Influence of canopy on precipitation and its nutrient elements in broadleaved/Korean pine forest on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain

The precipitation distribution quantity of canopy in broadleaved/Korean pine forest was measured during the growing season (Jun.–Sept.) in 2001 in the Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, P. R. China. Results indicated that the amounts of stemflow, throughfall, and interception were 37.39, 322.12 and 109.69 mm, accounting for 7.97%, 68.65% and 23.38% of the total rainfall, respectively. The rate of stemflow was higher in Jul. and Aug. than other months. The rate of throughfall dropped off from Jun. to Sept., however, rate of interception changed contrarily from 19.43% to 31.02% during the growing season. According to our analysis, the concentration of nutrient elements were arranged as Ca>Mg>N>K>Fe>P>Cu>Mn for rainfall, K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu for throughfall, and Mn>P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca for being leached through canopy. Nutrients concentration in stewflow and throughfall changed significantly when rainfall passed canopy, and concentration of all elements increased except for Ca and Mg.

A Study of the Distribution and Accumulation of Major Nutrient Elements in Different Densities of Eucalyptus grandis

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution and accumulation of major elements of 5-year-old Eucalyptus grandis forests with the densities of 556 trees/hm2 and 1 667 trees/hm2. The results showed that： （1） The distribution of ma- jor nutrient element contents in various organs of the E. grandis with the 2 densi- ties was nearly the same, and the ranked order was leaf〉tree trunk〉branch or branchlet〉fruit〉bark. （2） From the distribution of nutrient elements and organic mat- ter in the trunk, P, K, Mg and Ca contents presented basically a trend of increasing with the trunk height increasing. And the organic matter content increased with the trunk height increasing in the low density stand, while the result was opposite in the high density stand. Furthermore, N content increased with the trunk height increas- ing in the low density stand, but the content in the high density stand exhibited a trend of decreasing at first, increasing then and increasing at the last. （3） From the distribution of biomass, the ranked order was tree trunk〉bark or branch〉branchlet〉 leaf〉fruit. And （4） The accumulated amounts of major nutrient elements in various organs under the 2 stand densities was nearly same. Ca content was the highest in the 2 kinds of plantations, followed by N, K, Mg and P contents. Ca content was 601.78 kg/hm2 in the low density stand and 1 204. 43 kg/hm2 in the high density stand.

Available Contents of Trace Nutrient Element and Factors Affecting Their Availability in Western Jilin

Based on the assay of the total content and available content of the trace nutrient elements and the soil pH and organic matter of the soil samples,the characteristic of the available content of the trace nutrient elements and their affecting factors are studied. The results show that the available B in western Jilin is in a middle level,the content in Nong'an is higher than that in the others; the available Mn is extremely abundant; the available Cu in Nong'an is obviously higher than other areas,and the content in Da'an differs greatly; the available Zn is in a middle level; the severe shortage of available Mo differs between different areas; and the available Fe is extremely abundant. The available Mn,Cu and Fe have significantly positive correlation with their total content; the available B has significantly positive correlation with pH,and Zn has obviously negative correlation with pH; the available Mn and Fe had significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter.

Distribution and Accumulation of Nutrient Elements in Organic Tissue of Eucalyptus grandis Saplings

The biomass, macroelements （N, P, K, Ca, Mg） and microelements （Fe, Zn） contents were detected in organs of 1a-3a Eucalyptus grandis saplings, as well as their accumulated amount. Results showed that contents of nutrient elements varied greatly in different organs. Total contents of macroelements N, P, K, Ca and Mg in1a-3a E. grandis were distributed in the order of stem phloem, leaves 〉 branch- es, roots 〉 stem xylem. Accumulated amount of macroelements in 1a-3a E. grandis were in the order of leaves 〉 branches 〉 stem phloem 〉 roots or stem xylem 〉 stem xylem or roots. Accumulated amount law of nutrient elements was not affected by the plant age. Microelements Fe and Zn were mainly concentrated in the leaves and roots. The accumulation of macroelements was in the order of Ca 〉 N 〉 K 〉 Mg 〉 P; and the microelements was in the order of Fe 〉 Zn. Accumulated amounts of microelements in 1a-3a E. grandis were 12.45 136.19 and 420.23 g per plants, respectively. Among the annual net accumulated amount of nutrient ele- ments per plant in 1a-3a E. grandis, Ca element was the maximum, N and K ele- ments took the second and third places. Mg element was relatively small and P el- ement was the minimum.

Variations of nutrient elements and its effect on ecological environment off the Changjiang estuarine waters

On the basis of the date obtained in two cruises during October 1997 and May 1998, the concentration distribution and the variation of present species of nutrient elements in the water masses are described. The transform mechanism of present species of nutrients and the of differrnt water masses, frontal area and thermohaline transition layer on convergence or divergence and the biogeochemical cycle of nutrient elements off the Changjiang Estuary are studied. Meanwhile, the environmental capaci- ty of nutrients is primarily estimated: they are 1.803 x 104t DIN and 6.18 x 102t PO43- -P in autumn, and 4.20x 102t PO43- -P in spring.

Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Flux of Nutrient Elements to the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Based on the recent research results on dry and wet deposition of nutrient elements and sulphate, we estimate the atmospheric flux of nutrient elements and sulphate to the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in each season. The results suggest that the concentrations of nutrient elements and sulphate in aerosol and precipitation show an apparent seasonal cycle with the maximum values in winter and the minimum values in summer. Depositions of nitrate and sulphate are dominated by wet deposition, while the deposition for phosphate is mainly dry deposition. Moreover, compared with the riverine inputs, the atmospheric deposition may be the main source of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.

Study on the Changes of the Major Nutrient Elements During Simple Composting Process of Dry Chicken Manure

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for production and application of chicken manure compost.[Methods]With dry manure as a material,the variations of the major nutrients during simple composting process of dry chicken manure were studied,in order to get the best fermentation method.[Results]Chicken manure should not be preserved wet,but should be preserved after air-drying and fermented before use.Necessary moisture,simple sealing treatment and a certain amount of N element were conducive to simple fermentation of chicken manure.The treatments in which the chicken manure was wrapped around and compacted,added with an appropriate amount of water(50%-60%)and naturally fermented,or was wrapped around and compacted and added with an appropriate amount of water(50%-60%)and 0.2%of urea,were more appropriate for the production directly.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the actual production and application of chicken manure compost.

Regression Analysis of Nutrient Elements between Soil and Tobacco Leaves and Their Influences on Aroma Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nutrient elements K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe in tobacco-planting soils and tobacco leaves from six main tobacco-producing areas, and to investigate the influences of these elements on chemical composition and aroma components in tobacco leaves. Results showed that there were certain relationship between contents of nutrient elements in tobacco-planting soils and contents of corresponding elements in tobacco leaves; various elements exhibited different influences on the aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco. Based on the actual situation of nutrient contents in soils from different tobaccoproducing areas, contents of various elements in tobacco leaves should be regulated by soil fertilization and foliar spraying, thereby improving the aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES ON THE LITTER IN KOREAN PINE MONGOLIAN SCOTS PINE AND DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS(Ⅱ)CONTENT AND RETURNING AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS

Comparative analyses were conducted on the nutrient element content and returning amount of main fractional compositions of litter in Korean pine (KP), Mongolian Scots pine(MSP) and Dahurian larch (DL) plantations in Laoshan Plantation Experiment Station of Maoershan Experiment Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University. The results are as follows: (1) The nutrient element content and returning amount in litter varies among different fractional compositions and tree species, the total returning amount of all nutrient elements and the returning amount of K, Ca, Mg, N and P are DL>MSP>KP, the returning amount of Cu is DL>KP>MSP, the returning amount of Fe and Mn are MSP>DL>KP, (2) To KP and DL plantations, the main nutrient element returned is dead needles; dead branches, bark scales and dead cones account for a little proportion; whereas to MSP plantation, besides dead needles,dead branches and bark scales also play an important role in the return of nutrient elements; (3)A little deal of dead leaves can provided a great deal of returning amount of nutrient elements.

Transport patterns of micro nutrient elements from the continental shelf of the East China Sea to the Kuroshio area

On the basis of the in situ data of DO2, pH, SiO2. PO4-P, NO3-N and NO2-N collected in the north of the East China Sea during 1987-1988, the following points are mainly expounded.1.The inorgonic nutrients are obviously affected by continent runoff in the north of the East China Sea. Their distributions are characteristic of its distribution of terrigenous materials.2.There are three transport paths of nutrients from the shelf to the Kuroshio area. The first is mixing-diffusing-advec-tion and upwelling process, the process of biology and biochemistry belongs to the second, and the sinking process is the last one.3.The swing of the Kuroshio axis affectes both the range of the migration of substances through mixing-diffusing-advec-tion process and the upwelling degree of the subsurface Kuroshio water to the shelf.4.Most part of the substances sink as macroparticles to the deep layer before reaching the Kuroshio area.

Effects of Different Seed Stem Sizes on the Changes of Available Elements in Rhizosphere Soil of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen suitable seed stems of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.from different provenances and to provide a theoretical basis for the high-yielding and high-efficiency cultivation of F.thunbergii Miq.introduced to different places.[Methods]F.thunbergii Miq.from four different provenances including Zhejiang,Nantong and Chongqing were introduced and cultivated in Wanzhou of Chongqing.The contents of available Zn,Fe,Mn,Cu,Mo,N,P,K,Ca and Mg in rhizosphere soil of F.thunbergii Miq.during five growing stages were determined after selecting different stem sizes for field cultivation.[Results]Small stems of Pan an and Ningbo provenances(SSG3,121-160/kg)and middle stems of Nantong and Fengjie provenances(SSG2,81-120/kg)showed higher soil availability.[Conclusions]In the process of introduction and cultivation of F.thunbergii Miq.,high yield and high efficiency can be achieved by selecting smaller seed stems of F.thunbergii Miq.

Soil Nutrient Elements of Trampling Disturbance Kobresia humilis Communities along the Highway in Na’qu, Tibet

The change of soil nutrient elements during restoration succession processes of high mountain meadow in Na＇qu County, Tibet, was investigated. The results showed that with the trampling disturbance, the normal structure of soil is violated, soil quality worsened, leading to soil erosion and nutrient loss. The recoverage of soil is lagged behind vegetation when change depends on elements of soil nutrient increase in mass. The content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium changed accordingly with total nutrient, and is remarkably correlated to the content of organic matter. The content of available phosphorus is complex and changes with biomass and soil pH. The content of available potassium change was different from that of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium, and was increasing with trampiing, and the change was relatively little during successive stages.

Technique of wheat breeding for efficiently utilizing soil nutrient elements

500 wheat varieties were grown and screened,and 18 of them with better characters identified inthe low phosphorus,low zinc,low boron soil and in contrast with the control(appilied with N,P,Zn andB).A few varieties showed able to efficiently utilize P,Zn or B in soil,and it has been demonstrated by theanalysis that their roots can secrete more organic acids making the soil pH around the roots decrease.Six or-ganic acids in the roots of four representative varieties were analysed,their contents were of difference amongthe varieties and had a positive correlation with the yield of the varieties in low nutrition soil.All theabove-mentioned provided the scientific basis of crop breeding for efficient utilization of soil nutritions.

不同供磷水平对椰枣幼苗生长、生理指标和营养元素含量的影响

【目的】通过分析不同供磷水平对椰枣幼苗生长、生理指标和营养元素含量的影响,为构建椰枣幼苗平衡施肥技术提供理论依据。【方法】以椰枣幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,设4个供磷水平处理,浓度分别为5(CK)、100、1000和5000μmol/L,培养7个月后,观察测定幼苗的生长、生理指标和营养元素含量。【结果】5μmol/L供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗长势弱;100μmol/L供磷水平下椰枣幼苗的根部鲜重显著低于1000μmol/L供磷水平(P<0.05,下同);1000μmol/L供磷水平下椰枣幼苗长势好,其根部鲜重、地上部干重、株高增加量、植株磷含量、植株磷累积量、第3叶和第6叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量均显著大于CK;5000μmol/L供磷水平下,新抽叶片密集,根部磷利用效率和植株磷利用效率最低。同一供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗茎尖中的磷含量高于叶片和根尖。不同供磷水平对地上部和根部氮、钾、钙、镁、钠、铝元素的含量影响不同。随着供磷水平的增加,地上部和根部的钾、铝含量,以及地上部钙含量均先增加后降低,地上部镁含量逐渐增加,根部钙、镁含量逐渐降低;5000μmol/L供磷水平下,地上部和根部的钠含量达最高。1000μmol/L供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗地上部的氮、钾、镁、钠、铝的累积量,地上部氮利用效率,以及地上部和根部的钙利用效率显著大于CK。【结论】营养液中的供磷水平会影响椰枣幼苗的长势、生理指标及营养元素的含量、累积量和利用效率。过低或者过高供磷水平均不利于椰枣幼苗的生长,1000μmol/L供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗长势良好。

水培生菜中锶的迁移富集及其生理影响

目的:研究锶(Sr)在生菜中的迁移富集情况,以及Sr对生菜吸收其他主要营养元素、生菜鲜质量和叶绿素的影响,定量分析Sr在生菜组织中的分布。方法:采用水培方式培养生菜,设置1个对照组(不添加Sr)和5个Sr处理组(0.1、0.5、1、5和10 mmol/L)。使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)检测生菜茎叶和根组织中Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na、P、S和Sr元素的含量,采用叶绿素测定仪检测生菜的叶绿素相对含量,扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪(SEM-EDX)分析生菜叶片和根部组织细胞中Sr的分布。结果:生菜茎叶中的Ca、S、Sr和根中Sr的质量分数在不同浓度Sr处理组间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在5和10 mmol/L Sr处理下,S的迁移系数(TF)低于对照组(P<0.05);随Sr处理浓度的增加,Sr的TF值降低。5和10 mmol/L Sr处理下,水培液中S的浓度与对照组相比显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,5和10 mmol/L Sr处理下生菜的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。生菜组织中Sr的质量百分比分布大致为:叶表保卫细胞>表皮,叶横切面叶肉≈表皮,根横切面表皮>中柱鞘>韧皮部。结论:Sr在生菜根部的质量分数大于茎叶部分;Sr处理浓度的增加,使得从生菜根部向叶片迁移的Sr占比降低,并且生菜根部S的质量百分比增加,叶片的SPAD值增加;生菜根部吸收的Sr主要固定在根部的表皮。

氯化钾替代氯化钠对腌渍黄瓜品质的影响

近几年,低盐化逐渐成为代的饮食需求,在人们的健康生活中变得越来越重要,低盐化腌渍蔬菜的研究已经成为健康饮食的研究热点。该研究的目的是利用氯化钾替代氯化钠发酵黄瓜,不仅能够减少钠元素的摄入,而且能够丰富黄瓜的加工利用方式。通过研究发现,钾元素对黄瓜发酵过程中产生的危害人体健康的亚硝酸盐具有一定的抑制作用,10%和20%替代组的含量最低,最低为1.13~2.61 mg/kg,均远低于国家标准20 mg/kg,通过跟踪测定分析得出30%氯化钾替代发酵效果最佳。因为腌菜制品容易产生的有害物质亚硝酸盐可能存在食品安全问题,因此该试验得到的钾元素替代方法可以在发酵上避免这种可能性,保证发酵黄瓜制品的安全性。

生长季节不同配方施肥对白花泡桐埋根苗的影响

为明晰白花泡桐苗木与季节环境相适应的N、P、K三要素响应规律,优化其埋根育苗的施肥方式.以白花泡桐1a生种根为试验材料进行埋根育苗试验,设置4种生长季节配方施肥处理,CK处理:6—7月份施N、P、K各10 g/(株·月),8—9月份施N、P、K各15 g/(株·月);T1处理:6—7月份单施P肥10 g/(株·月),8—9月份单施K肥15 g/(株·月);T2处理:6—7月份单施N肥10 g/(株·月),8—9月份施P、K肥各15 g/(株·月);T3处理:6—7月份施N、P肥各10 g/(株·月)、8—9月份单施P肥15 g/(株·月).采用随机区组设计,4个小区,4次重复,每小区10株;定期观测苗木生长指标、光合参数和叶片营养元素含量.结果显示,T3处理的白花泡桐叶片净光合速率、生物量和根冠比最大,且苗高、地径、叶片数和叶面积亦最大,总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和N、P、K元素含量最高,并与其他施肥处理差异达到显著水平(p<0.05).因此,培育白花泡桐高干壮苗,T3处理,即6—7月施N、P肥各10g/(株·月),8—9月单施P肥15 g/(株·月),可提高光合效率,促进叶原基的分化和展开,增加着叶数和着叶面积,生产更多的光合产物,促进苗木生长,肥效最佳.

氮沉降对城市森林凋落物养分元素含量及其耦合性的影响

目前,氮沉降增加呈现全球化趋势,影响森林生态系统生物地球化学循环过程,已成为生态和环境研究的热点内容之一。为探讨氮沉降增加对城市森林凋落物养分含量的影响,进一步认识城市森林养分循环过程,为区域城市化进程的生态风险评估提供科学依据,本研究以安徽省合肥市蜀山国家森林公园凋落物为研究对象,在连续3年模拟氮沉降实验后(氮添加设置3种水平,分别为对照组:0 kg·hm^(–2)·a^(–1)、CK;低氮:50 kg·hm^(–2)·a^(–1)、LN;高氮:100 kg·hm^(–2)·a^(–1)、HN),研究氮沉降对城市森林凋落物(枝叶果碎)养分元素含量及其耦合性的影响。结果表明:(1)不同施氮水平下,凋落果内CK与HN中C元素含量,凋落叶中CK与LN、碎中LN与HN两组中N元素含量差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)凋落物不同组分间,N沉降显著影响Ca元素含量(P<0.05),对C元素含量无显著影响;凋落枝组分间K含量差异显著(P<0.05),凋落叶与其他各组间N含量差异显著(P<0.05),凋落果与其他各组间P含量差异显著(P<0.05);凋落叶与凋落果间Mg元素差异显著。(3)N沉降对各组分间的C/N、C/P、N/P等生态化学计量比无显著性影响,但对凋落叶、凋落果中C/N值有显著抑制作用(P<0.05)。(4)N沉降显著影响C、N间相关性及Ca、Mg间相关性,且均表现为LN显著增强相关性,HN显著抑制相关性;N沉降显著增强了P、K间的相关性,而显著降低了K与Ca、Mg的相关性。(5)N沉降对C/N与N/P、C/P与N/P间的耦合性有显著影响,且均表现为LN显著增强生态化学计量比间的耦合性,HN显著降低二者耦合性。研究结果为城市森林凋落物养分循环过程对N沉降的响应提供了理论依据。

Effects of Biostimulant NEAU10 on Growth of Rice Seedlings and Soil Physicochemical Parameters

The process of rice(Oryza sativa L.)seedling cultivation is often subjected to adverse environmental stress.Biostimulants regulate the robust growth of rice seedlings and play a crucial role in promoting the green and ecological development of agriculture.In this study,1.0 and 2.0 g•m^(-2) of the biostimulant were applied to soil in rice seedbeds.Growth indicators of rice,antioxidant enzyme activities and soil physicochemical characteristics were assessed at the 2.5-leaf and 4-leaf stages of rice.The results indicated that applying 2.0 g•m^(-2) of the biostimulant at both the 2.5-leaf and 4-leaf stages had the most significant promoting effect on rice growth.At the 2.5-leaf and 4-leaf stages,the number of fibrous roots increased by 23.43%and 22.25%,stem base width increased by 19.05%and 19.58%,above ground dry weight increased by 18.09%and 16.47%,root dry weight increased by 19.67%and 18.28%,leaf peroxidase(POD)activity increased by 34.44%and 42.94%,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity increased by 37.24%and 56.79%,malondialdehyde(MDA)content decreased by 18.60%and 27.67%,and chlorophyll content increased significantly by 28.31%and 34.24%,respectively.At the 4-leaf stage of rice,urease,phosphatase and cellulase activities in the seedbed soil increased by 42.13%,25.96%and 33.59%,respectively,while soil alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content decreased by 19.76%,19.02%and 17.88%,respectively.The application of biostimulants played a crucial role in promoting the growth of rice seedlings and enhancing soil nutrient absorption.