Study on the Relationships between Nurses' Job Burnout and Subjective Well-being

Objective： To study factors influencing nurses＇ job burnout and their subjective well-being and to explore the relationships between these two phenomena. Methods： A total of 250 nurses from three hospitals in Shandong were evaluated with the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a subjective well-being scale. Results： Nursing staff showed significantly different levels of job burnout （P〈0.05） according to the following characteristics： age, marital status, educational background, technical tide, years of nursing experience, monthly income, manning quotas and parental status. Level of burnout is higher for nursing staff who are under the age of 30 years, are unmarried, had secondary education, had unofficial manning quota status, are childless, hold a primary title and whose years of nursing experience are less than five years. Statistical significance was found for life satisfaction （P〈0.05） with differences in age; marital status; technical title; years of nursing experience; monthly income; manning quota status; and parental status in positive emotion, negative emotion and degree. There is a significant negative correlation between every dimension of job burnout and life satisfaction and positive emotions for subjective well-being. Every component of job burnout was significantly positively correlated with negative emotions. （P〈0.05） Conclusions： Age, marital status, educational background, technical rifle, years of nursing ex- perience, monthly income, manning quotas and parental status have different influences on occupation burnout and subjective well-being. Dimensions of occupation burnout have functions of predicting subjective well-being.

Biomarkers of end of shift exposure to disinfection byproducts in nurses

Increased disinfectant use commonly takes place in hospitals and other health care settings. A cross-sectional study among active nurses in two Cypriot public hospitals（n = 179） was conducted to examine the prevalence of exposure to disinfection byproducts（DBPs）, such as trihalomethanes（THMs） using both self-reported information and biomarker measurements.The objectives of this study were to： i） quantify the magnitude and variability of occupational exposure to disinfectants/DBPs in nurses, ii） generate job exposure matrices（JEM） and job task exposure matrices（JTEM） for disinfectants, and iii） assess the major determinants of urinary THMs in nurses. End of shift urinary total THM values showed high variability among the nurses, but did not differ between hospitals. The disinfectant group of alcohols/phenols was used by 〉 98% of nurses, followed by octenidine（82%）, iodine and chlorine（39%, each）,chlorhexidine（25%）, formaldehyde（12%）, hydrogen peroxide（11%）, and peracetic acid/ammonia/quaternary ammonium compounds（QACs）, all being 〈 8% each. Chlorine use during the past 24 hr was associated with significantly（p 〈 0.05） lower brominated THMs（Br THMs） after adjusting for age, gender and BMI, while a positive association was shown for TCM and the sum of all THMs（TTHMs）, albeit not significant. Nurses were exposed to nearly double the levels of TTHMs and BrT HMs（median and IQR, 1027 [560, 2475] ng/g and 323 [212,497] ng/g, respectively） when compared to those of the general population（552 [309,989] ng/g and 152 [87,261] ng/g, respectively）. This was the first occupational health dataset reporting measurements of biomarkers of end of shift exposures to disinfectants/DBPs.