Bayesian zero-failure reliability modeling and assessment method for multiple numerical control(NC) machine tools

A new problem that classical statistical methods are incapable of solving is reliability modeling and assessment when multiple numerical control machine tools(NCMTs) reveal zero failures after a reliability test. Thus, the zero-failure data form and corresponding Bayesian model are developed to solve the zero-failure problem of NCMTs, for which no previous suitable statistical model has been developed. An expert-judgment process that incorporates prior information is presented to solve the difficulty in obtaining reliable prior distributions of Weibull parameters. The equations for the posterior distribution of the parameter vector and the Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) algorithm are derived to solve the difficulty of calculating high-dimensional integration and to obtain parameter estimators. The proposed method is applied to a real case; a corresponding programming code and trick are developed to implement an MCMC simulation in Win BUGS, and a mean time between failures(MTBF) of 1057.9 h is obtained. Given its ability to combine expert judgment, prior information, and data, the proposed reliability modeling and assessment method under the zero failure of NCMTs is validated.

Bayesian networks modeling for thermal error of numerical control machine tools

The interaction between the heat source location, its intensity, thermal expansion coefficient, the machine system configuration and the running environment creates complex thermal behavior of a machine tool, and also makes thermal error prediction difficult. To address this issue, a novel prediction method for machine tool thermal error based on Bayesian networks (BNs) was presented. The method described causal relationships of factors inducing thermal deformation by graph theory and estimated the thermal error by Bayesian statistical techniques. Due to the effective combination of domain knowledge and sampled data, the BN method could adapt to the change of running state of machine, and obtain satisfactory prediction accuracy. Ex- periments on spindle thermal deformation were conducted to evaluate the modeling performance. Experimental results indicate that the BN method performs far better than the least squares (LS) analysis in terms of modeling estimation accuracy.

METHOD FOR SUPPRESSING CUTTING CHATTER IN NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE TOOLS

A new method for suppressing cutting chatter is studied by adjusting servo parameters of the numerical control （NC） machine tool and controlling the limited cutting width. A model of the cutting system of the NC machine tool is established. It includes the mechanical system, the servo system and the cutting chatter system. Interactions between every two systems are shown in the model. The cutting system stability is simulated and relation curves between the limited cutting width and servo system parameters are described in the experiment. Simulation and experimental results show that there is a mapping relation between the limited cutting width and servo parameters of the NC machine tool, and the method is applicable and credible to suppress chatter.

Real-Time Data and Visualization Monitoring of Computer Numerical Control Machine Tools Based on Hyper Text Markup Language 5

In order to ensure the safety,quality and efficiency of computer numerical control(CNC)machine tool processing,a real-time monitoring and visible solution for CNC machine tools based on hyper text markup language(HTML)5 is proposed.The characteristics of the real-time monitoring technology of CNC machine tools under the traditional Client/Server(C/S)structure are compared and analyzed,and the technical drawbacks are proposed.Web real-time communication technology and browser drawing technology are deeply studied.A real-time monitoring and visible system for CNC machine tool data is developed based on Metro platform,combining WebSocket real-time communication technology and Canvas drawing technology.The system architecture is given,and the functions and implementation methods of the system are described in detail.The practical application results show that the WebSocket real-time communication technology can effectively reduce the bandwidth and network delay and save server resources.The numerical control machine data monitoring system can intuitively reflect the machine data,and the visible effect is good.It realizes timely monitoring of equipment alarms and prompts maintenance and management personnel.

Carbon Emission Modeling and Analysis in Manufacturing Process for Numerical Control Machine Tools

Reducing carbon emissions( CEs) is the urgent demand all over the world. In order to realize the low-carbon numerical control( NC) machining, the evaluation model of a part's manufacturing carbon emission with NC machine tools was built by considering the influences of the cutting tool geometrical parameters.The manufacturing CEs were produced by electric power,cutting tools,and cutting fluid consumed in manufacturing process. The parameters of cutting tools affected not only the CEs,but also the machining quality. Then the actual constraint models of the machine performance,machining quality were given in order to optimize the cutting parameters and achieve the low-CEs. Finally,a case was given to analyze the influences of the cutting tool angles on the manufacturing CEs. The results show that the CEs decrease as the rake angle and edge angle increase under the constraints of the machine specifications and machining quality.

CPS Modeling of CNC Machine Tool Work Processes Using an Instruction-Domain Based Approach

Building cyber-physical system(CPS) models of machine tools is a key technology for intelligent manufacturing. The massive electronic data from a computer numerical control(CNC) system during the work processes of a CNC machine tool is the main source of the big data on which a CPS model is established. In this work-process model, a method based on instruction domain is applied to analyze the electronic big data, and a quantitative description of the numerical control(NC) processes is built according to the G code of the processes. Utilizing the instruction domain, a work-process CPS model is established on the basis of the accurate, real-time mapping of the manufacturing tasks, resources, and status of the CNC machine tool. Using such models, case studies are conducted on intelligent-machining applications, such as the optimization of NC processing parameters and the health assurance of CNC machine tools.

Patterns of CNC Machine Tool Reference Return and Its Trouble Shooting Methods

This paper presents four patterns of reference-return positions for CNC machine tools and analyses some causes of return reference troubles by showing typical examples of trouble shooting.Finally,it introduces several methods of trouble shooting.

STUDY ON THE FEEDFORWARD COMPENSATION OF THE MOTIONERRORS OF NC MACHINE TOOLS

A feedforward compensation naethod of the motion errors of NC machine tools imple- mented with software is proposed , with which the motion errors can be compensated whithout changing the original computer control systems of the NC machine tools. The experimental results show that the circular interpolation profile machining errors decrease by a factor of 2/3 after com- pensated.

Toward Intelligent Machine Tool

With the development of modern information technology-and particularly of the new generation of artificial intelligence(AI)technology-new opportunities are available for the development of the intelligent machine tool(IMT).Based on the three classical paradigms of intelligent manufacturing as defined by the Chinese Academy of Engineering,the concept,characteristics,and systemic structure of the IMT are presented in this paper.Three stages of machine tool evolution-from the manually operated machine tool(MOMT)to the IMT-are discussed,including the numerical control machine tool(NCMT),the smart machine tool(SMT),and the IMT.Furthermore,the four intelligent control principles of the IMT-namely,autonomous sensing and connection,autonomous learning and modeling,autonomous optimization and decision-making,and autonomous control and execution-are presented in detail.This paper then points out that the essential characteristic of the IMT is to acquire and accumulate knowledge through learning,and presents original key enabling technologies,including the instruction-domain-based analytical approach,theoretical and big-data-based hybrid modeling technology,and the double-code control method.Based on this research,an intelligent numerical control(INC)system and industrial prototypes of IMTs are developed.Three intelligent practices are conducted,demonstrating that the integration of the new generation of AI technology with advanced manufacturing technology is a feasible and convenient way to advance machine tools toward the IMT.

Development of practical postprocessor for 5-axis machine tool with non-orthogonal rotary axes

In order to develop a practical postprocessor for 5-axis machine tool,the general equations of numerically controlled(NC) data for 5-axis configurations with non-orthogonal rotary axes were exactly expressed by the inverse kinematics,and a windows-based postprocessor written with Visual Basic was developed according to the proposed algorithm.The developed postprocessor is a general system suitable for all kinds of 5-axis machines with orthogonal and non-orthogonal rotary axes.Through implementation of the developed postprocessor and verification by a cutting simulation and machining experiment,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is confirmed.Compatibility is improved by allowing exchange of data formats such as rotational total center position(RTCP) controlled NC data,vector post NC data,and program object file(POF) cutter location(CL) data,and convenience is increased by adding the function of work-piece origin offset.Consequently,a practical post-processor for 5-axis machining is developed.

Studies of layout of world machine tools industry based on patent analysis

As the foundation of an industrialized country nowadays,machine tools industry is regarded as the engine of industrial development of a country.The developed countries,such as USA,Germany and Japan,have widely deployed the technology of using the patent in order to keep their strength in various fields.This research examins the CNC machine tools industry in the world by using the patent analysis method.It first gives an overview about the world patent application in CNC machine tools industry from 1963 to 2010 and divides the development of the industry into five stages.It also lists the patent application of the world top 20 countries,where the top 5 countries are compared.The patents of the world top 10 companies of machine tools manufacturers are mapped according to the international patent classification(IPC),and the future trends of world machine tools industry are discussed.Finally conclusions and suggestions are presented.

Reliability Analysis of Electrical System of Computer Numerical Control Machine Tool Based on Bayesian Networks

The core of computer numerical control(CNC) machine tool is the electrical system which controls and coordinates every part of CNC machine tool to complete processing tasks, so it is of great significance to strengthen the reliability of the electrical system. However, the electrical system is very complex due to many uncertain factors and dynamic stochastic characteristics when failure occurs. Therefore, the traditional fault tree analysis(FTA) method is not applicable. Bayesian network(BN) not only has a unique advantage to analyze nodes with multiply states in reliability analysis for complex systems, but also can solve the state explosion problem properly caused by Markov model when dealing with dynamic fault tree(DFT). In addition, the forward causal reasoning of BN can get the conditional probability distribution of the system under considering the uncertainty;the backward diagnosis reasoning of BN can recognize the weak links in system, so it is valuable for improving the system reliability.

NC Rough Machining of Sculptured Surface Based on Measured Data

A new method for generating tool paths for rough machining of sculpturedsurface is presented in this paper. The sculptured surface is approximated by a regular mesh ofquadrangular facets. A set of equidistant horizontal planes are assigned to intersect the blank ofmachined part and surface model , resulting in a series of contours, which demarcate the feasiblecutting regions of each layer of material removal. The desired cutter path is computed through NCprogramming and any gouging between the cutter and the part being machined is detected and correctedautomatically. The proposed algorithm successfully solves the problem of layered milling forsculptured surface with nested islands.

某超长条结构件柔性工装平台结构设计与实现

针对某超长条结构件加工过程中由于使用传统工装夹具造成的工艺准备时间长、工装数量多、材料浪费严重等问题,开展一种柔性工装平台的研究。该工装平台采用多个可旋转夹臂替代传统夹具进行夹持,在工件外形变化时,可通过更换夹臂长度、按压角度等保持良好夹持效果,满足柔性工装的需求。对该工装平台结构进行设计,对关键参数进行建模和校核,通过样机对工装效果进行验证。结果表明,该工装平台在加工相同工件的情况下,可节省约3%的零件材料,缩短310 min工艺准备时间,同时由于该工装平台采用了新型柔性固持方案,还提高了加工连续性,避免由于工艺变化造成大量的夹具浪费,为超长条结构件的加工提供了一种新的工装固持方案。

复杂曲面零件的五轴数控加工技术研究

随着科技水平的不断提升,精密复杂曲面零件的应用越来越广泛。曲面驱动是复杂曲面零件加工的重要方法,驱动刀轨的规划直接关系到曲面物理特性的调控,应用五轴数控加工技术能够提升复杂曲面零件的加工质量。文章主要研究复杂曲面零件的五轴数控加工技术,以佛像这个复杂曲面零件为例,分析了曲面驱动刀轨规划、工装方案设计、加工策略以及试制加工过程。在实际加工过程中,技术人员应充分理解驱动刀轨规划思路与原理,在粗加工、精加工中完善刀轨设计,并进行试制加工。

薄壁零件数控加工质量的提升策略

薄壁零件在机械制造中的应用越来越广泛,但其加工难度较大。提升薄壁零件的数控加工精度,可以改善零件质量,提高生产率,降低费用,进而推动先进设备制造业的发展。文章分析影响薄壁零件数控加工质量的因素,包括加工工艺、外部荷载、温度系数及刀具等,并提出提高加工质量的措施,如合理选用刀具、选择合理的切削用量和技术方案、保证尺寸的精度以及适当延长切削时间等。

基于数控工艺信息挖掘的型腔特征粗加工刀具序列优化决策方法

为有效提升数控加工过程中粗加工刀具的使用效率,提出一种基于数控工艺信息挖掘的型腔特征粗加工刀具序列优化决策方法。首先计算型腔特征的中轴变换表征数控加工的刀具轨迹,探究中轴变换与数控加工的映射机理;然后基于加工规则和中轴变换参数,挖掘隐含在型腔特征中的深层次数控工艺信息;最后综合考虑材料去除量和加工连续性,建立刀具序列决策的多目标优化模型,采用混合蚁群/模拟退火算法进行优化求解。实验结果表明,该方法能够高效、自动生成型腔特征最优粗加工刀具序列,提升企业数控工艺设计智能化水平。

基于通用五坐标数控机床螺旋锥齿轮NC加工研究

基于空间曲面共轭原理 ,确定齿轮切齿矢量关系 ,建立了螺旋锥齿轮的齿面矢量方程。利用空间坐标系的变换 ,确定出刀具相对工件的位置和姿态 ,实现刀具与工件的相对运动 ,从而将传统的螺旋锥齿轮机床加工调整参数转换为适合 NC机床加工的运动参数。进行了五轴加工的刀具扫描体计算。在计算机上 ,对螺旋锥齿轮数控加工进行了仿真 ,给出了相应的计算和实验结果。在通用五坐标数控机床上实现螺旋锥齿轮加工 ,确定出螺旋锥齿轮

STEP-NC数控技术研究进展

为全面掌握STEP-NC标准的产生、发展与研究情况,分析和总结了近10年来相关领域的研究成果。在分析和总结过程中,将相关研究分为5个主要方向,分别总结了各个研究方向的研究情况和存在的问题,归纳出未来研究中的主要科学问题和技术难点;指出STEP-NC制造系统的核心技术;提出STEP-NC制造系统架构和STEP-NC数控系统的发展趋势。

基于 Dexel 模型的 NC 加工仿真和验证研究

对基于Ｄｅｘｅｌ模型的ＮＣ加工仿真和验证进行了研究。在物空间中模拟ＮＣ加工的材料去除过程及验证加工结果，使用独立的坐标系构造物体的Ｄｅｘｅｌ模型，以支持观察定义的动态改变，并通过“移动实例”来近似描述刀具扫描体，从而提高五轴ＮＣ加工仿真计算效率。