The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Nuclear Factor κB p65 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Otitis Media

The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.

Atsttrin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway

Progranulin is closely related to neuronal survival in a neuroinflammatory mouse model and attenuates inflammatory reactions. Atsttrin is an engineered protein composed of three progranulin fragments and has been shown to have an effect similar to that of progranulin. Atsttrin has anti-inflammatory actions in multiple arthritis mouse models, and it protects against further arthritis development. However, whether Atsttrin has a role in neuroinflammation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we produced a neuroinflammatory mouse model by intracerebroventricular injection of 1 μL lipopolysaccharide(10 μg/μL). Atsttrin(2.5 mg/kg) was administered via intraperitoneal injection every 3 days over a period of 7 days before intracerebroventricular injection of 1 μL lipopolysaccharide(10 μg/μL). In addition, astrocyte cultures were treated with 0, 100 or 300 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide, with 200 ng/mL Atsttrin simultaneously. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine the protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators and to assess activation of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Progranulin expression in the brain of wild-type mice and in astrocyte cultures was increased after lipopolysaccharide administration. The protein and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in the brain of progranulin knockout mice after lipopolysaccharide administration. Atsttrin treatment reduced the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in the protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the brain of progranulin knockout mice. Atsttrin also reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase 3 mRNA in lipopolysaccharide-treated astrocytes in vitro, and decreased the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β in the supernatant. Furthermore, Atsttrin significantly reduced the levels of phospho-nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor α in the brain of lipopolysaccharide-treated progranulin knockout mice and astrocytes, and it decreased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B2 in astrocytes. Collectively, our findings show that the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of Atsttrin involves inhibiton of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, and they suggest that Atsttrin may have clinical potential in neuroinflammatory therapy.

Ketogenic diet alleviates cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice via the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by cognitive decline and chronic inflammation within the brain.The ketogenic diet,a widely recognized therapeutic intervention for refractory epilepsy,has recently been proposed as a potential treatment for a variety of neurological diseases,including Alzheimer's disease.However,the efficacy of ketogenic diet in treating Alzheimer's disease and the underlying mechanism remains unclear.The current investigation aimed to explore the effect of ketogenic diet on cognitive function and the underlying biological mechanisms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Male amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1(APP/PS1)mice were randomly assigned to either a ketogenic diet or control diet group,and received their respective diets for a duration of 3 months.The findings show that ketogenic diet administration enhanced cognitive function,attenuated amyloid plaque formation and proinflammatory cytokine levels in APP/PS1 mice,and augmented the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-p45 derived factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway while suppressing the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway.Collectively,these data suggest that ketogenic diet may have a therapeutic potential in treating Alzheimer's disease by ameliorating the neurotoxicity associated with Aβ-induced inflammation.This study highlights the urgent need for further research into the use of ketogenic diet as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease.

Testosterone alleviates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated tissue factor pathway inhibitor downregulation via suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B in endothelial cells

We have observed earlier that testosterone at physiological concentrations can stimulate tissue factor pathway inhibitor(TFPI)gene expression through the androgen receptor in endothelial cells.This study further investigated the impact of testosterone on TFPI levels in response to inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α).Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated in the presence or absence of testosterone or TNF-α.TFPI protein and mRNA levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.To study the cellular mechanism of testosterone’s action,nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)translocation was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays.We found that after NF-κB was activated by TNF-α,TFPI protein levels declined significantly by 37.3%compared with controls(P<0.001),and the mRNA levels of TFPI also decreased greatly(P<0.001).A concentration of 30 nmol L-1 testosterone increased the secretion of TFPI compared with the TNF-α-treated group.NF-κB DNA-binding activity was significantly suppressed by testosterone(P<0.05).This suggests that physiological testosterone concentrations may exert their antithrombotic effects on TFPI expression during inflammation by downregulating NF-κB activity.

中药单体治疗脊髓损伤后神经炎症:核转录因子κB信号通路的作用

背景:基于核转录因子κB通路探究神经炎症的靶向治疗越来越值得探究,中药靶点多、范围广、机制丰富及不良反应少等优点在治疗各类疾病时都具有十分巨大的潜力。目的:基于核转录因子κB信号通路,对近年研究中出现的山奈酚、红花黄、汉黄芩苷及雷公藤甲素等中药单体治疗脊髓损伤后神经炎症的研究进展进行系统的阐述与归纳。方法:以“脊髓损伤,炎症,抗炎,中药单体,单体化合物,NF-κB信号通路,黄酮,糖苷,酚类,酯类,生物碱”为检索词在中国知网数据库中进行检索;以“Spinal cord injury,inflammation,anti-inflammatory,traditional Chinese medicine monomer,monomeric compound,NF-κB signaling pathway,flavonoids,glycosides,phenols,esters,alkaloids”为检索词在PubMed数据库中进行检索,最终共纳入67篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①核转录因子κB信号通路在神经系统中的作用复杂多样,能够调控中性粒细胞、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和巨噬细胞等,介导损伤后炎症的发生与发展;②中药单体如汉黄芩苷对核转录因子κB抑制蛋白的降解、红花黄素对核转录因子κB信号通路磷酸化过程的抑制、山奈酚对核转录因子κB信号通路p65核易位的抑制等作用可以降低炎症反应对机体造成的影响,从而促进神经功能恢复;③核转录因子κB信号通路在损伤早期能够促进炎症反应和免疫细胞迁移活化,在损伤中后期能够促进损伤部位的修复和纤维化的发生等,适当的激活核转录因子κB信号通路具有促进炎症因子的释放、提高细胞的抗氧化能力及促进免疫细胞的活化等能力,但过度激活的核转录因子κB信号通路则容易导致慢性炎症的发生和持续、细胞凋亡受到抑制等;④未来的研究可以进一步探索如何准确调控核转录因子κB信号通路的活化水平、如何实现对神经系统炎症和损伤的精准干预展开,也可围绕中药单体的制备及中药单体对信号通路的作用机制展开,以期为神经系统疾病的康复和功能恢复提供更有效的治疗策略。

Acacetin protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the NLRP3 signaling pathway

Acacetin(5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone), a potential neuroprotective agent, has an inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory reactions. However, whether acacetin has an effect on inflammatory corpuscle 3(NLRP3) after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been fully determined. This study used an improved suture method to establish a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model in C57BL/6 mice. After ischemia with middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 hour, reperfusion with intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg of acacetin(acacetin group) or an equal volume of saline(0.1 mL/10 g, middle cerebral artery occlusion group) was used to investigate the effect of acacetin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Infarct volume and neurological function scores were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and the Zea-Longa scoring method. Compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion group, neurological function scores and cerebral infarction volumes were significantly reduced in the acacetin group. To understand the effect of acacetin on microglia-mediated inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, immunohistochemistry for the microglia marker calcium adapter protein ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba1) was examined in the hippocampus of ischemic brain tissue. In addition, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 expression in ischemic brain tissue of mice was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of Iba1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 was significantly lower in the acacetin group compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion group. Western blot assay results showed that expression of Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor kappa B, NLRP3, procaspase-1, caspase-1, pro-interleukin-1β, and interleukin-1β were significantly lower in the acacetin group compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion group. Our findings indicate that acacetin has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its mechanism of action is associated with inhibition of microglia-mediated inflammation and the NLRP3 signaling pathway.

基于NF-κB通路探讨痛风汤对急性痛风性关节炎模型大鼠炎症的影响机制

目的:研究痛风汤通过调控核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对急性痛风性关节炎(AGA)大鼠炎症的影响。方法:将60只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、秋水仙碱组、痛风汤H组、痛风汤M组、痛风汤L组,每组各10只。正常组和模型组每天灌胃蒸馏水,秋水仙碱组、痛风汤H组、痛风汤M组、痛风汤L组每天灌胃相应药物,共7 d,除正常组外均于灌胃第4天通过右踝关节注射尿酸钠(MSU)溶液诱导造模;检测大鼠关节肿胀体积、步态及关节炎症指数;ELISA法检测大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、IL-1β炎症因子水平;HE染色观察大鼠踝关节滑膜组织病理学变化;Western blot检测大鼠踝关节滑膜组织NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达情况。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠关节肿胀体积、步态级别、关节炎症指数、血清炎症因子水平、组织病理学程度、NF-κB通路相关蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,痛风汤各组大鼠关节肿胀体积、步态级别、关节炎症指数显著降低(P<0.05),且痛风汤各组剂量依赖性地降低大鼠血清炎症因子水平和踝关节炎性细胞浸润程度,下调NF-κB通路蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论:痛风汤可能通过介导NF-κB通路来改善AGA大鼠炎症状态。

Oxymatrine reduces neuroinflammation in rat brain A signaling pathway

Cerebral neuroinflammation models were established by injecting 10μg lipopolysaccharide into the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 120, 90, or 60 mg/kg oxymatrine daily for three days prior to the lipopolysaccharide injection. Twenty-four hours after model induction, the hippocampus was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, and the cerebral cortex was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot assay. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the real-time quantitative PCR showed that the secretion and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-113 and tumor necrosis factor-a were significantly decreased in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of model rats treated with oxymatrine. Western blot assay and real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that toll-like receptor 4 mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased in the groups receiving different doses of oxymatrine. Additionally, 120 and 90 mg/kg oxymatrine were shown to reduce protein levels of nuclear factor-KB p65 in the nucleus and of phosphorylated IKBa in the cytoplasm of brain cells, as detected by western blot assay. Experimental findings indicate that oxymatrine may inhibit neuroinflammation in rat brain via downregulating the expression of molecules in the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-KB signaling Dathwav.

茯苓甘草合剂辅助西药对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肌肉衰减患者NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的探讨茯苓甘草合剂辅助西药对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肌肉衰减NF-κB信号通路的影响及分子机制。方法选取2020年8月至2022年8月COPD合并肌肉衰减患者104例,作为研究对象随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组52例。对照组给予西药治疗,观察组给予西药+茯苓甘草合剂治疗。统计2组中医疗效、不良反应及治疗前后中医证候积分、NF-κB mRNA、蛋白及因子[白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]、营养状况指标[转铁蛋白(Tf)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)]、肌肉衰减相关指标[握力试验、起立-行走计时测试(TUGT)、5次坐立试验(FTSST)、肌少症筛查问卷(SARC-F)]。结果观察组中医治疗总有效率[86.54%(45/52)]高于对照组[67.31%(35/52)](P<0.05);治疗1个月、3个月后观察组中医证候积分低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗1个月、3个月后观察组NF-κB mRNA、NF-κB蛋白、IL-8、IL-1、TNF-α低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗3个月后观察组握力高于对照组,FTSST、TUGT、SARC-F评分低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗期间,2组均未出现明显不良反应。结论茯苓甘草合剂辅助西药治疗COPD合并肌肉衰减效果确切,可通过抑制NF-κB信号通路,减轻炎性反应,改善患者营养状态,有效改善临床症状,且安全性高。

Neuroprotection mediated by the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage

The Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway participates in many inflammation-linked diseases. However, the inflammatory response mediated by the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage has not been thoroughly investigated. Consequently, in this study, we examined the potential role of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury in rat models of subarachnoid hemorrhage.Simultaneously, possible neuroprotective mechanisms were also investigated. Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage rat models were induced by injecting autologous blood into the prechiasmatic cistern. Experiment 1 was designed to examine expression of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. In total, 42 adult rats were divided into sham(injection of equivalent volume of saline), 6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, 72-hour, and 1-week subarachnoid hemorrhage groups. Experiment 2 was designed to examine neuroprotective mechanisms of the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway in early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rats were treated with recombinant human Wnt1(rhwnt1), small interfering Wnt1(siwnt1) RNA, and monoclonal antibody of Frizzled1(anti-Frizzled1) at 48 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Expression levels of Wnt1, Frizzled1, β-catenin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CD36, and active nuclear factor-κB were examined by western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining. Microglia type conversion and inflammatory cytokine levels in brain tissue were examined by immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results show that compared with the sham group, expression levels of Wnt1, Frizzled1, and β-catenin were low and reduced to a minimum at 48 hours, gradually returning to baseline at 1 week after subarachnoid hemorrhage. rhwnt1 treatment markedly increased Wnt1 expression and alleviated subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury(within 72 hours), including cortical cell apoptosis, brain edema, and neurobehavioral deficits, accompanied by increasing protein levels of β-catenin, CD36, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and decreasing protein levels of nuclear factor-κB. Of note, rhwnt1 promoted M2-type microglia conversion and inhibited release of inflammatory cytokines(interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α). In contrast, siwnt1 RNA and anti-Frizzled1 treatment both resulted in an opposite effect. In conclusion, the Wnt/Frizzled1 signaling pathway may participate in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury via inhibiting the inflammatory response, including regulating microglia type conversion and decreasing inflammatory cytokine release. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC,Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China(approval No. LLSC-20180202) in May 2017.

Eukaryotic elongation factor-1α 2 knockdown inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis by suppressing PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling

AIM: To assess the impact of eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (eEF1A2) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, and determine the underlying mechanisms.METHODS: eEF1A2 levels were detected in 62 HCC tissue samples and paired pericarcinomatous specimens, and the human HCC cell lines SK-HEP-1, HepG2 and BEF-7402, by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Experimental groups included eEF1A2 silencing in BEL-7402 cells with lentivirus eEF1A2-shRNA (KD group) and eEF1A2 overexpression in SK-HEP-1 cells with eEF1A2 plasmid (OE group). Non-transfected cells (control group) and lentivirus-based empty vector transfected cells (NC group) were considered control groups. Cell proliferation (MTT and colony formation assays), apoptosis (Annexin V-APC assay), cell cycle (DNA ploidy assay), and migration and invasion (Transwell assays) were assessed. Protein levels of PI3K/Akt/NF-&#x003ba;B signaling effectors were evaluated by Western blot.RESULTS: eEF1A2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in HCC cancer tissue samples than in paired pericarcinomatous and normal specimens. SK-HEP-1 cells showed lower eEF1A2 mRNA levels; HepG2 and BEL-7402 cells showed higher eEF1A2 mRNA levels, with BEL-7402 cells displaying the highest amount. Efficient eEF1A2 silencing resulted in reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion, increased apoptosis, and induced cell cycle arrest. The PI3K/Akt/NF-&#x003ba;B signaling pathway was notably inhibited. Inversely, eEF1A2 overexpression resulted in promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion.CONCLUSION: eEF1A2, highly expressed in HCC, is a potential oncogene. Its silencing significantly decreases HCC tumorigenesis, likely by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-&#x003ba;B signaling.

基于核因子κB受体活化因子配体信号通路激活破骨细胞治疗骨结核的研究进展

骨结核是一种严重危害人体健康的骨科感染性疾病,其病灶组织破坏的最大特点是骨质的吸收及破坏,其中破骨细胞是骨吸收的主要细胞。破骨细胞是由造血干细胞分化而来的多核细胞,通常是由核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)与核因子κB受体活化因子(receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB,RANK)调控产生。结核分枝杆菌可以通过RANKL信号通路激活破骨细胞生成转录因子,以增强破骨细胞对骨质的吸收。笔者通过综述RANKL信号通路的结构及破骨细胞的研究进展,以及它们在骨结核临床治疗中可能发挥的潜在作用,为该领域的研究提供新的思路。

Hepatitis B virus X protein up-regulates tumor necrosis factor-α expression in cultured mesangial cells via ERKs and NF-κB pathways

Objective:To investigate the effects of hepatitis B virus(HBV)X protein(HBx)on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in glomerular mesangial cells(GMCs)and the underlying intracellular signal pathways.Methods:The plasmid pCI-neo-X that carries the X gene of hepatitis B virus was transfected into cultured GMCs.HBx expression in the transfected GMCs was assessed by Western-blot.TNF-αprotein and mRNA were assessed by ELISA and semi-quantitative RT-PCR,respectively.Three kinase inhibitors-U0126,an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERKs);lactacvstin,an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB);and SB203580,a selective inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase(p38 MAPK)were used to determine which intracellular signal pathways may underlie the action of HBx on TNF-αexpression in transfected GMCs.Results:A significant increase in HBx expression in pCI-neo-X transfected GMCs was detected at 36 h and 48 h,which was not affected by any of those kinase inhibitors mentioned above.A similar increase in the expression of both TNF-αprotein and mRNA was also observed at 36 h and 48 h,which was significantly decreased in the presence of U0126 or lactacytin,but not SB203580.Conclusions:HBx upregulates TNF-αexpression in cultured GMCs,possibly through ERKs and NF-κB pathway,but not p38 MAPK pathway.

银杏内酯B对膀胱癌J82细胞增殖、凋亡的机制研究

目的探究银杏内酯B对人膀胱癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路的调控机制。方法体外培养人膀胱癌J82细胞系,分为对照组、低/中/高浓度实验组和阳性药物组;对照组、银杏内酯B组、激活剂组和抑制剂组,干预24 h。活细胞计数法测定细胞活力;5-乙炔基-2'脱氧尿嘧啶核苷法测定细胞增殖情况;Hoechst 33258染色法测定细胞凋亡情况;RT-qPCR法测定半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)和细胞周期素D1(Cyclin D1)的mRNA表达水平;蛋白免疫印迹法测定Caspase-3、Cyclin D1及NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,中/高浓度实验组和阳性药物组细胞活力、增殖率显著降低,细胞凋亡率显著升高(P<0.05);与阳性药物组相比,低/中浓度实验组细胞活力和增殖率显著升高,细胞凋亡率显著降低(P<0.05);实验选择高浓度实验组分别加入激活剂和抑制剂作为激活剂组和抑制剂组进行后续NF-κB通路验证实验,发现与对照组相比,银杏内酯B组Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著升高,而Cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白以及p-IκBα和p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);与银杏内酯B组相比,激活剂组细胞凋亡率及Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低,细胞活力、增殖率、Cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白以及p-IκBα和p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),抑制剂组的这些指标变化趋势与激活剂组相反(P<0.05)。结论银杏内酯B可显著抑制人膀胱癌J82细胞的增殖,诱导其凋亡,其作用机制与抑制NF-κB通路的信号转导相关。

黄芩素调节PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路及对细菌性脑膜炎大鼠血脑屏障的影响

目的:探讨黄芩素调控磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路对细菌性脑膜炎(BM)大鼠血脑屏障的影响。方法:制备大鼠BM模型,将大鼠分为对照组、模型组、黄芩素组(腹腔注射30 mg/kg黄芩素)、黄芩素+抑制剂组(腹腔注射30 mg/kg黄芩素+7.5 mg/kg LY294002),对大鼠进行Loeffler神经行为评分,H-E染色观察大鼠脑组织病理学变化,伊文思蓝染色检测血脑屏障通透性,分别检测脑脊液IL-1β、IL-6水平及白细胞计数(WBC)、脑组织含水量,水通道蛋白4(AQP4)、闭锁蛋白-5(claudin-5)、PI3K/Akt/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达。结果:对照组大鼠脑组织结构正常,细胞排列整齐,模型组大鼠脑组织细胞排列紊乱,大量炎症细胞浸润。与对照组比较,模型组Loeffler评分及脑组织AQP4、claudin-5、p-PI3K、p-Akt表达水平显著降低,脑脊液IL-1β、IL-6水平及WBC、脑组织EB含量及含水量、p-NF-κB p65表达水平显著升高;黄芩素组较模型组病理损伤减轻,炎症细胞减少。与模型组比较,黄芩素组Loeffler评分及脑组织AQP4、claudin-5、p-PI3K、p-Akt表达水平显著升高,脑脊液IL-1β、IL-6水平及WBC、脑组织EB含量及含水量、p-NF-κB p65表达水平显著降低;LY294002可部分逆转黄芩素对BM大鼠血脑屏障通透性的改善作用。结论:黄芩素可改善BM大鼠脑水肿及血脑屏障通透性,可能与调控PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路有关。

NF-κB信号通路在儿童支气管哮喘中的研究进展

儿童支气管哮喘是一种以广泛气流受限为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,目前,其发病机制尚未清楚,可能涉及核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路参与的炎症、免疫及气道重塑等因素。目前治疗主要以控制哮喘发作,延缓病情进一步发展为主,主要药物以激素等对症治疗为主,无法根治,对患儿产生严重影响,研究人员希望通过探讨NF-κB在儿童支气管哮喘具体发病机制,为临床诊断和治疗该病提供新的靶点,本文就NF-κB信号通路在儿童支气管哮喘发病中的机制进展做一综述,为后续研究提供理论指导。

中医药调控NF-κB信号通路治疗特应性皮炎的研究进展

目的:特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis,AD)是一种常见的炎症性皮肤疾病,其特征是反复湿疹和强烈的瘙痒,可能给患者的身心健康造成巨大的影响,是危害健康的最主要的皮肤疾患之一。核转录因子-κB(nuclear factorkappa B,NF-κB)是一类重要的转录因子,在先天免疫、适应性免疫及炎症反应中起关键作用。NF-κB被激活后可介导炎症因子的转录,并作为炎症反应的关键介质,控制各种促炎基因的表达,干预趋化因子和粘附分子等,能诱发AD发病或是加重病情。近年来,中医药在防治AD上取得了一定成果,具有明显的临床疗效。除了毒性较低外,中医药通常还含有多个活性成分,可以同时作用于多个靶点,产生叠加或协同作用,在不同环节上影响AD的发生和发展。基于中医药研究背景,该文查阅国内外相关文献,综述NF-κB信号通路的基本结构及其与AD的关系,中药提取物、中药单体及中药复方基于NF-κB信号通路预防和改善AD的研究现状,发现中医药通过调节NF-κB信号通路起到抑制炎症反应、调节免疫失衡、改善表皮屏障功能、减少氧化应激反应等作用,以期为防治AD的研究提供参考。

茯苓酸调节PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路对大鼠幽门螺旋杆菌相关性胃炎的治疗作用

目的 探讨茯苓酸(PA)对大鼠幽门螺旋杆菌(Hp)相关性胃炎的治疗效果及作用机制。方法 建立Hp相关性胃炎大鼠模型;所有大鼠分为对照组(CT组)、模型组(M组)、PA低剂量组(PA L组)和PA高剂量组(PA H组)、PA H+磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)激活剂(740 Y-P)组;评估各组大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数(UI),透射电子显微镜观察胃黏膜细胞形态学,HE染色评价胃黏膜病理学特征,ELISA检测胃组织白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-10、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平,Western blot法检测PI3K、磷酸化-PI3K(p-PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、p-AKT、核因子(NF)-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果 与CT组比较,M组大鼠胃黏膜糜烂,上皮水肿、充血、溃疡严重,上皮细胞固缩,炎性细胞浸润,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平升高,IL-10和SOD水平降低(P<0.05);与M组比较,PA L组、PA H组大鼠胃黏膜损伤改善,炎性细胞浸润减少,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平降低,IL-10和SOD水平升高(P<0.05);与PA H组比较,PA H+740 Y-P组大鼠胃黏膜病理损伤加重,上皮细胞固缩,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平升高,IL-10和SOD水平降低(P<0.05)。结论 PA可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路发挥对大鼠Hp相关性胃炎的治疗作用。

TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3通路抑制炎症反应作用的研究

Toll样受体(TLRs)是参与非特异性免疫的一类重要的蛋白质,是表达与固有免疫细胞最重要的模式识别受体之一,可识别来源于微生物的具有保守结构的分子,即病原体相关分子模式(PAMAs),从而激活机体产生免疫应答。核因子κB(NF-κB)在几乎所有类型的细胞和组织中都有表达,在调节对外部刺激的显著多样性的反应中起着关键作用,因此是多个生理和病理过程中的关键因素。而核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3),即NLRP3炎性小体通路在脑缺血再灌注和焦亡中具有重要意义,如NLRP3在脑缺血再灌注损伤时在小胶质细胞中被激活,随后在神经元和微血管内皮细胞中表达。由TLRs激活、NF-κB传递、NLRP3启动形成的TLR/NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在机体各器官炎症反应中起到关键性作用,本文探讨了各类药物通过抑制该通路炎症反应,起到保护身体各大重要器官的作用。

TRAF5通过调控IL-17A/NF-κB信号通路减轻氧-糖剥夺/再灌注引起的心肌细胞炎症和细胞凋亡

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子5(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5,TRAF5)对氧-葡萄糖剥夺/再灌注(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion,OGD/R)引起的心肌细胞炎症和细胞凋亡的影响及相关分子机制。方法 体外培养大鼠心肌细胞系H9c2细胞,构建OGD/R诱导的H9c2细胞模型,以脂质体转染法将TRAF5过表达质粒(pcDNA-TRAF5)和空载质粒(pcDNA-NC)转染至OGD/R诱导的H9c2细胞。采用实时定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)法检测细胞中TRAF5基因表达,CCK-8法测定细胞活力,试剂盒法检测细胞中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、心肌肌钙蛋白T(cardiac troponin T,cTnT)和炎性因子水平,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测细胞中相关蛋白表达。结果 与对照组比较,OGD/R组H9c2细胞中TRAF5 mRNA和蛋白表达量降低,细胞活力降低,细胞中LDH、cTnT、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)浓度升高,细胞凋亡率升高,细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白表达量降低,Bcl-2相关蛋白(B-cell-lymphoma-2 related protein,Bax)、切割型半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-3(cleaved cysteine aspartate proteolytic enzyme-3,cleaved caspase-3)、白细胞介素-17A(interleukin-17A,IL-17A)蛋白表达量及磷酸化核转录因子-κB(phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB,p-NF-κB)/NF-κB比值升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与OGD/R组比较,OGD/R+pcDNA-TRAF5组H9c2细胞中TRAF5 mRNA和蛋白表达量升高,细胞活力升高,细胞中LDH、c TnT、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、MCP-1浓度降低,细胞凋亡率降低,细胞中Bcl-2蛋白表达量升高,Bax、cleaved caspase-3、IL-17A蛋白表达量及p-NF-κB/NF-κB比值降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TRAF5可减轻OGD/R引起的心肌细胞炎症和细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调控IL-17A/NF-κB信号通路有关。