally,we describe some mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Long non-coding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via E2F transcription factor 1/G protein subunit alpha Z axis

BACKGROUND A series of long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)have been reported to play a crucial role in cancer biology.Some previous studies report that lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 is involved in some human malignancies.However,its role in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has not been fully deciphered.AIM To decipher the role of CDKN2B-AS1 in the progression of HCC.METHODS CDKN2B-AS1 expression in HCC was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.The malignant phenotypes of Li-7 and SNU-182 cells were detected by the CCK-8 method,EdU method,and flow cytometry,respectively.RNA immunoprecipitation was executed to confirm the interaction between CDKN2B-AS1 and E2F transcription factor 1(E2F1).Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to verify the binding of E2F1 to the promoter of G protein subunit alpha Z(GNAZ).E2F1 and GNAZ were detected by western blot in HCC cells.RESULTS In HCC tissues,CDKN2B-AS1 was upregulated.Depletion of CDKN2B-AS1 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells,and the depletion of CDKN2B-AS1 also induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.CDKN2B-AS1 could interact with E2F1.Depletion of CDKN2B-AS1 inhibited the binding of E2F1 to the GNAZ promoter region.Overexpression of E2F1 reversed the biological effects of depletion of CDKN2B-AS1 on the malignant behaviors of HCC cells.CONCLUSION CDKN2B-AS1 recruits E2F1 to facilitate GNAZ transcription to promote HCC progression.

岩藻黄质活化核因子E2相关因子2改善糖皮质激素诱导的成骨细胞凋亡

背景:骨质疏松症发病率高,易导致骨折等并发症的发生,而现有药物干预不良反应大,难以满足临床需求。目的:探索岩藻黄质对糖皮质激素诱导成骨细胞骨质疏松症模型的作用与潜在机制。方法:将原代大鼠成骨细胞接种于6孔板内,待细胞融合度达到80%后分4组干预:对照组单纯培养24 h,糖皮质激素组使用地塞米松干预24 h,岩藻黄质组使用岩藻黄质干预24 h,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组使用地塞米松与岩藻黄质同时干预24 h。干预结束后,检测细胞增殖、凋亡、细胞内活性氧含量以及凋亡相关蛋白、骨形成相关蛋白、细胞核核因子E2相关因子2的蛋白表达。结果与结论:①CCK-8检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组细胞活性降低(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组细胞活性升高(P<0.05);②JC-1线粒体膜电位染色与流式细胞学检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组细胞凋亡比例增加(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组细胞凋亡比例减少(P<0.05);③Western Blot检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组BAX、裂解聚ADP核糖聚合酶的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),BCL2、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α1肽链、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙蛋白、RUNX2的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组BAX、裂解聚ADP核糖聚合酶的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),BCL2、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α1肽链、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙蛋白、RUNX2的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);④荧光探针检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组活性氧含量增加(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组活性氧含量减少(P<0.05);⑤免疫荧光染色与Western Blot检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组细胞核核因子E2相关因子2的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组细胞核核因子E2相关因子2的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);⑥结果表明,岩藻黄质通过活化核因子E2相关因子2改善糖皮质激素诱导的成骨细胞凋亡与骨形成相关分子表达。

抑制核转录因子E2相关因子2途径对高糖状态下胰腺癌细胞转移及免疫逃逸因子表达的调节作用

目的:探究抑制核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)途径对高糖状态下胰腺癌细胞转移及分泌免疫逃逸因子水平的影响。方法:培养人胰腺癌细胞株Panc-1,采用5.5、10、25、50 mmol/L葡萄糖处理细胞,分别于12 h、24 h、48 h通过MTT检测细胞增殖率,24 h时通过RT-qPCR和Western blot检测细胞内Nrf2表达变化;实验分为:对照组、高糖(HG)组、Nrf2抑制剂ML385+高糖(ML385+HG)组,MTT检测细胞增殖率,细胞克隆形成实验检测细胞集落形成数,Transwell检测细胞迁移数与侵袭数,体外划痕实验检测细胞划痕愈合情况,ELISA测定细胞培养液上清中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、IFN-γ、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和IL-6含量,细胞免疫荧光染色观察细胞内Nrf2分布,Western blot测定细胞中Nrf2和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)蛋白表达。结果:相较于5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖组,10、25、50 mmol/L葡萄糖处理12 h和24 h时Panc-1细胞增殖率升高,Nrf2 mRNA和蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,HG组细胞增殖率升高,集落形成数增加,迁移数与侵袭数均增加,划痕愈合率升高,细胞培养上清中VEGF、IFN-γ、TGF-β1和IL-6含量均增加,Nrf2荧光染色明显增强,细胞核内Nrf2表达增加,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达上调(P<0.05);与HG组比较,ML385+HG组细胞增殖率降低,集落形成数、迁移数与侵袭数均减少,划痕愈合率下降,培养上清中VEGF、IFN-γ、TGF-β1和IL-6含量均减少,细胞内Nrf2荧光染色较弱,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达下调(P<0.05)。结论:高糖状态下胰腺癌细胞中Nrf2高表达,抑制Nrf2途径能够抑制高糖促进的胰腺癌细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭,并减少免疫逃逸因子分泌。

Neuroprotective effects of salidroside on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury involve the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway

Salidroside,the main active ingredient extracted from Rhodiola crenulata,has been shown to be neuroprotective in ischemic cerebral injury,but the underlying mechanism for this neuroprotection is poorly understood.In the current study,the neuroprotective effect of salidroside on cerebral ischemia-induced oxidative stress and the role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2（Nrf2）pathway was investigated in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion.Salidroside（30 mg/kg）reduced infarct size,improved neurological function and histological changes,increased activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase,and reduced malon-dialdehyde levels after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.Furthermore,salidroside apparently increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 expression.These results suggest that salidroside exerts its neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia through anti-oxidant mechanisms and that activation of the Nrf2 pathway is involved.The Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway may become a new therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Role of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 in metabolic homeostasis and insulin action: A novel opportunity for diabetes treatment?

Redox balance is fundamentally important for physiological homeostasis. Pathological factors that disturb this dedicated balance may result in oxidative stress, leading to the development or aggravation of a variety of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome as well as inflammation, aging and cancer. Thus, the capacity of endogenous free radical clearance can be of patho-physiological importance; in this regard, the major reactive oxygen species defense machinery, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) system needs to be precisely modulated in response to pathological alterations. While oxidative stress is among the early events that lead to the development of insulin resistance, the activation of Nrf2 scavenging capacity leads to insulin sensitization. Furthermore, Nrf2 is evidently involved in regulating lipid metabolism. Here we summarize recent findings that link the Nrf2 system to metabolic homeostasis and insulin action and present our view that Nrf2 may serve as a novel drug target for diabetes and its complications.

Sinapic acid ameliorates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharideinduced fulminant hepatitis in rats:Role of nuclear factor erythroidrelated factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathways

BACKGROUND Sinapic acid(SA)has been shown to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant,antifibrotic,anti-inflammatory,and anticancer activities.Its mechanism of action is dependent upon its ability to curb free radical production and protect against oxidative stress-induced tissue injuries.AIM To study the hepatoprotective effects of SA against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/Dgalactosamine(D-GalN)-induced acute liver failure(ALF)in rats.METHODS Experimental ALF was induced with an intraperitoneal(i.p.)administration of 8μg LPS and 800 mg/kg D-GalN in normal saline.SA was administered orally once daily starting 7 d before LPS/D-GalN treatment.RESULTS Data showed that SA ameliorates acute liver dysfunction,decreases serum levels of alanine transaminase(ALT),and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),as well as malondialdehyde(MDA)and NO levels in ALF model rats.However,pretreatment with SA(20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg)reduced nuclear factor kappalight-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-κB)activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines(tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin 6).Also,SA increased the activity of the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1(Nrf2/HO-1)signaling pathway.CONCLUSION In conclusion,SA offers significant protection against LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF in rats by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 and downregulating NF-κB.

Increased serum levels of soluble CD146 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration

AIM: To investigate serum levels of soluble CD146(s CD146) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR2) in patients with age-related macular degeneration(AMD). METHODS: Eighty-eight patients with exudative AMD and 45 sex-and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study conducted in China. Serum samples was obtained from the patients with exudative AMD and from the controls. Serum sCD146 and VEGFR2 protein levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS: We found that serum sCD146 and VEGFR2 protein levels were significantly higher in the patients with exudative AMD group than in the controls(t=3.859, P<0.001 and t=3.829, P<0.001, respectively). Serum sCD146 levels were significantly higher in patients with classic choroidal neovascularization(CNV) than in those with occult CNV(t=9.899, P<0.001). There was a significant difference in the trend for exudative AMD in the highest versus lowest quartile of circulating sCD146 levels(χ2=10.29, P=0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.696 for s CD146(95%CI: 0.601-0.791) with an optimum diagnostic cut-off value of 157.16 ng/mL, a sensitivity of 55.7%, and a specificity of 82.2%.CONCLUSION: The serum sCD146 level increases and may be a biomarker for exudative AMD.

Keap1-nuclear factor rythroid 2-related factor 2 inhibitor NXPZ ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice

OBJECTIVE Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) is found to be ubiquitiously expressed in many tissues,and works as the key regulator against oxidative stress damage in cells and organs,which makes Nrf2 a widely concerned drug target.Recent research has identified that Nrf2 is involved in the pathology of Alzheimer disease(AD),whereas the mechanism is unknown.The purpose of this study is to figure out the role of Nrf2 in the pathologic process of AD through Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway and the effects of Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor in AD mice models.METHODS Amyloid β^(1-42)(Aβ^(1-42))was injected into the bilateral hippocampus to induce the cognitive dysfunction in eight-week old male mice.The mice were treated with Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor NXPZ of three doses as well as donepezil as a positive control by intragastric administration one time a day for one week.Several behavior tests were used to analyze the mice learning and memory ability.Additionally,we detected Nrf2 and Aβ in the plasma in mice with ELISA kits,as well as some factors related to oxidative stress in the hippocampus and cortex.The expression levels of Nrf2,Keap1,Tau and p-Tau were measured in the murine brain tissue with Western blotting.SH-SY5 Y cells were studied as an in vitro model to further clarify the mechanism.RESULTS The treatment of NXPZ ameliorated learning and memory dysfunction in AD mice in a dose-dependent manner,and the high dose group recovered better than the positive drug group.The plasma Nrf2 level was increased in a dose-dependent manner in the treatment groups;however,the plasma Aβ was decreased.What′ s more,superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione reductase(GSSH) in the hippocampus and cortex were increased in the treatment group,while the malondialdehyde(MDA) was decreased,meaning that NXPZ treatment promoted expression of the anti-oxidative factors and inhibited the expression of the oxidative factors in the down-stream.Western blotting analysis of hippocampus and cortex showed up-regulated Nrf2,decreased Keap1 and decreased p-Tau in NXPZ treatment mice.In ex vivo experiments,when SH-SY5 Y cells were treated with Aβ,Nrf2 in the cytoplasm was increased,as well as the expression Nrf2 in the nuclear was decreased.The treatment of NXPZ increased nuclear Nrf2,decreased cytoplasm Nrf2,and decreased the expression of p-Tau.CONCLUSION Nrf2 has an important role in neuron function.Nrf2 activation by selective Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor NXPZ may contribute to improve cognitive function in AD mice.The mechanism may be related to increased generation and release of Nrf2 induced by more disaggregation with Keap1,leading to more expression of anti-oxidative molecules to protect the damage caused by Aβ.These results indicates that Nrf2 may be a novel therapeutic target of AD and Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor may be a novel medication for protecting the loss of learning and memory ability.

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and adropin levels in age-related macular degeneration

AIM： To investigate the serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2（VEGFR-2） and adropin in age-related macular degeneration（AMD）patients.·METHODS： Ninety-eight AMD patients were included in the study. Seventy-eight age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group.Fundus florescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were performed to assess the posterior segment details. Serum VEGFR-2 and adropin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and compared between the study groups.· RESULTS： AMD group had significantly increased foveal retinal thickness, serum LDL and HDL levels and significantly decreased subfoveal choroidal thickness（P =0.01, 0.047, 0.025 and 〈0.001, respectively）. Serum VEGFR-2level revealed a significant decrease in AMD patients compared to controls（26.48 ±6.44 vs 30.42 ±7.92 ng/m L,P 〈0.001）. There was an insignificant increase in serum adropin level in AMD patients（6.17±3.19 vs 5.79±2.71 ng/m L,P =0.4）. Serum level of VEGFR-2 in AMD patients had a significant negative correlation with foveal retinal thickness（r =-0.226, P =0.025） and a significant positive correlation with subfoveal choroidal thickness（r=0.2, P=0.048）.·CONCLUSION： The current study demonstrated that the decreased serum VEGFR-2 level may be considered in the development of AMD. Adropin does not seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD.

High glucose reduces Nrf2-dependent cRAGE release and enhances inflammasome-dependent IL-1βproduction in monocytes:the modulatory effects of EGCG

Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products(sRAGE)acts as a decoy sequestering of RAGE ligands,thus preventing the activation of the ligand-RAGE axis linking human diseases.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying sRAGE remain unclear.In this study,THP-1 monocytes were cultured in normal glucose(NG,5.5 mmol/L)and high glucose(HG,15 mmol/L)to investigate the effects of diabetesrelevant glucose concentrations on sRAGE and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)secretion.The modulatory effects of epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)in response to HG challenge were also evaluated.HG enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation and RAGE expression.The secretion of sRAGE,including esRAGE and cRAGE,was reduced under HG conditions,together with the downregulation of a disintegrin and metallopeptidase 10(ADAM10)and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)nuclear translocation.Mechanistically,the HG effects were counteracted by siRAGE and exacerbated by siNrf2.Chromatin immunoprecipitation results showed that Nrf2 binding to the ADAM10 promoter and HG interfered with this binding.Our data reinforce the notion that RAGE and Nrf2 might be sRAGE-regulating factors.Under HG conditions,the treatment of EGCG reduced ROS generation and RAGE activation.EGCG-stimulated cRAGE release was likely caused by the upregulation of the Nrf2-ADAM10 pathway.EGCG inhibited HG-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation at least partly by stimulating sRAGE,thereby reducing IL-1βrelease.

海藻糖激活核因子E2相关因子2改善缺氧复氧诱导的H9C2心肌细胞损伤的研究

目的通过建立氧糖剥夺-缺氧复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)损伤模型模拟心肌缺血再灌注损伤,探讨海藻糖对OGD/R大鼠H9C2心肌细胞损伤的影响及其作用机制。方法H9C2细胞分为对照组、OGD/R组、海藻糖组(OGD/R+海藻糖)、联合组(OGD/R+海藻糖+ML385)。四甲基偶氮唑盐法检测细胞增殖能力,并通过检测乳酸脱氢酶及Hoechst/丙啶碘化物染色检测细胞膜受损情况。Western blot检测核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)及其下游相关蛋白表达;活性氧、线粒体膜电位检测氧化应激水平;Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,OGD/R组细胞活力明显降低。与OGD/R组比较,不同浓度海藻糖干预能显著提升细胞活力,与海藻糖浓度呈正相关(P<0.01);与OGD/R组比较,海藻糖组线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、Nrf2、血红素加氧酶1和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸醌氧化还原酶1、Bcl-2、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3,Caspase-3)表达明显增高,活性氧、丙二醛、应答元素结合蛋白1、Bax、Bax/Bcl-2、裂解型Caspase-3表达明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与海藻糖组比较,联合组活性氧、丙二醛及肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)1βmRNA、IL-6 mRNA表达明显增高,MMP、GSH水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);联合组Bax、Bax/Bcl-2、裂解型Caspase-3表达明显高于海藻糖组(1.77±0.08 vs 1.20±0.20,3.41±1.45 vs 0.99±0.15,4.10±1.05 vs 1.79±0.52,P<0.01),Bcl-2、Caspase-3表达明显低于海藻糖组(0.58±0.21 vs 1.23±0.25,0.87±0.25 vs 1.45±0.31,P<0.01)。结论海藻糖可以被视为一种Nrf2激活剂,通过激活Nrf2抑制氧化应激和凋亡,改善OGD/R诱导的心肌细胞损伤。

紫檀芪调控核转录因子E2相关因子2对体外结肠癌细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨紫檀芪对人结肠癌细胞LoVo的作用,并研究核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)在紫檀芪作用LoVo细胞过程中的调控机制。方法应用不同浓度的紫檀芪(5、10、20、40、60、80、100μmol/L)处理LoVo细胞。CCK-8检测细胞活力,划痕实验检测细胞迁移,Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡,JC-1检测线粒体膜电位水平,2’,7’-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯检测活性氧水平,Western blot检测细胞内Nrf2、磷酸化的Nrf2、血红素加氧酶-1及凋亡蛋白(Bcl2、Bax)的蛋白表达。此外,联合应用Nrf2特异性激动剂萝卜硫素后,重复检测细胞活力、细胞凋亡率及Nrf2的蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,40、60、80、100μmol/L紫檀芪均可显著降低细胞活性(P=0.014,P<0.001,P<0.001,P<0.001)。5、10、20μmol/L紫檀芪对LoVo细胞活性无影响,但可显著抑制细胞迁移(P=0.008,P<0.001,P<0.001)和侵袭(P均<0.001)。TUNEL染色、JC-1、2’,7’-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯染色结果显示40、60、80μmol/L紫檀芪增加LoVo细胞凋亡(P=0.014,P<0.001,P<0.001),使线粒体膜电位去极化(P=0.026,P<0.001,P<0.001)并增加细胞内活性氧聚积(P均<0.001)。40、60、80μmol/L紫檀芪下调了LoVo细胞中磷酸化的Nrf2(P=0.030,P<0.001,P<0.001)、血红素加氧酶-1(P=0.015,P<0.001,P<0.001)、Bcl2(P=0.039,P<0.001,P<0.001)的蛋白表达;60、80μmol/L紫檀芪降低了Nrf2的蛋白表达(P=0.001,P<0.001),增加了Bax的蛋白表达(P均<0.001)。应用萝卜硫素联合处理后,紫檀芪抑制细胞活性(P<0.001)、增加细胞凋亡(P<0.001)及下调Nrf2表达(P=0.022)的作用明显减弱。结论紫檀芪是一种有效抑制结肠癌细胞的化合物,其抗癌机制与抑制Nrf2通路有关。

Functionalized selenium nanoparticles ameliorated acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through synergistically triggering PKCδ/Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibiting CYP 2E1

Selenium nanoparticles(SeNPs)have been demonstrated potential for use in diseases associated with oxidative stress.Functionalized SeNPs with lower toxicity and higher biocompatibility could bring better therapeutic activity and clinical application value.Herein,this work was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Pleurotus tuber-regium polysaccharide-protein complex funtionnalized SeNPs(PTR-SeNPs)against acetaminophen(APAP)-induced oxidative injure in HepG2 cells and C57BL/6J mouse liver.Further elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanism,in particular their modulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway was also performed.The results showed that PTR-SeNPs could significantly ameliorate APAP-induced oxidative injury as evidenced by a range of biochemical analysis,histopathological examination and immunoblotting study.PTR-SeNPs could hosphorylate and activate PKCδ,depress Keap1,and increase nuclear accumulation of Nrf2,resulting in upregulation of GCLC,GCLM,HO-1 and NQO-1 expression.Besides,PTR-SeNPs suppressed the biotransformation of APAP to generate intracellular ROS through CYP 2E1 inhibition,restoring the mitochondrial morphology.Furthermore,the protective effect of PTR-SeNPs against APAP induced hepatotoxicity was weakened as Nrf2 was depleted in vivo,indicating the pivotal role of Nrf2 signaling pathway in PTR-SeNPs mediated hepatoprotective efficacy.Being a potential hepatic protectant,PTR-SeNPs could serve as a new source of selenium supplement for health-promoting and biomedical applications.

Procyanidin A_1 and its digestive products alleviate acrylamide-induced IPEC-J2 cell damage through regulating Keap1/Nrf2 pathway

Our previous study has revealed that procyanidin A_(1)(A_(1))and its simulated digestive product(D-A,)can alleviate acrylamide(ACR)-induced intestine cell damage.However,the underlying mechanism remains unknown.In this study,we elucidated the molecular mechanism for and D-A_(1) to alleviate ACR-stimulated IPEC-J2 cell damage.ACR slightly activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signaling and its target genes,but this activation could not reduce intestine cell damage.A_(1) and D-A_(1) could alleviate ACR-induced cell damage,but the effect was abrogated in cells transiently transfected with Nrf2 small interfering RNA(siRNA).Further investigation confirmed that A_(1) and D-A_(1) interacted with Ketch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keapl),which boosted the stabilization of Nrf2,subsequently promoted the translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus,and further increased the expression of antioxidant proteins,thereby inhibiting glutathione(GSH)consumption,maintaining redox balance and eventually alleviating ACR-induced cell damage.Importantly,there was no difference between A_(1) and D-A_(1) treated groups,indicating that A_(1) can tolerate gastrointestinal digestion and may be a potential compound to limit the toxicity of ACR.