Role of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Concomitantly with the increase in the prevalences of overweight/obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has worldwide become the main cause of chronic liver disease in both adults and children. Patients with fatty liver display features of metabolic syndrome(Met S), like insulin resistance(IR), glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Recently, epidemiological studies have linked obesity, Met S, and NAFLD to decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis, highlighting an intricate interplay among bone, adipose tissue, and liver. Osteoprotegerin(OPG), an important symbol of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B/OPG system activation, typically considered for its role in bone metabolism, may also play critical roles in the initiation and perpetuation of obesityrelated comorbidities. Clinical data have indicated that OPG concentrations are associated with hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, and severity of liver damage in chronic hepatitis C. Nonetheless, the relationship between circulating OPG and IR as a key feature of Met S as well as between OPG and NAFLD remains uncertain. Thus, the aims of the present review are to provide the existent knowledge on these associations and to discuss briefly the underlying mechanisms linking OPG and NAFLD.

Receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand/osteoprotegerin axis and vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease

Vascular calcifications are commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease （CKD） and contri-bute to the excessive cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates observed in these patients populations. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, recent evidence suggests a link between bone metabolism and the development and progression of vascular calcifications. Moreover, accumulating data indicate that receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin axis which plays essential roles in the regulation of bone metabolism is also involved in extra-osseous bone formation. Further studies are required to establish the prognostic significance of the above biomarkers as predictors of the presence and severity of vascular calcifications in CKD patients and of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Moreover, randomized clinical trials are needed to clarify whether inhibition of osteoclast activity will protect from vascular calcifcations.

Effect of Triptolide on Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Rat Adjuvant Induced Arthritis

The effect of triptolide （TP） on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand （RANKL） and osteoprotegerin （OPG） was explored in rat adjuvant induced arthritis （AA）. AA was induced in Wistar rats. Arthritis rats were treated with TP and methotrexate （MTX） at the onset （day 9） of arthritis. On the peak of arthritis （day 24）, the expression of RANKL and OPG protein in the joints and RANKL mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） was detected. TNF-α and IL-1β levels in peripheral blood were determined. Bone erosion scores were also evaluated. The results showed that bone erosion scores in TP and MTX groups were lower than in AA group （.P〈0.01） ; The expression levels of RANKL in the synovium （P〈0.01） and bone （P〈0.05）, and OPG level in synovium （P〈0.05） were lower in TP group than in AA group （P〈0.05）. In TP group, the expression levels of RANKL mRNA and TNF-α, IL-1β in PBMC were lower than in AA group （all P〈0.01）. It was concluded that TP could inhibit rat adjuvant arthritis bone erosion by suppressing the expression of RANKL.

Influence of baicalin on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in human periodontal ligament cells

Objective To study the effect of baicalin on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand(RANKL)and osteoprotegerin(OPG)in cultured human periodontal ligament(HPDL)cells.Methods Small interfering RNA(siRNA)eukaryotic expression vector targeted transforming growth factor βⅡ receptor(TGF-β RⅡ)was constructed and transfected into T cells.HPDL cells with T cells transfected with siRNA or not were placed in the culture medium that had been added with lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and baicalin.The obtained solution was divided into six groups according to the components(group Ⅰ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells transfected with siRNA1+baicalin;group Ⅱ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells transfected with siRNA1;group Ⅲ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells+baicalin;group Ⅳ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells;group Ⅴ:HPDL cells+baicalin;group Ⅵ:HPDL cells)and was cultured for 48 hours.RT-PCR was used to observe the effect of baicalin on the expression of OPG-RANKL in HPDL cells.Results The ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅰ was lower than that in group Ⅱ(P<0.01)and higher than that in group Ⅲ(P<0.01);The ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅲ was lower than that in group Ⅳ(P<0.01);the ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅳ was higher than that in group Ⅵ(P<0.01);the ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅴ was lower than that in group Ⅵ(P<0.05).Conclusion ① Baicalin could decrease the ratio of RANKL/OPG in HPDL cells.② The TGF-β signaling transduction plays an important role in the effect of baicalin on the RANKL/OPG ratio in HPDL cells.③ Baicalin acts not only through TGF-β to regulate RANKL/OPG in HPDL cells,but also through other pathways.

Nuclear factor kappa B: A marker of chemotherapy for human stage Ⅳ gastric carcinoma

AIM： To detect the nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） condition in human stage IV gastric carcinoma patients and to explore the correlation between NF-κB activation and survival of these patients after chemotherapy. METHODS： Expression of NF-κB-p65 was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Activity of NF-κB DNA-binding in carcinoma tissue was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to show the relation between NF-κB and progression-free survival （PFS） or overall survival （OS） of the patients. RESULTS： The positive expression rate of NF-κB-p65 in 60 gastric cancer tissue samples was 76.7% （46160）. The expression of NF-κB-p65 was reduced in adjacent carcinoma and normal tissue samples. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） analysis showed a strong activation of NF-κB in cancer tissue samples. A survival difference was found in NF-κB-p65 positive and negative patients. NF-κB-p65 expression was negative in cancer tissue samples （n = 14）. PFS was 191.40 ± 59.88 d and 152.93 ±16.99 d, respectively, in patients with positive NF-κB-p65 expression （n = 46） （P = 0.4028）. The survival time of patients with negative and positive NF-κB-p65 expression was 425.16 ±61.61 d and 418.85 ±42.98 d, respectively （P = 0.7303）. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant difference in PFS or OS. The 46 patient tissue which positive NF-κB-p65 expression was found in the tissue samples from the 46 patients whose PFS and OS were 564.89 ± 75.94 d and s 352.37 ±41.32 d, respectively （P = 0.0165）. CONCLUSION： NF-κB is activated in gastric carcinoma tissue, which is related to the OS after chemotherapy.

miR-338-3p靶向核因子κB受体活化因子配体影响牙槽骨成骨细胞增殖及凋亡

背景:miR-338-3p能够抑制破骨细胞分化,下调核因子κB受体活化因子配体水平能够促进骨形成。然而miR-338-3p是否通过调控核因子κB受体活化因子配体表达影响牙槽骨成骨细胞增殖、凋亡尚不清楚。目的:探究miR-338-3p靶向核因子κB受体活化因子配体对牙槽骨成骨细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及机制。方法:分离人牙槽骨成骨细胞,对其进行细胞转染及Wnt-C59(Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制剂)处理,分为转染对照组、miR-338-3p组、miR-338-3p+对照组、miR-338-3p+核因子κB受体活化因子配体组和miR-338-3p+Wnt-C59组。双荧光素酶实验验证miR-338-3p对核因子κB受体活化因子配体的调控作用;CCK-8、EdU染色检测细胞增殖水平;流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡水平;RT-qPCR检测细胞miR-338-3p、核因子κB受体活化因子配体、Wnt-3a、β-catenin、糖原合酶激酶3βmRNA表达水平;Western Blot检测细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配体、增殖细胞核抗原、Ki67、细胞周期蛋白D1、Bcl-2、Bax、天冬氨酸半胱氨酸蛋白酶3、Wnt-3a、β-catenin、糖原合酶激酶3β蛋白表达水平。结果与结论:①miR-338-3p靶向调控核因子κB受体活化因子配体;②过表达miR-338-3p后,细胞存活率、EdU阳性细胞率、S期细胞比例升高,细胞凋亡率降低,miR-338-3p、增殖细胞核抗原、Ki67、细胞周期蛋白D1、Bcl-2、Wnt-3a、β-catenin mRNA和蛋白水平升高,Bax、天冬氨酸半胱氨酸蛋白酶3、核因子κB受体活化因子配体、糖原合酶激酶3βmRNA和蛋白水平降低(均P<0.05);③过表达核因子κB受体活化因子配体或Wnt-C59处理能够减弱过表达miR-338-3p对细胞增殖、凋亡的影响(均P<0.05);④结果表明,miR-338-3p靶向核因子κB受体活化因子配体表达可促进牙槽骨成骨细胞增殖,并抑制细胞凋亡,其可能通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路发挥作用。

Cannabinoid receptor-2 selective antagonist negatively regulates receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand mediated osteoclastogenesis

Background The cannabinoid receptor-2 （CB2） is important for bone remodeling. In this study, we investigated the effects of CB2 selective antagonist （AM630） on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B （RANK） ligand （RANKL）induced osteoclast differentiation and the underlying signaling pathway using a monocyte-macrophage cell line-RAW264.7.Methods RAW264.7 was cultured with RANKL for 6 days and then treated with AM630 for 24 hours. Mature osteoclasts were measured by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP） staining using a commercial kit. Total ribonucleic acid （RNA）was isolated and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） was done to examine the expression of RANK, cathepsin K （CPK） and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB）. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）,phosphorylation of ERK （P-ERK） and NF-κB production were tested by Western blotting. The effect of AM630 on RAW264.7 viability was determined using the 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide （MTT） assay.Results AM630 did not affect the viability of RAW264.7. However, this CB2 selective antagonist markedly inhibited osteoclast formation and the inhibition rate was dose-dependent. The dose of 〉100 nmol/L could reduce TRAP positive cells to the levels that were significantly lower than the control. AM630 suppressed the expression of genes associated with osteoclast differentiation and activation, such as RANK and CPK. An analysis of a signaling pathway showed that AM630 inhibited the RANKL-induced activation of ERK, but not NF-κB.Conclusion AM630 could inhibit the osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 induced with RANKL.

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin expression in chronic apical periodontitis：possible association with inflammatory cells

Background Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） ligand （RANKL） and osteoprotegerin （OPG） have been recently shown to play important roles in bone resorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between the expression of bone resorption regulators （RANKL and OPG） and inflammatory cell infiltration in chronic apical periodontitis.Methods The samples of chronic periapical lesions （n=40） and healthy periapical tissues （n=10） were examined for immunohistochemical analysis of RANKL and OPG. Lesion samples were further analyzed for the inflammatory infiltration condition. The inflammatory cell infiltration was scored in relation to immunohistochemical reactivity for CD3, CD20 and CD68.Results The number of RANKL-positive cells and the ratio of RANKL/OPG in chronic apical periodontitis were significantly higher than those in healthy periapical tissues （P＜0.001）. The number of RANKL-positive cells was higher in lesions with severe inflammatory infiltration than in those with light inflammatory infiltration （P＜0.05）. Significantly increased RANKL expression was found with T lymphocytes （CD3＋）, macrophages （CD68＋） and B lymphocytes （CD20＋）infiltration （P＜0.05）. No association was found between the ratio of RANKL/OPG and inflammatory cell infiltration.Conclusions RANKL expression was increased with T, B lymphocytes and macrophages infiltration, respectively in chronic periapical lesions. RANKL appears to be closely related to periapical inflammatory infiltrates. The relative ratio of RANKL/OPG may be a key determinant of RANKL-mediated bone resorption.

Effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe(温化蠲痹方) on Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand,Osteoprotegerin,and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 14 in Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Objective： To study the effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe（温化蠲痹方, WJR） on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand（RANKL）, osteoprotegerin（OPG）, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14（TNFRSF14, also known as LIGHT） in rats with collagen-induced arthritis（CIA）. Methods： CIA rats were generated by subcutaneous injection of bovine collagen type-Ⅱ at the tail base. Sixty CIA rats were randomly assigned（10 animals/group） to： model, methotrexate（MTX）-treated（0.78 mg/kg body weight）, and WJR-treated（22.9 g/kg） groups. Healthy normal rats（n=10） were used as the normal control. Treatments or saline were administered once daily by oral gavage. Rats were sacrificed at day 28 post-treatment and knee synovium and peripheral blood serum were collected. Toe swelling degree and expression of RANKL, OPG, and LIGHT were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results： Compared with the normal group, toe swelling degree was significantly increased in the model group（P〈0.01）. After treatment, toe swelling degree decreased significantly in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group（P〈0.01）. Compared with the normal group, expression of RANKL and LIGHT were significantly increased and OPG significantly decreased in peripheral blood and synovium of the model group（P〈0.01）. Conversely, RANKL and LIGHT expression were significantly reduced and OPG increased in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group（P〈0.01）. No statistically significant difference existed between WJR and MTX groups. Conclusion： WJR likely acts by reducing RANKL expression and increasing OPG expression, thus inhibiting RANKL/RANK interaction and reducing LIGHT expression, thereby inhibiting osteoclast formation/activation to block bone erosion.

Moxibustion inhibits the macrophage M1 polarization toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway by regulating T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein-3 in rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether moxibustion exerts therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis(RA) by regulating the expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein-3(TIM-3) and subsequently modulating the macrophage M1 polarization toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 88(My D88)-nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathway. METHODS: We utilized moxibustion treatment in RA rat models using the Zusanli(ST36) and Shenshu(BL23) acupoints. Hematoxylin and eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the synovial tissue under a section light microscope, and pathological scoring was performed according to the grading standard of the degree of synovial tissue disease. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was applied to verify the efficacy of moxibustion in reducing inflammation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q RTPCR) was used to detect the expression of the TIM-3/TLR4-My D88-NF-κB signaling pathway-related molecules, and Western blot was used to detect the contents of synovial NF-κB. RESULTS: We established the Freund's complete adjuvant(FCA)-induced RA model in rats. The expression level of M1 polarization signaling pathway TLR4-My D88-NF-κB and the inflammatory factors interleukin-12(IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), and tumor necrosis factor beta(TNF-β) were significantly increased in the RA model. After moxibustion treatment, the expression level of TLR4-My D88-NF-κB was significantly decreased, and the inflammatory factors IL-12, TNF-α, and TNF-β were decreased, but the expression level was significantly increased in the RA model. When TIM-3 expression was inhibited, the expression level of TLR4-My D88-NF-κB, and the inflammatory factors IL-12, TNF-α, and TNF-β were not suppressed, even after moxibustion treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion regulates the key target TIM-3 by acting on the Zusanli(ST36) and Shenshu(BL23) points, thereby inhibiting the M1 polarization of macrophages;that is, it inhibits the TLR4-My D88-NF-κB signaling pathway, and finally achieves alleviation of pathological changes and anti-inflammatory effects.

NF-kappa B和AP-1在非小细胞肺癌中的表达

背景与目的核因子kappaB(NFkappaB)和激活蛋白1(AP1)在细胞凋亡和增生过程中所起的作用逐渐被人们所认知,在肿瘤的形成过程中也扮演着重要的角色。本研究分析了NFkappaB、AP1在非小细胞肺癌中的表达,以明确二者之间的相互关系,并进一步研究二者对周期蛋白cyclinD1和caspase3在非小细胞肺癌中表达的影响。方法应用Westernblot检测NFkappaB、AP1、cyclinD1和caspase3在非小细胞肺癌中的蛋白表达,应用RTPCR检测不同NFkappaB和AP1表达的肺癌组织中cyclinD1和caspase3的mRNA表达。应用相关分析判断NFkappaB和AP1的相关性。结果在45例非小细胞肺癌患者中,NFkappaB和AP1在肺癌组织中的表达均高于癌旁肺组织中的表达(0.6047比0.2798,P<0.01)。在NFkappaB和AP1较高表达的肺癌组织中,cyclinD1蛋白表达和mRNA表达均增加(P<0.01),而caspase3的蛋白表达和mRNA表达减少(P<0.01)。相关分析显示NFkappaB和AP1有明显的相关性(r=0.800,P<0.01)。结论NFkappaB和AP1作为转录因子可能在非小细胞肺癌的形成和发展中起重要作用。

正畸保持期龈沟液骨保护素/核因子kappa B受体活化因子配体水平对牙槽骨改建状态的意义

目的:探讨正畸保持期牙周龈沟液中骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)和核因子kappa B受体活化因子配体水平(receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand,RANKL)的变化及相应牙周组织OPG和RANKL表达的变化,为预测保持期牙周骨组织状态是否稳定提供依据。方法:选择6周龄雄性Wista大鼠15只,按时间点(T1:基线,T2:加力14 d,T3:停止加力14 d)分为3组,每组5只。在每个时间点先采集龈沟液样本,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测OPG和sRANKL(soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand)浓度,然后处死大鼠,采用免疫组织化学检测牙周组织中OPG和RANKL表达。结果:龈沟液中sRANKL浓度在T2期明显上升(P<0.05),T3期则显著下降(P<0.05),与T1期几乎相当。龈沟液中OPG浓度在3个时间点的变化差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);龈沟液中sRANKL/OPG的比值和牙周组织RANKL/OPG的比值变化近似,均在T2期明显增大(P<0.05和P<0.01),在T3期显著减小(P<0.05)。结论:在正畸加力至保持期,龈沟液中sRANKL/OPG的比值可以在一定程度上反映牙周组织中骨改建的状态。

Imbalance of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Background:Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is associated with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis.However,the underlying mechanisms linking OSAHS with bone loss are still unclear.The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL,an osteoclastogenesis-promoting factor) and osteoprotegerin (OPG,the decoy receptor for RANKL),oxidative stress and bone metabolism markers in OSAHS,in order to understand the potential mechanisms underlying bone loss in OSAHS patients.Methods:Forty-eight male patients with OSAHS,confirmed by polysomnography (PSG) study,were enrolled.Twenty male subjects who were confirmed as not having OSAHS served as the controls.The subjects’bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed in lumbar spine and femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Blood samples were collected from all subjects for measurement of RANKL,OPG,the bone formation marker bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP),the bone resorption marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b),and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC).Results:The BMD and the T-score of the femoral neck and the lumbar spine were significantly lower in OSAHS patients as compared to the control group (P< 0.05).The serum level of BAP was significantly decreased in the OSAHS group (15.62 ± 5.20 μg/L) as compared to the control group (18.83 ± 5.50 μg/L,t= -2.235,P< 0.05),while the levels of TRAP-5b did not differ between the two groups (t= -1.447,P> 0.05).The serum level of OPG and the OPG/RANKL ratio were lower in the OSAHS group compared to the control group (bothP< 0.05).TAOC level was also decreased significantly in the OSAHS group (P< 0.05).Correlation analysis showed that the TAOC level was positively correlated with BAP in the OSAHS group (r= 0.248,P= 0.04),but there were no correlations between TAOC and the BMD or the T-scores.The correlations between the level of OPG (or the OPG/RANKL ratio) and BMD or TAOC did not reach significance.Conclusion:In OSAHS patients,lower levels of TAOC were associated with decreased bone formation,suggesting a role of oxidative stress in bone loss,while the role of OPG/RANKL imbalance in bone metabolism in OSAHS needs further evaluation .

骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子/核因子κB受体活化因子配体调节骨代谢及其靶向治疗在口腔领域的应用

背景:骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子/核因子κB受体活化因子配体是偶联破骨细胞、成骨细胞分化和活化的重要细胞因子,是调节骨代谢的关键因子,影响着免疫系统、骨的再生和重塑,与牙槽骨的生理性及病理性改建密切相关。目的:分析总结骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子/核因子κB受体活化因子配体信号通路对牙槽骨改建的影响及其靶向治疗在口腔领域应用研究中的进展。方法:检索中国知网及PubMed数据库收录的相关文献。中文检索词为“骨保护素,抗RANKL抗体,核因子κB受体活化因子配体,牙周炎,正畸牙移动,种植,牙齿萌出,根尖周病变,牙槽骨吸收”,英文检索词为“OPG,anti-RANKL antibody,RANKL,periodontitis,orthodontic tooth movement,implant,tooth eruption,periapical lesion,alveolar bone resorption”,最终纳入63篇文献进行归纳总结。结果与结论:①抗核因子κB受体活化因子配体通过靶向抑制破骨细胞形成和牙槽骨吸收来治疗口腔疾病;②局部和全身抗核因子κB受体活化因子配体治疗可以抑制牙周炎、种植体周围炎、根尖周病变的进展,且其在预防正畸后复发、增强正畸支抗和种植体骨结合方面也发挥重要作用;③核因子κB受体活化因子配体通过靶向促进破骨细胞分化来治疗口腔疾病;④核因子κB受体活化因子配体治疗可以加速正畸牙移动、缩短治疗周期、减少正畸并发症的发生;⑤虽然抗核因子κB受体活化因子配体治疗存在局限性,但是可以通过合理应用如应用前排除危险因素,应用期间定期口腔维护、避免创伤性牙槽手术等措施来规避。

基于核因子κB受体活化因子配体信号通路激活破骨细胞治疗骨结核的研究进展

骨结核是一种严重危害人体健康的骨科感染性疾病,其病灶组织破坏的最大特点是骨质的吸收及破坏,其中破骨细胞是骨吸收的主要细胞。破骨细胞是由造血干细胞分化而来的多核细胞,通常是由核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)与核因子κB受体活化因子(receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB,RANK)调控产生。结核分枝杆菌可以通过RANKL信号通路激活破骨细胞生成转录因子,以增强破骨细胞对骨质的吸收。笔者通过综述RANKL信号通路的结构及破骨细胞的研究进展,以及它们在骨结核临床治疗中可能发挥的潜在作用,为该领域的研究提供新的思路。

骨保护素/核因子кB受体活化因子配体、小泛素样修饰蛋白特异性蛋白酶1、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征病情程度的关系及其预测心血管事件价值分析

目的分析骨保护素(OPG)/核因子кB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)、小泛素样修饰蛋白特异性蛋白酶1(SENP-1)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)病情程度的关系及各指标预测心血管事件(CVE)价值。方法纳入2021年9月至2022年9月于河北省胸科医院接受治疗的120例OSAHS患者,根据病情分为轻度组、中度组、重度组,比较三组患者的基线资料,采用多元logistics回归分析OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2与阻塞性OSAHS病情程度的关系。随访1年,记录120例患者随访期间心血管事件(CVE)的发生情况,将发生CVE的患者纳入CVE组,将未发生CVE的患者纳入非CVE组,比较两组入院时OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2水平;采用受试者操作特性(ROC)曲线评估OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2预测OSAHS患者CVE发生风险的价值。结果重度组体重指数、颈围、腰围、臀围、RANK、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2高于中度组、轻度组,中度组高于轻度组(P<0.05),OPG、OPG/RANK低于中度组、轻度组,中度组低于轻度组(P<0.05)。多元logistics回归分析结果显示,颈围、颈围、腰围、RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2高水平是OSAHS患者病情加重的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。OPG、OPG/RANKL高水平是OSAHS患者病情加重的保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。CVE组OPG、OPG/RANKL低于非CVE组,RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2高于非CVE组(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2单一及联合检测预测OSAHS患者发生CVE的曲线下面积均>0.70,具有较好预测效能,且联合检测预测效能更高。结论OPG/RANKL、SENP-1、Lp-PLA2水平与OSAHS患者病情严重程度密切相关,并可有效预测OSAHS患者发生CVE的风险。

脂氧素A4抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路减缓脓毒症性急性肾损伤

目的探讨脂氧素A4(LXA4)通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路减缓脓毒症性急性肾损伤(SAKI)。方法将40只无特定病原体级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为SAKI组、SAKI+LXA4组、假手术组、假手术+LXA4组,每组10只。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术进行SAKI造模,SAKI+LXA4组、假手术+LXA4组在术后30 min腹腔注射LXA4(40 ng/kg)。各组小鼠在造模术后24 h收集血清、尿液、肾组织。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定各组小鼠血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(Bun)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关性脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)及肾损伤分子1(KIM-1);HE及PAS染色观察小鼠肾脏损伤情况;实时荧光定量PCR检测各组小鼠肾脏Toll样受体4(TLR4)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)mRNA水平;免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹实验检测各组小鼠TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)的表达。结果ELISA实验提示SAKI组Scr、Bun、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NGAL、KIM-1水平均高于SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05),假手术组及假手术+LXA4组Scr、Bun、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、NGAL、KIM-1无明显上升;HE及PAS染色提示SAKI组肾损伤程度明显高于SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05),假手术组及假手术+LXA4组无明显肾损伤;实时荧光定量PCR提示SAKI组较SAKI+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65 mRNA升高(P<0.05),假手术组与假手术+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65 mRNA均低于SAKI组及SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05);免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹实验结果提示SAKI组较SAKI+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65表达升高(P<0.05),假手术组与假手术+LXA4组TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65表达均低于SAKI组及SAKI+LXA4组(P<0.05)。结论TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路在SAKI发生发展中起重要作用,LXA4可能通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路减缓SAKI。

通肠清胰汤调控TLR4/NF-κB通路减轻重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肺肠损伤的实验研究

目的探讨通肠清胰汤对重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)大鼠肺、肠损伤的保护作用及其可能作用机制。方法将24只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、通肠清胰汤组、乌司他丁组,每组6只。假手术组麻醉暴露腹腔后,仅轻轻翻动十二指肠和胰腺数次后缝合腹部,其余组均经胆胰管穿刺逆行注射牛磺胆酸钠制备SAP大鼠模型,大鼠造模成功后4 h开始给药。通肠清胰汤组予通肠清胰汤煎剂灌胃,模型组和假手术组大鼠予等体积生理盐水灌胃,乌司他丁组予乌司他丁注射液尾静脉注射,均每隔8 h给药1次,共给药3次。造模后24 h将大鼠麻醉、取材,生化法检测血清淀粉酶(amylase,AMS)、脂肪酶(lipase,LPS)含量;酶联免疫吸附分析(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、白细胞介素10(interleukin 10,IL-10)水平;苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色法观察大鼠胰腺组织、结肠组织、肺组织病理变化;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot,WB)检测大鼠结肠组织咬合蛋白(Occludin)、闭合蛋白(Claudin)、闭锁小带蛋白1(zonula occludens 1,ZO-1)含量,大鼠结肠组织和肺组织Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、核转录因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)p65蛋白表达量。结果HE染色显示假手术组胰腺、结肠、肺组织无明显病理损伤变化,模型组胰腺腺泡间隙明显扩张、间质水肿、小叶间隙扩大、大量炎性细胞浸润、组织片状坏死,模型组结肠细胞肿胀、炎性细胞浸润、黏膜腺体减少、肠绒毛剥脱,模型组肺组织细胞水肿明显、炎性细胞浸润、间质出血,与模型组比较,通肠清胰汤组和乌司他丁组胰腺腺泡结构破坏、间质水肿、出血坏死均减轻,结肠炎性细胞浸润减少,肺组织细胞水肿和炎性浸润亦减轻。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清AMS、LPS、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6含量均显著升高(P均<0.01),IL-10含量显著降低(P<0.01),结肠组织Occludin、Claudin、ZO-1蛋白表达量显著降低(P均<0.01),结肠组织和肺组织TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达量显著升高(P均<0.01),与模型组比较,通肠清胰汤组、乌司他丁组大鼠血清AMS、LPS、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6含量显著降低(P均<0.01)、IL-10含量显著升高(P<0.01),结肠组织Occludin、Claudin、ZO-1蛋白表达量显著升高(P均<0.01),结肠组织和肺组织TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达量显著降低(P均<0.01)。与乌司他丁组比较,通肠清胰汤组大鼠血清AMS、LPS、CRP含量显著升高(P均<0.05)、IL-10含量显著降低(P<0.01),结肠组织Occludin、ZO-1蛋白表达量显著降低(P均<0.05),结肠组织和肺组织TLR4蛋白表达量显著升高(P均<0.05),而血清TNF-α及IL-6含量、结肠组织Claudin及NF-κB p65表达量、肺组织NF-κB p65表达量差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论通肠清胰汤可减轻SAP大鼠的肺肠损伤,可减轻炎性因子释放、保护肠黏膜屏障,其机制可能与调控TLR4/NF-κB通路相关。

优化溃结方对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠结肠Toll样受体/髓样分化因子88/核转录因子κB信号通路的影响

目的观察优化溃结方对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠结肠Toll样受体/髓样分化因子88/核转录因子κB(TLR/MyD88/NF-κB)信号通路的影响。方法将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、优化溃结方组、柳氮磺吡啶组,每组10只。除空白组外,其余3组均参考三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇二次致炎法结合束缚法建立UC气滞血瘀型大鼠模型。造模成功后优化溃结方组大鼠予优化溃结方药液1.674 g/(kg·d)灌胃,柳氮磺吡啶组大鼠予柳氮磺吡啶药液0.54 g/(kg·d)灌胃,空白组、模型组不予任何治疗。14天后检测各组大鼠血清白细胞介素17A(IL-17A)、IL-10、IL-22水平,结肠组织MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果与空白组相比,模型组血清IL-17A、IL-22水平显著升高(P<0.05),IL-10水平显著下降(P<0.05);与模型组相比,优化溃结方组、柳氮磺吡啶组IL-17A、IL-22水平显著降低(P<0.05),IL-10水平显著升高(P<0.05);优化溃结方组IL-17A、IL-22、IL-10水平与柳氮磺吡啶组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与空白组相比,模型组结肠组织MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达均显著增加(P<0.05);与模型组相比,柳氮磺吡啶组、优化溃结方组MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达均显著下降(P<0.05);优化溃结方组MyD88、TLR2、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白和mRNA表达与柳氮磺吡啶组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论优化溃结方可能通过调节TLR/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,降低炎症因子水平,减轻炎症反应,修复结肠组织的超微结构,从而修复UC大鼠结肠黏膜屏障功能。

止咳平喘方对支气管哮喘小鼠气道炎症及TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB通路的影响

目的探讨止咳平喘方减轻支气管哮喘(BA)小鼠气道炎症的作用及机制。方法84只BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、BA组、止咳平喘方低剂量组、止咳平喘方高剂量组、地塞米松组、脂多糖(LPS)组、止咳平喘方高剂量+LPS组,每组12只。除对照组外,其他组小鼠均构建BA模型,建模成功后进行给药处理,每日1次,持续3周。酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中免疫球蛋白E(IgE)浓度和肺泡灌洗液中白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;HE染色检测肺组织病理变化;PAS染色测定支气管上皮杯状细胞增生以及黏液分泌;流式细胞术检测小鼠脾脏组织中辅助性T细胞17(Th17)和调节性T(Treg)细胞水平;Western blot检测肺组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)/肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)/核因子κB(NF-κB)通路相关蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,BA组肺组织病理损伤严重,支气管上皮杯状细胞增生及黏液分泌增多,IgE含量、TNF-α水平、IL-17水平、Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值及TLR4、TRAF6、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高,Treg细胞比例降低(P<0.05)。与BA组比较,止咳平喘方低剂量组、止咳平喘方高剂量组、地塞米松组支气管上皮杯状细胞增生和黏液分泌减少,肺组织损伤改善,IgE含量、TNF-α水平、IL-17水平、Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值及TLR4、TRAF6、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达降低,Treg细胞比例升高(P<0.05);LPS组对应指标变化趋势与上述相反(P<0.05)。与止咳平喘方高剂量组比较,止咳平喘方高剂量+LPS组肺组织病理损伤加剧,支气管上皮杯状细胞增生及黏液分泌增多,IgE含量、TNF-α水平、IL-17水平、Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值及TLR4、TRAF6、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高,Treg细胞比例降低(P<0.05)。结论止咳平喘方可能通过抑制TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB通路减轻BA小鼠气道炎症反应。