Targeting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-regulated ferroptosis to treat nervous system diseases

By critically examining the work,we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis on the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)in nervous system diseases.We also proposed suggestions for future bibliometric studies,including the integration of multiple websites,analytical tools,and analytical approaches,The findings presented provide compelling evidence that ferroptosis is closely associated with the therapeutic challenges of nervous system diseases.Targeted modulation of NRF2 to regulate ferroptosis holds substantial potential for effectively treating these diseases.Future NRF2-related research should not only focus on discovering new drugs but also on designing rational drug delivery systems.In particular,nanocarriers offer substantial potential for facilitating the clinical translation of NRF2 research and addressing existing issues related to NRF2-related drugs.

Emerging trends and hotspots of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in nervous system diseases

BACKGROUND The Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)transcription factor has attracted much attention in the context of neurological diseases.However,none of the studies have systematically clarified this field's research hotspots and evolution rules.AIM To investigate the research hotspots,evolution patterns,and future research trends in this field in recent years.METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search in the Web of Science Core Collection database using the following methods:(((((TS=(NFE2 L2))OR TS=(Nfe2 L2 protein,mouse))OR TS=(NF-E2-Related Factor 2))OR TS=(NRF2))OR TS=(NFE2L2))OR TS=(Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2)AND(((((((TS=(neurological diseases))OR TS=(neurological disorder))OR TS=(brain disorder))OR TS=(brain injury))OR TS=(central nervous system disease))OR TS=(CNS disease))OR TS=(central nervous system disorder))OR TS=(CNS disorder)AND Language=English from 2010 to 2022.There are just two forms of literature available:Articles and reviews.Data were processed with the software Cite-Space(version 6.1.R6).RESULTS We analyzed 1884 articles from 200 schools in 72 countries/regions.Since 2015,the number of publications in this field has increased rapidly.China has the largest number of publications,but the articles published in the United States have better centrality and H-index.Among the top ten authors with the most published papers,five of them are from China,and the author with the most published papers is Wang Handong.The institution with the most articles was Nanjing University.To their credit,three of the top 10 most cited articles were written by Chinese scholars.The keyword co-occurrence map showed that"oxidative stress","NRF2","activation","expression"and"brain"were the five most frequently used keywords.CONCLUSION Research on the role of NRF2 in neurological diseases continues unabated.Researchers in developed countries published more influential papers,while Chinese scholars provided the largest number of articles.There have been numerous studies on the mechanism of NRF2 transcription factor in neurological diseases.NRF2 is also emerging as a potentially effective target for the treatment of neurological diseases.However,despite decades of research,our knowledge of NRF2 transcription factor in nervous system diseases is still limited.Further studies are needed in the future.

Evaluation of combined detection of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and glutathione peroxidase 4 in primary hepatic carcinoma and preliminary exploration of pathogenesis

This study aims to analyze the clinical significance and mechanism of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)in primary hepatic carcinoma(PHC).Methods:The expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in peripheral blood of patients with PHC was determined to analyze the diagnostic value of the two combined for PHC.The prognostic significance of NRF2 and GPX4 was evaluated by 3-year followup.Human liver epithelial cells THLE-2 and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 were purchased,and the expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in the cells was determined.NRF2 and GPX4 aberrant expression vectors were constructed and transfected into HepG2,and changes in cell proliferation and invasion capabilities were observed.Results:The expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in patients with PHC was higher than that in patients with LC or VH(p<0.05),and the two indicators combined was excellent in diagnosing PHC.Moreover,patients with high expression of NRF2 and GPX4 had a higher risk of death(p<0.05).In in vitro experiments,both NRF2 and GPX4 expression was elevated in HepG2(p<0.05).HepG2 activity was enhanced by increasing the expression of the two,vice versa(p<0.05).Conclusion:NRF2 and GPX4 combined is excellent in diagnosing PHC,and promotes the malignant development of PHC.

Sinapic acid ameliorates D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharideinduced fulminant hepatitis in rats:Role of nuclear factor erythroidrelated factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathways

BACKGROUND Sinapic acid(SA)has been shown to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant,antifibrotic,anti-inflammatory,and anticancer activities.Its mechanism of action is dependent upon its ability to curb free radical production and protect against oxidative stress-induced tissue injuries.AIM To study the hepatoprotective effects of SA against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/Dgalactosamine(D-GalN)-induced acute liver failure(ALF)in rats.METHODS Experimental ALF was induced with an intraperitoneal(i.p.)administration of 8μg LPS and 800 mg/kg D-GalN in normal saline.SA was administered orally once daily starting 7 d before LPS/D-GalN treatment.RESULTS Data showed that SA ameliorates acute liver dysfunction,decreases serum levels of alanine transaminase(ALT),and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),as well as malondialdehyde(MDA)and NO levels in ALF model rats.However,pretreatment with SA(20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg)reduced nuclear factor kappalight-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-κB)activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines(tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin 6).Also,SA increased the activity of the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1(Nrf2/HO-1)signaling pathway.CONCLUSION In conclusion,SA offers significant protection against LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF in rats by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 and downregulating NF-κB.

Neuroprotective effects of salidroside on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury involve the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway

Salidroside,the main active ingredient extracted from Rhodiola crenulata,has been shown to be neuroprotective in ischemic cerebral injury,but the underlying mechanism for this neuroprotection is poorly understood.In the current study,the neuroprotective effect of salidroside on cerebral ischemia-induced oxidative stress and the role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2（Nrf2）pathway was investigated in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion.Salidroside（30 mg/kg）reduced infarct size,improved neurological function and histological changes,increased activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase,and reduced malon-dialdehyde levels after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.Furthermore,salidroside apparently increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 expression.These results suggest that salidroside exerts its neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia through anti-oxidant mechanisms and that activation of the Nrf2 pathway is involved.The Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway may become a new therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Aberrant activation of nuclear factor of activated T cell 2 in lamina propria mononuclear cells in ulcerative colitis

AIM:To investigate the role of nuclear factor of activated T cell 2(NFAT2),the major NFAT protein in peripheral T cells,in sustained T cell activation and intractable inflammation in human ulcerative colitis(UC). METHODS:We used two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis, immunohistochemistry,double immunohistochemical staining,and confocal microscopy to inspect the expression of NFAT2 in 107,15,48 and 5 cases of UC, Crohn's disease(CD),non-specific colitis,and 5 healthy individuals,respectively. RESULTS:Up-regulation with profound nucleo- translocation/activation of NFAT2 of lamina propria mononuclear cells(LPMC)of colonic mucosa was found specifically in the affected colonic mucosa from patients with UC,as compared to CD or NC(P<0.001,Kruskal- Wallis test).Nucleo-translocation/activation of NFAT2 primarily occurred in CD8+T,but was less prominent in CD4+T cells or CD20+B cells.It was strongly associated with the disease activity,including endoscopic stage (τ=0.2145,P=0.0281)and histologic grade(τ=0.4167, P<0.001). CONCLUSION:We disclose for the first time the nucleo-translocation/activatin of NFAT2 in lamina propria mononuclear cells in ulcerative colitis.Activation of NFAT2 was specific for ulcerative colitis and highly associated with disease activity.Since activation of NFAT2is implicated in an auto-regulatory positive feedback loop of sustained T-cell activation and NFAT proteins play key roles in the calcium/calcineurin signaling pathways,our results not only provide new insights into the mechanism for sustained intractable inflammation,but also suggest the calcium-calcineurin/NFAT pathway as a new therapeutic target for ulcerative colitis.

Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 3 exhibits tumor-suppressing effects in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high mortality-to-incidence ratios. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 3(NFE2 L3), also known as NRF3, is a member of the cap ‘n' collar basic-region leucine zipper family of transcription factors. NFE2 L3 is involved in the regulation of various biological processes, whereas its role in HCC has not been elucidated.AIM To explore the expression and biological function of NFE2 L3 in HCC.METHODS We analyzed the expression of NFE2 L3 in HCC tissues and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters based on The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) data portal. Short hairpin RNA(shRNA) interference technology was utilized to knock down NFE2 L3 in vitro. Cell apoptosis, clone formation, proliferation, migration,and invasion assays were used to identify the biological effects of NFE2 L3 in BEL-7404 and SMMC-7721 cells. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) markers was examined by Western blot analysis.RESULTS TCGA analysis showed that NFE2 L3 expression was significantly positively correlated with tumor grade, T stage, and pathologic stage. The qPCR and Western blot results showed that both the mRNA and protein levels of NFE2 L3 were significantly decreased after shRNA-mediated knockdown in BEL-7404 and SMMC-7721 cells. The shRNA-mediated knockdown of NFE2 L3 could induce apoptosis and inhibit the clone formation and cell proliferation of SMMC-7721 and BEL-7404 cells. NFE2 L3 knockdown also significantly suppressed the migration, invasion, and EMT of the two cell lines.CONCLUSION Our study showed that shRNA-mediated knockdown of NFE2 L3 exhibited tumor-suppressing effects in HCC cells.

Role of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 in metabolic homeostasis and insulin action: A novel opportunity for diabetes treatment?

Redox balance is fundamentally important for physiological homeostasis. Pathological factors that disturb this dedicated balance may result in oxidative stress, leading to the development or aggravation of a variety of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome as well as inflammation, aging and cancer. Thus, the capacity of endogenous free radical clearance can be of patho-physiological importance; in this regard, the major reactive oxygen species defense machinery, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) system needs to be precisely modulated in response to pathological alterations. While oxidative stress is among the early events that lead to the development of insulin resistance, the activation of Nrf2 scavenging capacity leads to insulin sensitization. Furthermore, Nrf2 is evidently involved in regulating lipid metabolism. Here we summarize recent findings that link the Nrf2 system to metabolic homeostasis and insulin action and present our view that Nrf2 may serve as a novel drug target for diabetes and its complications.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated signaling and metabolic associated fatty liver disease

Oxidative stress is a key driver in the development and progression of several diseases,including metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).This condition includes a wide spectrum of pathological injuries,extending from simple steatosis to inflammation,fibrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.Excessive buildup of lipids in the liver is strictly related to oxidative stress in MAFLD,progressing to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)is a master regulator of redox homeostasis.NRF2 plays an important role for cellular protection by inducing the expression of genes related to antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and cytoprotective response.Consistent evidence demonstrates that NRF2 is involved in every step of MAFLD development,from simple steatosis to inflammation,advanced fibrosis,and initiation/progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.NRF2 activators regulate lipid metabolism and oxidative stress alleviating the fatty liver disease by inducing the expression of cytoprotective genes.Thus,modulating NRF2 activation is crucial not only in understanding specific mechanisms underlying MAFLD progression but also to characterize effective therapeutic strategies.This review outlined the current knowledge on the effects of NRF2 pathway,modulators,and mechanisms involved in the therapeutic implications of liver steatosis,inflammation,and fibrosis in MAFLD.

Interplay between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and inflammatory mediators in COVID-19-related liver injury

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a global pandemic and poses a major threat to human health worldwide.In addition to respiratory symptoms,COVID-19 is usually accompanied by systemic inflammation and liver damage in moderate and severe cases.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins,participating in COVID-19-mediated inflammation and liver injury.Here,we show the novel reciprocal regulation between NRF2 and inflammatory mediators associated with COVID-19-related liver injury.Additionally,we describe some mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Keap1-nuclear factor rythroid 2-related factor 2 inhibitor NXPZ ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice

OBJECTIVE Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) is found to be ubiquitiously expressed in many tissues,and works as the key regulator against oxidative stress damage in cells and organs,which makes Nrf2 a widely concerned drug target.Recent research has identified that Nrf2 is involved in the pathology of Alzheimer disease(AD),whereas the mechanism is unknown.The purpose of this study is to figure out the role of Nrf2 in the pathologic process of AD through Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway and the effects of Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor in AD mice models.METHODS Amyloid β^(1-42)(Aβ^(1-42))was injected into the bilateral hippocampus to induce the cognitive dysfunction in eight-week old male mice.The mice were treated with Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor NXPZ of three doses as well as donepezil as a positive control by intragastric administration one time a day for one week.Several behavior tests were used to analyze the mice learning and memory ability.Additionally,we detected Nrf2 and Aβ in the plasma in mice with ELISA kits,as well as some factors related to oxidative stress in the hippocampus and cortex.The expression levels of Nrf2,Keap1,Tau and p-Tau were measured in the murine brain tissue with Western blotting.SH-SY5 Y cells were studied as an in vitro model to further clarify the mechanism.RESULTS The treatment of NXPZ ameliorated learning and memory dysfunction in AD mice in a dose-dependent manner,and the high dose group recovered better than the positive drug group.The plasma Nrf2 level was increased in a dose-dependent manner in the treatment groups;however,the plasma Aβ was decreased.What′ s more,superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione reductase(GSSH) in the hippocampus and cortex were increased in the treatment group,while the malondialdehyde(MDA) was decreased,meaning that NXPZ treatment promoted expression of the anti-oxidative factors and inhibited the expression of the oxidative factors in the down-stream.Western blotting analysis of hippocampus and cortex showed up-regulated Nrf2,decreased Keap1 and decreased p-Tau in NXPZ treatment mice.In ex vivo experiments,when SH-SY5 Y cells were treated with Aβ,Nrf2 in the cytoplasm was increased,as well as the expression Nrf2 in the nuclear was decreased.The treatment of NXPZ increased nuclear Nrf2,decreased cytoplasm Nrf2,and decreased the expression of p-Tau.CONCLUSION Nrf2 has an important role in neuron function.Nrf2 activation by selective Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor NXPZ may contribute to improve cognitive function in AD mice.The mechanism may be related to increased generation and release of Nrf2 induced by more disaggregation with Keap1,leading to more expression of anti-oxidative molecules to protect the damage caused by Aβ.These results indicates that Nrf2 may be a novel therapeutic target of AD and Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor may be a novel medication for protecting the loss of learning and memory ability.

姜酮通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路减轻OGD/R后氧化应激损伤对HT22细胞凋亡的抑制作用

目的:探讨姜酮对氧糖剥夺/复糖复氧(OGD/R)后小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞的保护作用,阐明其相关作用机制。方法:培养HT22细胞,设置不同OGD/R时间梯度,建立OGD/R细胞损伤模型。HT22细胞分为对照组、OGD/R组、OGD/R+1μmol·L^(-1)姜酮组、OGD/R+10μmol·L^(-1)姜酮、OGD/R+100μmol·L^(-1)姜酮组和OGD/R+0.2%二甲亚枫(DMSO)组,CCK-8法检测各组细胞活性并计算各组细胞存活率,确定姜酮最适药物浓度。细胞分为对照组、OGD/R组、OGD/R+姜酮组和OGD/R+姜酮+核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)抑制剂(ML385)组,OGD/R+姜酮组细胞经姜酮给药处理4 h后予以OGD 8 h和复糖复氧8 h处理,OGD/R+姜酮+ML385组细胞在姜酮给药前予以10μmol·L^(-1)ML385预处理6 h,CCK-8法检测各组细胞活性,Western blotting法检测各组细胞中Nrf2、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)、B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)蛋白表达水平,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测各组细胞培养上清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果:与对照组比较,HT22细胞经OGD 8 h和复糖复糖8 h处理后细胞存活率低于50%,以OGD 8 h和复糖复糖8 h建立HT22细胞OGD/R模型。与OGD/R组比较,OGD/R+不同剂量姜酮组细胞存活率均不同程度升高,其中OGD/R+100μmol·L^(-1)姜酮组细胞存活率升高最明显(P<0.01),故选用100μmol·L^(-1)姜酮用于后续实验。与对照组比较,OGD/R组细胞活性明显降低(P<0.01),细胞中Nrf2、HO-1和Bax蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),细胞培养上清中SOD活性明显降低(P<0.01),MDA水平明显升高(P<0.01);与OGD/R组比较,OGD/R+姜酮组细胞活性明显升高(P<0.01),细胞中Nrf2、HO-1和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),细胞培养上清中SOD活性明显升高(P<0.01),MDA水平明显降低(P<0.01);与OGD/R+姜酮组比较,OGD/R+姜酮+ML385组细胞活性明显降低(P<0.01),细胞中Nrf2、HO-1和Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),细胞培养上清中SOD活性明显降低(P<0.01),MDA水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:姜酮可通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路减轻OGD/R后氧化应激损伤对HT22细胞凋亡的抑制作用。

Keap1/Nrf2信号通路在非小细胞肺癌氧化应激机制中的作用

目的检测非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织中Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白-1(Keap1)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)蛋白表达水平,分析其与临床病理参数、氧化应激指标的相关性,为临床治疗提供潜在靶点。方法选取2017年4月至2020年4月郑州市第三人民医院收治的100例NSCLC患者为研究对象,免疫组化法检测并比较癌组织、癌旁组织中Keap1、Nrf2蛋白表达水平;比较不同临床病理参数患者Keap1、Nrf2蛋白表达水平;比较不同Keap1、Nrf2蛋白表达患者血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、丙二醛(MDA)水平,并采用Spearman法分析SOD、i NOS、MDA与临床病理参数的相关性,采用Pearson法分析SOD、iNOS、MDA与Keap1、Nrf2蛋白水平的的相关性;比较不同Keap1、Nrf2蛋白表达患者的生存率。结果癌组织、癌旁组织Keap1蛋白阳性率分别为77.00%、53.00%,Nrf2蛋白阳性率分别为74.00%、45.00%,Keap1蛋白OD值分别为0.41±0.07、0.33±0.05,Nrf2蛋白OD值分别为0.39±0.06、0.31±0.06,癌组织Keap1、Nrf2蛋白阳性率及OD值明显高于癌旁组织,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Keap1蛋白阳性表达与病理分级、T分期呈正相关(r=0.569、0.574,P<0.01),Nrf2蛋白阳性表达与病理分级、T分期呈正相关(r=0.527、0.539,P<0.01);Keap1蛋白阳性者、阴性者的血清SOD水平分别为(86.78±9.14)U/m L、(115.07±12.13)U/m L,MDA水平分别为(4.42±0.82)mmol/L、(3.24±0.56)mmol/L,i NOS水平分别为(22.74±4.31)U/m L、(15.59±3.02)U/mL,Nrf2蛋白阳性者、阴性者血清SOD水平分别为(84.94±9.12)U/mL、(117.06±12.37)U/mL,MDA水平分别为(4.48±0.85)mmol/L、(3.21±0.52)mmol/L,iNOS水平分别为(23.02±4.28)U/mL、(15.64±3.10)U/mL,Keap1、Nrf2蛋白阳性者血清SOD水平明显低于阴性者,MDA、iNOS水平明显高于阴性者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Keap1、Nrf2蛋白表达与SOD呈负相关(r=-0.612、-0.614,P<0.01),与MDA、iNOS呈正相关(r_(Keap1)=0.609、0.614,P<0.01;r_(Nrf2)=0.610、0.608,P<0.01);Keap1、Nrf2蛋白阳性表达者3年生存率为85.71%、83.78%,明显低于阴性表达者的95.65%、100.00%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论NSCLC组织中Keap1、Nrf2蛋白表达水平升高,且与病理分级、T分期密切相关,该信号通路活化可参与氧化应激反应过程,且对预判患者预后具有一定临床意义。

槲皮素预处理ALI大鼠肺组织损伤、炎症/氧化应激反应、铁死亡及Nrf2/HO-1信号通路激活情况观察

目的观察槲皮素灌胃预处理的LPS诱导急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺组织损伤、炎症反应、氧化应激反应、铁死亡及Nrf2/HO-1信号通路激活情况,以探讨槲皮素对ALI的预防作用及机制。方法24只SD大鼠分为槲皮素低、中、高剂量组和阳性对照组(地塞米松)、模型组、正常对照组。槲皮素低、中、高剂量组以25、50、100 mg/kg槲皮素灌胃,1次/天,连续7 d;槲皮素灌胃处理的第4天在大鼠气管内滴注5 mg/kg LPS;阳性对照组以地塞米松1.04 mg/kg灌胃,其余处理同槲皮素组;模型组以生理盐水灌胃,1次/天,连续7天,其余处理同槲皮素组;正常对照组以生理盐水连续灌胃7 d。末次灌注给药后,观察各组肺组织损伤(肺功能及肺组织病理改变、纤维组织阳性表达率、肺泡上皮细胞凋亡率)、炎症反应(肺泡灌洗液TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β)、氧化应激反应(肺泡灌洗液SOD、GSH、MDA,肺组织ROS)、铁死亡(Fe^(2+)水平)及Nrf2/HO-1信号通路激活[肺组织核因子红细胞2相关因子2(Nfr2)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)、超氧化物歧化酶2(SOD2)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)蛋白]情况。结果与正常对照组比较,模型组PaCO_(2)水平升高,PaO_(2)、SaO_(2)水平降低(P均<0.01);肺组织可见肺泡上皮细胞变性坏死,纤维组织阳性表达率高;肺泡上皮细胞凋亡率高;肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平均升高,SOD、GSH水平降低,MDA水平升高,肺组织ROS表达水平升高,肺泡灌洗液中Fe^(2+)水平升高(P均<0.05)。与模型组相比,槲皮素中、高剂量组和阳性对照组中PaCO_(2)均降低(P均<0.05),槲皮素高剂量组PaO_(2)和SaO_(2)水平升高(P均<0.05);槲皮素高剂量组与阳性对照组肺组织炎性浸润与纤维增生明显减少,肺泡恢复正常生理结构;槲皮素低、中、高剂量组和阳性对照组肺纤维组织阳性表达率均下降(P均<0.05),其中槲皮素高剂量组肺纤维组织阳性表达率最低;槲皮素低、中、高剂量组和阳性对照组肺泡上皮细胞凋亡率均降低(P均<0.01);槲皮素低、中、高剂量组和阳性对照组肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平均降低、SOD、GSH水平升高、MDA水平降低,肺组织ROS表达水平降低(P均<0.01),肺泡灌洗液中Fe^(2+)水平降低。与正常对照组比较,模型组肺组织中CAT、HO-1、Nrf2、SOD2蛋白表达水平低(P均<0.01);与模型组比较,槲皮素中、高剂量组和阳性对照组肺组织中CAT、HO-1、Nrf2、SOD2蛋白表达水平高(P均<0.05)。结论槲皮素灌胃预处理的ALI大鼠肺组织损伤、炎症反应、氧化应激反应、铁死亡情况减轻,Nfr2/HO-1信号通路激活;槲皮素灌胃预处理可预防LPS诱导的大鼠ALI,可能通过抑制炎症反应、氧化应激反应及铁死亡而起作用;槲皮素可能通过上调Nfr2/HO-1信号通路而抑制炎症反应、氧化应激反应及铁死亡;50、100 mg/kg槲皮素均对LPS诱导的大鼠ALI起预防作用,以100 mg/kg槲皮素的作用效果更佳。

常压高浓度氧对新生大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞损伤与Nrf2/HO-1信号通路的影响分析

目的探究常压高浓度氧(NBO)对新生大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞损伤及核因子E2相关因子2/血红素氧合酶-1(Nrf2/HO-1)信号通路的影响。方法取新生SD大鼠45只,采用随机数字表法分为常氧组、NBO组和NBO+Nrf2激活剂组,每组各15只。常氧组大鼠置于普通空气(21%氧气)中饲养,NBO组和NBO+Nrf2激活剂组大鼠置于90%常压氧气饲养,NBO+Nrf2激活剂组每日灌胃5 mg/kg Nrf2激动剂莱菔硫烷。测定脑组织伊文思蓝(EB)含量,采用酶联免疫法检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)含量,干湿重法检测脑组织含水量,HE染色和TUNEL染色观察脑组织病理变化,蛋白质印迹法检测海马组织Nrf2/HO-1信号通路蛋白表达,水迷宫检测大鼠认知功能。结果与常氧组比较,NBO组脑组织EB、VEGF、MMP-9含量及脑组织含水量升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与NBO组比较,NBO+Nrf2激活剂组脑组织EB、VEGF、MMP-9含量及脑组织含水量降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。病理染色结果显示,常氧组大鼠神经细胞形态及结构完整,未见明显病理变化和细胞凋亡;NBO组神经细胞形态及结构不规则,出现明显的水肿和空泡,并伴有大量的凋亡细胞;NBO+Nrf2激活剂组脑组织病理损伤较NBO组明显减轻。与常氧组比较,NBO组脑组织Nrf2、HO-1蛋白相对表达量降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与NBO组比较,NBO+Nrf2激活剂组Nrf2、HO-1蛋白相对表达量升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与常氧组比较,NBO组第2~4天逃避潜伏期延长,穿越平台次数减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与NBO组比较,NBO+Nrf2激活剂组第2~4天逃避潜伏期缩短,穿越平台次数增多,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论NBO可诱导新生大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞损伤,导致远期认知功能障碍,可能与下调Nrf2/HO-1信号通路表达有关。

岩藻黄质活化核因子E2相关因子2改善糖皮质激素诱导的成骨细胞凋亡

背景:骨质疏松症发病率高,易导致骨折等并发症的发生,而现有药物干预不良反应大,难以满足临床需求。目的:探索岩藻黄质对糖皮质激素诱导成骨细胞骨质疏松症模型的作用与潜在机制。方法:将原代大鼠成骨细胞接种于6孔板内,待细胞融合度达到80%后分4组干预:对照组单纯培养24 h,糖皮质激素组使用地塞米松干预24 h,岩藻黄质组使用岩藻黄质干预24 h,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组使用地塞米松与岩藻黄质同时干预24 h。干预结束后,检测细胞增殖、凋亡、细胞内活性氧含量以及凋亡相关蛋白、骨形成相关蛋白、细胞核核因子E2相关因子2的蛋白表达。结果与结论:①CCK-8检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组细胞活性降低(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组细胞活性升高(P<0.05);②JC-1线粒体膜电位染色与流式细胞学检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组细胞凋亡比例增加(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组细胞凋亡比例减少(P<0.05);③Western Blot检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组BAX、裂解聚ADP核糖聚合酶的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),BCL2、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α1肽链、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙蛋白、RUNX2的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组BAX、裂解聚ADP核糖聚合酶的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),BCL2、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白α1肽链、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙蛋白、RUNX2的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);④荧光探针检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组活性氧含量增加(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组活性氧含量减少(P<0.05);⑤免疫荧光染色与Western Blot检测显示,与对照组比较,糖皮质激素组细胞核核因子E2相关因子2的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与糖皮质激素组比较,糖皮质激素+岩藻黄质组细胞核核因子E2相关因子2的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);⑥结果表明,岩藻黄质通过活化核因子E2相关因子2改善糖皮质激素诱导的成骨细胞凋亡与骨形成相关分子表达。

抑制核转录因子E2相关因子2途径对高糖状态下胰腺癌细胞转移及免疫逃逸因子表达的调节作用

目的:探究抑制核转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)途径对高糖状态下胰腺癌细胞转移及分泌免疫逃逸因子水平的影响。方法:培养人胰腺癌细胞株Panc-1,采用5.5、10、25、50 mmol/L葡萄糖处理细胞,分别于12 h、24 h、48 h通过MTT检测细胞增殖率,24 h时通过RT-qPCR和Western blot检测细胞内Nrf2表达变化;实验分为:对照组、高糖(HG)组、Nrf2抑制剂ML385+高糖(ML385+HG)组,MTT检测细胞增殖率,细胞克隆形成实验检测细胞集落形成数,Transwell检测细胞迁移数与侵袭数,体外划痕实验检测细胞划痕愈合情况,ELISA测定细胞培养液上清中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、IFN-γ、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和IL-6含量,细胞免疫荧光染色观察细胞内Nrf2分布,Western blot测定细胞中Nrf2和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)蛋白表达。结果:相较于5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖组,10、25、50 mmol/L葡萄糖处理12 h和24 h时Panc-1细胞增殖率升高,Nrf2 mRNA和蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,HG组细胞增殖率升高,集落形成数增加,迁移数与侵袭数均增加,划痕愈合率升高,细胞培养上清中VEGF、IFN-γ、TGF-β1和IL-6含量均增加,Nrf2荧光染色明显增强,细胞核内Nrf2表达增加,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达上调(P<0.05);与HG组比较,ML385+HG组细胞增殖率降低,集落形成数、迁移数与侵袭数均减少,划痕愈合率下降,培养上清中VEGF、IFN-γ、TGF-β1和IL-6含量均减少,细胞内Nrf2荧光染色较弱,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达下调(P<0.05)。结论:高糖状态下胰腺癌细胞中Nrf2高表达,抑制Nrf2途径能够抑制高糖促进的胰腺癌细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭,并减少免疫逃逸因子分泌。

PCNA、Bcl-2及EGFR在喉癌组织中的表达及与临床病理特征、生存的关系

目的探讨增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)及表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在喉癌组织中的表达及与临床病理特征、生存的关系。方法选取2017年3月—2020年1月在苏州大学附属第一医院因喉癌行手术治疗的92例患者的喉癌组织及对应癌旁组织标本。检测癌组织与癌旁组织PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量,多元线性回归分析其癌组织表达与临床病理特征的关系。随访3年,采用Kaplain-Maier曲线分析不同PCNA、Bcl-2、EGFR表达水平患者生存情况差异。结果癌组织PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。不同年龄、肿瘤部位患者PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低分化,临床分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期及淋巴结转移患者PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA相对表达量分别高于中、高分化,临床分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,无淋巴结转移患者(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,肿瘤分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移是喉癌组织PCNA mRNA、Bcl-2 mRNA、EGFR mRNA表达的影响因素。Kaplain-Maier曲线分析结果显示,PCNA mRNA高表达患者3年无进展生存率、总生存率分别为59.57%和70.21%,低于低表达患者的80.00%和88.89%(P<0.05);Bcl-2 mRNA高表达患者3年无进展生存率、总生存率分别为60.78%和70.59%,低于低表达患者的80.49%和90.24%(P<0.05);EGFR mRNA高表达患者3年无进展生存率、总生存率分别为59.09%和70.45%,低于低表达患者的79.17%、87.50%(P<0.05)。结论喉癌组织PCNA、Bcl-2、EGFR呈高表达,且其高表达状态与肿瘤分期高、分化程度低、淋巴结转移有关,PCNA、Bcl-2、EGFR表达水平可在一定程度上反映患者预后。

丹酚酸B对2型糖尿病小鼠心肌病氧化应激的作用及机制

目的探讨丹酚酸B(Sal B)对2型糖尿病小鼠心肌病(DCM)氧化应激的作用及潜在机制。方法60只C57BL/6J小鼠分为空白组(n=12,Control组,正常饲料,灌胃生理盐水)和高脂高糖(HG)组[n=48,HFG组,链脲佐菌素(STZ)联合HFG饲料构建DCM模型],造模成功的HFG组小鼠分为DCM组(灌胃生理盐水)、Sal B低剂量[1.50 mg/(kg·d)]组(Sal B.L组)、Sal B高剂量[3.00 mg/(kg·d)]组(Sal B.H组)及200 mg/(kg·d)二甲双胍治疗组(Metformin组),灌胃连续8周;麻醉各组小鼠,采用小动物超声仪检测仰卧位时各组小鼠心脏的左室射血分数(LVEF)、缩短分数(FS)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)及左室收缩期末期内径(LVIDs);处死各组小鼠,取心脏制作切片、苏木素-伊红(HE)和Masson染色观察心肌组织形态学特征;采用试剂盒检测各组小鼠心肌组织中细胞丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽(GSH)的水平,采用Western blot分析氧化应激蛋白Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1(Keap1)、核因子-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、磷酸化Nrf2(pNrf2)、过氧化物酶1(PRDX1)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)及凋亡相关蛋白活化的半胱氨酸蛋白(Cleaved-caspase3)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2蛋白(Bcl2)、Bcl2关联X(bax)蛋白的表达;SD乳鼠心脏提取分离培养原代新生大鼠心肌细胞(PNRCMs)构建DCM体外模型,将PNRCMs分为40 mmol/L甘露醇(Mannitol)组、空白(Control)组、40 mmol/L HG(HG)组、40 mmol/L HG+25μmol/L Sal B(Sal B低剂量,Sal B.L)组、40 mmol/L HG+50μmol/L Sal B(Sal B高剂量,Sal B.H)组、40 mmol/L HG+0.25 mmol/L二甲双胍(Metformin)组,检测各组细胞的活性氧(ROS)、MDA、SOD及GSH水平,采用Western blot检测氧化应激蛋白Keap1、Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1、HO-1及凋亡相关蛋白Cleaved-caspase3、bax、Bcl2蛋白的表达;采用实时定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)法检测氧化应激相关基因Keap1、Nrf2、PRDX1及HO-1信使RNA(mRNA)的表达;采用Nrf2抑制剂(ML385)和激动剂(甲基巴多索隆)进一步分析氧化应激蛋白Keap1、Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1及HO-1的表达。结果与Control组比较,DCM组小鼠的LVEF、FS降低(P<0.01),LVESV、LVIDs升高(P<0.01),心肌组织排列紊乱、间质细胞增多并伴有炎性细胞浸润及胶原沉积,心肌组织中MDA含量增加、SOD和GSH减少(P<0.01),心肌组织中Keap1、Cleaved-caspase3及bax蛋白表达上调,Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1、HO-1及Bcl2蛋白表达下调(P<0.01);与Control组比较,HG组心肌细胞中ROS表达增加,SOD表达下降(P<0.05),MDA含量增加、GSH表达下降(P<0.01),心肌细胞中的Keap1、Cleaved-caspase3及bax蛋白表达增加(P<0.01),Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1、HO-1及Bcl2蛋白表达下降(P<0.01),心肌细胞中的Keap1 mRNA表达升高(P<0.05),Nrf2、PRDX1及HO-1 mRNA表达降低(P<0.05);与DCM组比,Sal B.L和Sal B.H组小鼠的LVEF、FS增加(P<0.01)、LVESV、LVIDs降低(P<0.01),心肌组织排列整齐、炎性细胞浸润减少、心肌胶原沉积减少,心肌组织中MDA含量减少、SOD和GSH含量增加(P<0.01),心肌组织中Keap1、Cleaved-caspase3及bax表达下调,Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1、HO-1及Bcl2蛋白表达上调(P<0.05);与HG组相比,Sal B.L和Sal B.H量组心肌细胞中ROS表达、MDA含量减少,SOD和GSH含量增加(P<0.05),心肌细胞中的Keap1、Cleaved-caspase3及bax蛋白表达减少(P<0.05),Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1、HO-1及Bcl2表达增加(P<0.05);心肌细胞中的Keap1 mRNA表达降低(P<0.05),Nrf2、PRDX1和HO-1 mRNA表达升高(P<0.05);进一步采用Nrf2抑制剂ML385和激动剂甲基巴多索隆干预,与HG组相比,Sal B.H组心肌细胞中的Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1及HO-1表达增加(P<0.05);与Sal B.H组相比,ML385和Sal B联用组心肌细胞中的Nrf2、pNrf2、PRDX1及HO-1的表达减少(P<0.05)。结论Sal B可降低2型糖尿病小鼠DCM的氧化应激作用,其机制与Keap1/Nrf2信号通路蛋白的表达有关。

金合欢素调节Sirt1/AMPK/Nrf2信号通路对糖尿病白内障大鼠氧化应激损伤的影响

目的探讨金合欢素对糖尿病白内障(DC)大鼠氧化应激损伤的影响及其对沉默调节蛋白1(Sirt1)/腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路的调控作用。方法60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、金合欢素低剂量组、金合欢素高剂量组、金合欢素+Sirt1抑制剂(EX527)组,除对照组以外均构建DC大鼠模型,其中,金合欢素低剂量组、金合欢素高剂量组大鼠分别经颈部皮下注射10 mg·kg^(-1)、20 mg·kg^(-1)的金合欢素,金合欢素+EX527组大鼠经颈部皮下注射20 mg·kg^(-1)金合欢素,均为每天2次,同时金合欢素+EX527组大鼠经皮下埋入渗透微型泵每天泵入3.5 mg·kg^(-1)EX527,其余组别均泵入等量生理盐水,给药持续4周。给药结束后,测量血压和空腹血糖(FBG),裂隙灯照射法观察大鼠晶状体混浊状况,HE染色观察晶状体组织病理学变化,ELISA测定血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-1β的含量,Western blot检测Sirt1、p-AMPK、AMPK、Nrf2蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠晶状体上皮细胞呈片状、条索状,发生迁移性聚集,收缩压、FBG、晶状体混浊评分、MDA、IL-6、IL-1β水平均升高,SOD、GSH-Px含量及Sirt1、p-AMPK/AMPK、Nrf2蛋白表达水平均降低(均为P<0.05);与模型组比较,金合欢素低、高剂量组大鼠晶状体上皮细胞迁移性聚集现象改善,收缩压、FBG、晶状体混浊评分、MDA、IL-6、IL-1β水平均降低,SOD、GSH-Px含量及Sirt1、p-AMPK/AMPK、Nrf2蛋白表达水平均升高(均为P<0.05);与金合欢素高剂量组比较,金合欢素+EX527组晶状体上皮细胞形态改变和聚集现象加重,收缩压、FBG、晶状体混浊评分、MDA、IL-6、IL-1β水平均升高,SOD、GSH-Px含量及Sirt1、p-AMPK/AMPK、Nrf2蛋白表达水平均降低(均为P<0.05)。结论金合欢素可能通过激活Sirt1/AMPK/Nrf2通路保护DC大鼠免受氧化应激损伤。