Charge Dependency of Strong Nuclear Force via Phase Shift Analysis of Nucleon-Nucleon Potential

Using the most recent phase shift data for pp,nn,and np elastic scattering for different states (l=0,1,...) in the energy range of i MeV to 350 MeV,the charge dependency of the strong nuclear force is investigated.Our results indicate that although the charge independency holds in most of the energy range,such charge independency is broken in the particular energy range of 120 MeV to 200 MeV for all partial wave states considered here.

Enhancement of deltaful two-pion exchange nuclear forces

The role of the delta isobar degrees of freedom in nucleon–nucleon scattering is revisited.We attempt to understand why the dimensionally regularized two-pion exchanges with the explicit delta isobar is much stronger than the ones with spectral function regularization.When the cutoff value of spectral function regularization is varied,the isoscalar central component exhibits a rather large cut-off variation.This reveals a surprisingly large numerical factor of the deltaful two-pion exchange potentials.The power counting is adjusted accordingly and we discuss the results and how to improve upon this finding.

The Circular Current Loop as a Model of Fundamental Particles

The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to “explain” particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The “anomaly” indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be ħ/2. Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the “anomaly” factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.

Electromagnetic Theory of the Nuclear Interaction

After one century of nuclear physics, its underlying fundamental laws remain a puzzle. Rutherford scattering is well known to be electric at low kinetic energy. Nobody noticed that the Rutherford scattering formula works also at high kinetic energy, needing only to replace the repulsive electric -2 exponent by the also repulsive magnetic -6 exponent. A proton attracts a not so neutral neutron as amber attracts dust. The nucleons have magnetic moments that interact as magnets, equilibrating statically the electric attraction between a proton and a not so neutral neutron. In this paper, the electromagnetic potential energies of the deuteron 2H and the α particle 4He have been calculated statically, using only electromagnetic fundamental laws and constants. Nuclear scattering and binding energy are both electromagnetic.

The Potential Energy of Nucleon and Nuclear Structure

This article proposes the potential energy function of nucleon in nucleus, derives the expression equation of nuclear force, shows that nucleus has the shell structure by the solving the Schr?dinger equation of nucleon, obtains the magic numbers, and interprets the past experimental results in theory;for example the radius of nucleus is proportional to the cubic root of nucleon number, the nuclear force is repulsive in the depths of nucleus and attractive in the surface layer, and the variation of average binding energy of nucleons with the nucleon number.

Adapted Metrics for a Modified Coulomb/Newton’s Potential

Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach. The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions. This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these “toy Universes” are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.

On the Origin of Gravity and the Emergence of a Black Hole

We show the theoretical origin of gravitational force and explain why it is the weakest force of nature. Further, we report that if the gravity of any object at any point is larger than a certain value, from that point on it will be a black hole-like object;this might be a new criterion to define a black hole. It might offer fresh insight into the origin of gravity and black hole.

On the Relationship between Quarks and Electrons

In this study, the relationship between the elementary masses and elementary charges of quarks and electrons is considered in connection to the strong nuclear force and the color charge. The relationship is further considered in connection with the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, and the decay times for different particles. The results strongly suggest that the quarks can be expressed as charge equalization of the electron, and that the coincidence of the charges has no alternative way to be unified with the elementary masses. To solve these problems, a new standard model with a second group of antiparticles is proposed, and the strong nuclear force is considered as an interaction between equalized electric charges instead of being a fundamental force, which also explains its short-ranged high strength. A new periodic table of elements is proposed to unfold the overall number of elementary charges that make up the atomic nucleus of different elements.

Relativistic interpretation of the nature of the nuclear tensor force

The spin-dependent nature of the nuclear tensor force is studied in detail within the relativistic HartreeFock approach. The relativistic formalism for the tensor force is supplemented with an additional Lorentz-invariant tensor formalism in the a-scalar channel, so as to take into account almost fully the nature of the tensor force brought about by the Fock diagrams in realistic nuclei. Specifically, the tensor sum rules are tested for the spin and pseudospin partners with and without nodes, to further understand the nature of the tensor force within the relativistic model. It is shown that the interference between the two components of nucleon spinors causes distinct violations of the tensor sum rules in realistic nuclei, mainly due to the opposite signs on the κ quantities of the upper and lower components, as well as the nodal difference. However, the sum rules can be precisely reproduced if the same radial wave functions are taken for the spin/pseudo-spin partners in addition to neglecting the lower/upper components,revealing clearly the nature of the tensor force.

Ab initio many-body perturbation theory and no-core shell model

In many-body perturbation theory（MBPT） we always introduce a parameter Nshellto measure the maximal allowed major harmonic-oscillator（HO） shells for the single-particle basis, while the no-core shell model（NCSM） uses N_（max）h？ HO excitation truncation above the lowest HO configuration for the many-body basis. It is worth comparing the two different methods. Starting from “bare” and Okubo-Lee-Suzuki renormalized modern nucleon-nucleon interactions, NNLO_（opt） and JISP16, we show that MBPT within Hartree-Fock bases is in reasonable agreement with NCSM within harmonic oscillator bases for ~4He and ^（16）O in “close” model space. In addition, we compare the results using “bare” force with the Okubo-Lee-Suzuki renormalized force.

Short range correlations between nucleons in finite nuclei

The short-range correlation between nucleons in finite nuclei is investigated in high energy protonnucleus and α-nucleus elastic scattering in the framework of Glauber multiple scattering theory without any free parameters. The effects on the p-^4He and ^4He-^12C elastic scattering, and in particular on the proton elastic scattering off hallo-like nuclei, ^6,8He, are estimated. Our calculations show that the short-range correlations play an important role in reproducing experimental data and could be also thought of as being possible origin and nature of halo-like phenomena in the nuclear structure. More accurate calculations along this line are needed.

EOS of neutron-rich matter and pure neutron matter

We report the equation of state(EOS) of pure neutron matter(PNM) and neutron-rich matter(NRM) for the realistic Urbana V 14 two nucleon interaction,obtained by using a Variational Monte Carlo(VMC) method.Also,many body interactions are included as a phenomenological density dependent term in the potential.The binding energy per nucleon is calculated for different densities and various isospin asymmetry parameters.Our results on NRM and PNM are compared with relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory and relativistic Hartree-Fock model with the unitary correlation operator method.The results obtained in this study show reasonable agreement with both of these relativistic Hartree-Fock approaches.We also compare the binding energies obtained in this study with those obtained by various authors employing different methods and techniques.

Green's function calculations of light nuclei

The influence of short-range correlations in nuclei was investigated with realistic nuclear force. The nucleon-nucleon interaction was renormalized with Vlowk technique and applied to the Green's function calculations. The Dyson equation was reformulated with algebraic diagrammatic constructions. We also analyzed the binding energy of 4He, calculated with chiral potential and CD-Bonn potential. The properties of Green's function with realistic nuclear forces are also discussed.

Lattice quantum chromodynamics and baryon-baryon interactions

After briefly reviewing the theoretical concepts and numerical methods in lattice QCD, recent sireulation results of the hadron masses and hadron interactions with nearly physical quark masses are presented. Special emphasis is placed on the baryon-baryon interactions on the basis of the HAL QCD method where the integro-differential equation for the equal-time Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter amplitude plays a key role to bridge a gap between the multi-baryon correlation and the scattering observable such as the phase shift.

Perturbative chiral nucleon–nucleon potential for the 3P0 partial wave

We study perturbativeness of chiral nuclear forces in the 3P0 channel. In previous works, the focus has been on the one-pion exchange, and the applicable window of perturbative pion exchanges has been shown to span from the threshold to center-of-mass momentum k■180 MeV. We will examine,instead, whether the cancellation of short-and long-range parts can sufficiently soften the 3P0 chiral force to make it more amenable to perturbation theory. The result is encouraging, as the combined 3P0 force is shown to be perturbative up to k■280 MeV, covering many nuclear-structure calculations.

Dibaryon resonances and short-range NN interaction

The dibaryon concept for nuclear force is presented,assuming that the attraction between nucleons at medium distances is mainly due to the s-channel exchange of an intermediate six-quark(dibaryon)state.To construct the respective NN interaction model,a microscopic six-quark description of the NN system is used,in which symmetry aspects play a special role.It is shown that the NN interaction in all important partial waves can be described by the superposition of long-range t-channel one-pion exchange and s-channel exchange by an intermediate dibaryon.The model developed in this study provides a good description of both elastic phase shifts and inelasticities of NN scattering in all S,P,D,and F partial waves at energies from zero to 600-800 MeV and even higher.The parameters of the intermediate six-quark states,corresponding to the best fit of NN scattering data,are found to be consistent with the parameters of the known dibaryon resonances in those NN partial configurations,where their existence has been experimentally confirmed.Predictions for new dibaryon states are given as well.