Isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass and isospin effect in heavy-ion collisions

Two different isospin splittings of nucleon effective mass in nuclear medium as the form of mn*>mp* and mn*<mp* have been implemented in an isospin and momentum dependent transport model.Their impacts on the isospin emission in heavy-ion collisions is investigated thoroughly.It is found that the yield ratios of energetic neutrons to protons squeezed out during the compression stage of two colliding nuclides are sensitive to the isospin splitting.The elliptic flows of free nucleons are also to be promising observables for extracting the nucleon effective mass splitting.Further experimental measurements are being expected,in particular at the CSR-CEE platform in Lanzhou.Several observables are proposed for constraining the density dependence of symmetry energy,such as the transverse flow difference of neutrons and protons,double ratios of n/p and π-/π+,excitation functions of π-/π+ and K0/K+.

Quark Mass Dependence of Nucleon Magnetic Moment and Charge Radii

Understanding hadron structure within the framework of QCD is an extremely challenging problem. Our purpose here is to explain the model-independent consequences of the approximated chiral symmetry of QCD for two famous results concerning the quark structure of the nucleon. We show that both the apparent success of the constituent quark model in reproducing the ratio of proton to neutron magnetic moments and the apparent success of the Foldy term in reproducing the observed charge radius of the neutron are coincidental. That is, a relatively small change of the current quark mass would spoil both results.

A Universal Binding Mechanism in Molecular Covalent Bonding and Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction

In the hydrogen molecular ion, the kinetic energy lowering of the electron is associated with its delocalization due to electron exchange between the two protons of the molecule. This decrease in the kinetic energy of the exchanged electron in the hydrogen molecular ion and the decrease in the dynamical mass of the two exchanged pions in the nucleon-nucleon interaction are at the origin of the attraction mechanism in the molecular covalent bonding and in the nuclear interaction. Based on this unitary approach of the attraction mechanism, the formulas of molecular potential and central nucleon-nucleon potential were derived. The decrease in the mass of the exchanged pions in the nucleon-nucleon bound state, actually means the decrease in the mass of the nucleons. This nucleon mass decrease could be a manifestation of the partial chiral symmetry restoration in nuclear matter.

Constraints on symmetry energy and n/p effective mass splitting with improved quantum molecular dynamics model

A new version of improved quantum molecular dynamics model that includes standard Skyrme interactions has been developed.Based on the new code,four commonly used parameter sets,SLy4,SkI2,SkM*and Gs are adopted in the improved quantum molecular dynamics model and the isospin sensitive observables,namely isospin transport ratios,single and double ratios of the yields of neutrons and protons are investigated.The isospin transport ratios are strongly sensitive to the slope of symmetry energy,and are not very sensitive to the nucleon effective mass splitting.On the other hand,the high energy neutrons and protons yields ratios from reactions at different incident energies provide a good observable to the momentum dependence of nucleon effective mass splitting.By comparing our calculations with the data,we find that the constrained L value(the slope of density dependence of symmetry energy) is about ~46 MeV when the Skyrme type interaction is considered in transport models,and the isospin diffusion data prefer to mn*>mp*,but it is not a strong constraint with deep χ2minimum.

On the Mechanism of Nucleon-Nucleon Attraction by Pion Exchange

A formula is derived for the central nucleon-nucleon potential, based on an analysis of the physical origin of the nucleon-nucleon attraction by pion exchange. The decrease of the dynamical mass of the interaction field, exchanged pion in this case, is the principal mechanism responsible for the nuclear attraction in a similar way that the decrease of the kinetic energy of the exchange electron in the diatomic molecule is directly responsible for the covalent molecular attraction. The minimum value of this central nucleon-nucleon potential and the position of the minimum are similar with the values reported in literature for a potential calculated by lattice QCD, which shares the features of the phenomenological nucleon-nucleon potentials. The Schrodinger equation with this central nucleon-nucleon potential was solved numerically for different values of the pion mass. The binding energy increases with the decrease of the pion mass. For masses higher than the real pion mass the nucleon-nucleon system is unbound. We discuss on the two pion exchange and hard core repulsion. The minimum value of the potential for two pion exchange is comparable with the minimum value of the CD Bonn potential. For a hard core radius of 0.5 fm the binding energy is equal to the deuteron binding energy.

核子质量、半径及夸克凝聚的核物质密度依赖性

简要介绍核物质中核子的质量、半径及夸克凝聚的密度依赖关系基于QCD模型和QCD有效场论研究的现状 ,并具体介绍整体色对称模型 (GCM )的研究结果 .GCM研究表明 ,在小于临界密度的情况下 ,核物质中核子的质量随核物质密度的增大而减小 ,核子的半径和夸克凝聚随核物质密度的增大而增大 .当达到临界密度时 ,核子质量减小为零 ,核子半径变为无限大 ,夸克凝聚突变为零 ,进而提出一个核物质中手征对称性恢复的新机制 .

核子自能中的蝌蚪图对高密核物质性质的影响

基于非线性平均场模型,在核子自能中引入蝌蚪图的修正,从而在平均场模型中引入费米子海的贡献,得到核子在介质中的有效质量以及核物质在高密度区域的状态方程.核子自能中的蝌蚪图的贡献,使得核子在介质中的有效质量下降变缓,并最终使得高密核物质的状态方程变硬.

Mass of a short-range correlated nucleon

Nucleon properties and structure should be modified by short-range correlations(SRC)among nucleons.By analyzing SRC ratio data,we extract the mass of a nucleon in an SRC pair and the expected number of pn-SRC pairs in deuterium,under the assumption that the SRC nucleon mass is universal for different nuclei.The nucleon mass of a two-nucleon SRC pair is m_(SRC)=852±18 MeV,and the number of pn-SRC pairs in deuterium is n^(d)_(SRC)=0.021±0.005.The mass deficit of the strongly overlapping nucleon can be explained by the trace anomaly contribution to the mass in QCD or alternatively by the vacuum energy in the MIT bag model.

Bayesian inference on isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass from giant resonances in^(208)Pb

From a Bayesian analysis of the electric dipole polarizability,the constrained energy of isovector giant dipole resonance,the peak energy of isocalar giant quadrupole resonance,and the constrained energy of isocalar gi-ant monopole resonance in 208Pb,we extract the isoscalar and isovector effective masses in nuclear matter at satura-tion density ρ0 as m^(*)_(s.0)/m=0.87^(+)_(-004) and m^(*)_(v.0)/m=0.78^(+006)_(-006),respectively,at 90%confdence level.The con-straints obtained on m^(*)_(d.0) and m^(*)_(v.0) lead to a positive isospin splitting of nucleon effective mass in asymmetric nuclear matter of isospin asymmetry σ at ρ0 as m^(*)_(n-p)/m=(0.20^(0.15)_(0.14)σ.In addition,the symmetry energy at the subsatura-tion density ρ^(*)=0.05 fm^(-3) is determined to be E_(sym)(ρ^(*))=16.7±1.3 MeV at 90%confidence level.

质量数为什么会大于原子质量

质量数和原子质量是中学化学中常见的两个基本概念,前者表示某核素原子核中质子数与中子数之和,后者表示某核素一个原子的质量;搞清两者的相对大小,对学习化学知识有很大的意义。

Nucleon effective mass in symmetric nuclear matter from the extended Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach

We have calculated the nucleon effective mass in symmetric nuclear matter within the framework of the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone （BBG） theory, which has been extended to include both the contributions from the ground-state correlation effect and the three-body force （TBF） rearrangement effect. The effective mass is predicted by including the ground-state correlation effect and the TBF rearrangement effect, and we discuss the momentum dependence and the density dependence of the effective mass. It is shown that the effect of ground state correlations plays an important role at low densities, while the TBF-induced rearrangement effect becomes predominant at high densities.

核子磁矩和质量的半经典讨论

对质子和中子提出了一个半经典模型，并对其电磁质量和磁矩进行了计算，从而解释了质子和中子质量和磁矩的“反常”，并设计了质子和中子电磁质量的实验测量方法。

Vacuum Corrections for Nuclear Matter in Weak Momentum Dependence of Self-Energy

-The contributions of vacuum fluctuations to energy density in a weak momen-tum dependence of self-energy are calculated in Walecka model.After adjusting modelparameters and introducing momentum dependent form factors at meson-nucleonvertices to reproduce the empirical nuclear matter saturation properties,Hartree-Fockresults including vacuum effects at low to moderate densities are similar to those in therelativistic Hartree approximation.

在修改的Skyrme模型中核子和△－重子的电磁质量差

本文在修改的Ｓｋｙｒｍｅ模型中计算了核子与△－重子的电磁质量差，其结果表明，比其他模型有较明显的改善．

A higher-dimensional model of the nucleon-nucleon central potential

Based on a theory of extra dimensional confinement of quantum particles [E. R. Hedin, Physics Essays, 2012, 25（2）： 177], a simple model of a nucleon nucleon （NN） central potential is derived which quantitatively reproduces tile radial profile of other models, without adjusting any free pa- rameters. It is postulated that a higher-dimensional simple harmonic oscillator confining potential localizes particles into three-dimensional （3D） space, but allows for an ewmescent penetration of the particles into two higtmr spatial dimensions. Producing an effect identical with the relativistic quan- tum phenolnenon of zitterbewegung, the higher-dimensional oscillations of amplitude h（mc） call be alternatively viewed as a localized curvature of 3D space back and forth into the higher dimensions. The overall spatial curvature is proportional to the particle＇s extra-dimensional ground state wave function in tile higher-dimensional harmonic confining potential well. Minimizing the overlapping curvature （proportional to the energy） of two particles in proximity to each other, subject to the constraint that for the two particles to occupy the same spatial location one of them must be excited into the 1st excited state of the harmonic potential well, gives the desired NN potential. Specifying only the imcleon masses, the resulting potential well and repulsive core reproduces the radial profile of several published NN central potential models. In addition, the predicted height of the repulsive core, when used to estimate the maximum neutron star mass, matches well with the best estimates from relativistic theory incorporating standard nuclear matter equations of state. Nucleon spin, Coulomb interactions, and internal nucleon structure are not considered in the theory as presented in this article.

Electron-ion collider in China

Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei.As a future high energy nuclear physics project,an Electron-ion collider in China(EicC)has been proposed.It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator,High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF)which is currently under construction,together with a new electron ring.The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons(with a po-larization of 80%)and protons(with a polarization of 70%)with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of(2–3)×1033 cm^(−2)·s^(−1).Polarized deuterons and Helium-3,as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium,will be also available at the EicC.The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region,including 3D tomography of nucleon;the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment;the exotic states,especially those with heavy flavor quark contents.In addition,issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC.In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals,a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies.This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe.The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States.The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.

高密核物质中核子的运动对于K介子的等效质量和能量的影响

本文对比分析了目前用于研究K介子产生与演化的不同动力学模型中,高温高密核物质中K+介子和K-介子的等效质量和它所感受到的平均场.所得结果显示:在关于K介子的一般的平均场理论中,所定义的K+介子的等效质量随着核物质密度的增大而增加,K-介子的等效质量随着核物质密度的增大而减小;但在K介子演化的协变动力学模型中,所采用的K+介子和K-介子等效质量是随着核物质密度的增大都是减小的;K+介子和K-介子在高温高密核物质中所感受到的平均场的性质,不仅明显地依赖于K+介子和K-介子的准粒子模型的定义,而且在核物质密度变化的过程中,与周围核子的运动有着密切的关联.

三体核力重排项的同位旋效应

在同位旋相关的Brueckner理论框架内,研究了三体核力重排贡献对同位旋对称势及其动量相关性和密度依赖性的影响,特别是研究了三体核力重排效应对于非对称核物质中质子和中子有效质量同位旋劈裂的影响.结果表明:三体核力重排效应对质子和中子单核子势均具有排斥性,而且其贡献随动量和密度增加而迅速增大.在低密度区域,三体核力重排贡献对同位旋对称势的影响相当小,然而随着密度的升高,三体核力重排效应的贡献显著增强.在高密度区域,三体核力重排效应使得同位旋对称势明显增大,而且当密度足够高时,三体核力重排贡献甚至导致对称势的动量相关性质发生改变.三体核力的重排效应对核子有效质量同位旋依赖性的影响是使高密度丰中子核物质中质子-中子有效质量同位旋劈裂的幅度显著减小.

核势和核子有效质量的同位旋相关性(英文)

在Dirac Brueckner Hartree-Fock(DBHF)理论框架下研究了核子光学势和核子有效质量的同位旋相关性．非对称核物质的计算采用了DBHF的核子自能的Dirac结构的新的分解方法,核子自能的实部是用G矩阵在Hartree-Fock近似下计算得到,而虚部从极化图得到．用核子的薛定谔等价势可以得到核子矢量有效质量．研究表明考虑了核势的能量相关性在丰中子核物质情况下核子矢量有效质量比质子的大．

有限密度下的核子有效质量和EMC效应的一种可能解释

用热场动力学方法计算了核物质中核子有效质量随密度的变化关系．利用有限密度中核子质量的改变，在Ｘ重新标度模型的基础上，讨论了不同核的结构函数的比率Ｒ（ｘ），与实验结果相符合．还考察了ＥＭＣ效应和Ｂｒｏｗｎ—Ｒｈｏ猜测之间的关系．