Research Progress of Special Wheat Nutrition Components and Application

With the increased pace of life and improved consumption level of people, the demand for food developed from natural resources is increasing day by day. Related researches have shown that the nutrition level of special wheat is higher than that of common wheat. Special wheat can improve the nutritional structure and diet quality of people. However, the researches on special wheat are rare at home and abroad. Compared with the common wheat, special wheat still faces many challenges in taste quality, storage stability, processing suitability as main food, etc. This paper summarized the researches on analysis and application of special wheat nutrition components at home and abroad so as to evaluate comprehensively the development prospect of special wheat.

Investigation and Analysis of Nutrition Components of Wild Chives Collected from Hezhang County of Guizhou Province

Guizhou Province is an important distribution area of wild onion resources,and a large area of wild( Chinese) chives are distributed in Hezhang County. In order to understand and study the distribution of wild chives,the geographical distribution,habitats and climate of wild chives in Hezhang County were investigated,and the main nutrition components of wild chives were analyzed. The results indicated that there were mainly three kinds of wild chives distributed in Hezhang County, including Allium wallichii Kunth., Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz.( tentatively named),and Allium hookeri Thwaites( tentatively named). Among the 17 kinds of amino acids,except for proline,the content of other amino acids in wild chives was higher than that of the cultivated chives( Allaum tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.). The sugar content of wild chives was significantly lower than the cultivated chives. Among nine trace elements,the manganese,zinc and iron content of A. ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz. were significantly higher than that of the cultivated chives and other wild chives. Among the four kinds of heavy metals,cadmium content in the three kinds of wild chives exceeded the limitation of the national standard,and cadmium content in A. ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz. was significantly higher than that of the others. Arsenic,mercury and lead content in A. ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz. also exceeded the limitation of the national standard. Vitamin C content in leaves and stalk of A. wallichii Kunth. in the original habits was higher than that of the cultivated chives. The biological characteristics and nutrition components of the wild chives from Hezhang County were significantly different from that of the cultivated chives. The collection and preservation of these resources are of great significance to the enriching of diversity of Chinese chive resources and has great development and utilization value to the improvement of nutritional quality of Chinese chives.

Effects of Biomineral Liquid from Spartina alterniflora on Growth,Body Color and Nutritional Components of Ricefield Eels,Monopterus albus

[Objective]The paper was to develop new fodder additives and to strengthen comprehensive utilization of Spartina alterniflora resources.[Method]The effects of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora on growth,nutritional components of ricefield eels were studied.[Result]（1）0.5%of biomineral liquid had significant effect on weight gain rate,which was 8.37%higher than that in control group（P〈0.01）.Further supply of biomineral liquid could not increase the weight gain rate.Furthermore,biomineral liquid had no effect on the survival rate of ricefield eels.（2）Ricefield eels had certain changes in body color in the0.5%biomineral liquid group,and some ricefield eels were yellowing.（3）The contents of Cr,Fe,Zn in body of ricefield eels in treatment group were significantly higher than that in control group,but was lower than that in wild eel group,and the content of Se in treatment group was lower than that in control group and wild group（P〈0.01）.（4）The contents of K,Mg in muscle of ricefield eels in treatment group were higher than those in control group and wild eel group.The contents of ash and Ca in treatment group were close to that in control group but were higher than that in wild eel group.The content of crude fat in treatment group was close to that in wild eel group but was lower than that in control group.The contents of Zn,Se,Ni in treatment group were higher than that in control group and wild eel group,and the contents of Cr,Fe,Cu were close to that in control group and were higher than that in wild eel group（P〈0.01）.No significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture,crude fat and P among the three groups（P〉0.05）.[Conclusion]Addition of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora could speed up the growth of ricefield eels and significantly improve their flesh quality,but had no significant effect on survival rate of ricefield eels.

Comparison of Nutritional Components in the Muscle of Juvenile Siganus guttatus Fed with Enteromorpha prolifera and Artificial Feed

[ Objective] This experiment was conducted to analyze and compare the nutritional components in the muscle of juvenile Siganus guttatus fed with Enteromorpha prolifera and artificial feed. [ Method] A total of 180 healthy S. guttatus juveniles with similar body size were assigned into two groups： one fed with E. prolifera, and the other fed with artificial feed, respectively. There were three replicates in each group, and 30 fish in each replicate. And the experiment lasted for 90 d. [ Result] The results showed that the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and relative growth rate of E. prolifera-fed group were significantly lower than those of artificial feed-fed group （P 〈0.05） ; the contents of crude protein and crude ash of E. prolifera-fed group were significantly higher than those of artificial feed-fed group （P 〈 0.05 ）. However, the content of crude fat of E. prolifera-fed group was significantly lower than that of artificial feed-fed group （P 〈 0.05 ）. The moisture content had no significant difference between the two groups （P 〉 0.05 ）. The amino acid composition was similar between the two groups. Seventeen amino acids were found in both groups, and the essential amino acid index （EAAI） was 76.71 in E. prolifera-fed group and 70.05 in artificial feed-fed group, both of which met the criteria set by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations （FAO）/World Health Organization （WHO）. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） ＋ docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） and the content of to-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids （ to-3 PUFAs） of E. prolifera-fed group were significantly higher than those of artificial feed-fed group （ P 〈 0.05 ）. [ Conclusion ] In conclusion, the juvenile S. guttatus in both groups contains a variety of nutritional components. S. guttatus fed with E. prolifera has higher levels of essential amino acids, more balanced composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher nutritive val- ue and better taste than that fed with artificial feed.

Effect of Extrusion Temperature on Free Gossypol and Nutritional Components of Cottonseed Meal

[ Objective] The paper aimed to study effects of extrusion temperature on free gossypol and nutritional components of cottonseed meal. [ Method ] Dif- ferent extrusion temperatures （90, 100, 110, 120 and 130℃ ） were designed, and contents of free gossypol and nutritional components in cottonseed meal were de- termined. [ Result] The optimal temperature for extrusion of cottonseed meal was 120℃, the degradation rate of free gossypol no longer increased with the increas- ing temperature when the temperature exceeded 120℃. The nitrogen solvable index （NSI） in cottonseed meal reduced quickly with the increase of extrusion temper- ature, and the contents of crude fiber, available lysine and total lysine in cottonseed meal decreased significantly, but the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acid reached maximums at the extrusion temperature of 120℃. The content of branched-chain amino acids also reached a maximum at 120℃. [ Conclusion] The extrusion temperature of 120℃ was preferred for lowering free gossypol significantly when maintaining higher nutritional value of cottonseed meal. The paper provided a certain technical basis for extrusion processing of cottonseed meal.

Evaluation of Nutritional Value and Safety of Black Soldier Flies Fed on Dead Pig Meat and Bone Meal

[Objectives]This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and safety of black soldier flies fed with dead pig meat and bone meal(DPMBM)and to explore the resource utilization of DPMBM.[Methods]The general nutrient composition,amino acids,fatty acids and mineral elements of black soldier fly meal(BSLM)were detected and analyzed.[Results]The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in BSLM were 3.42%,42.31%,34.04%and 5.40%,respectively.The contents of total amino acids(TAA),essential amino acids(∑EAA)and non-essential amino acids(∑NEAA)and umami amino acids(∑DAA),the EAA/TAA value and the EAA/NEAA value were 37.93%,13.08%,24.85%,13.43%,34.47%,52.61%,respectively.A total of eight kinds of saturated fatty acids and seven kinds of unsaturated fatty acids were detected,accounting for 63.65%and 32.67%of the total fatty acids.Among the major mineral elements,the content of Ca was the highest,followed by K,Mg and Na.Among the trace mineral elements,the content of Mn was the highest,followed by Fe,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,As,Pb,Se,Sn,Ti,Sb and Hg.The contents of heavy metal mineral elements in BSLM were far lower than the limits specified in Hygienical Standard for Feeds.[Conclusions]In conclusion,BSLM has high nutritional value and good safety of heavy metals,and thus great potential for development and utilization as a high quality dietary protein,fat and mineral elements source.

Evaluation of Chinese Cabbage Sensory Quality and Its Relationship with Contents of Main Nutrient Components

In order to establish a comprehensive evaluation system for quality of Chinese cabbage, 28 Chinese cabbage cultivars or inbreeds were selected as ex- perimental materials to identify the raw and cooked taste and determine the nutrient component contents, and the subjective factors （taste） and objective factors （nutrient component contents） influencing the sensory quality of Chinese cabbage were ana- lyzed by multiple regression and path analysis. The results showed that two regres- sion equations were obtained： yr （raw quality）=0.310 3＋0.254 0xl （juiciness）＋0.176 2 x2 （sweetness）＋0.221 6x3 （crispness）＋0.319 9x4 （flavor）; Yc （cooked quality）=0.204 4＋ 0.250 9 xs （residue）＋0.246 9x6 （cooked sweetness）＋0.182 5x7 （softness）＋0.323 lx8 （cooked flavor）. The path analysis results showed that among the sensory indices, the total coefficients of sweetness and juiciness were 0.445 3 and 0.427 6, respec- tively. It indicated they were the main factors affecting the raw quality of Chinese cab- bage, followed by flavor and crispness. Sweetness, with total coefficient of 0.515 2, showed the greatest effect on the cooked quality of Chinese cabbage, followed by residue, cooked flavor and softness. The effects of nutrient component contents on the sensory quality of Chinese cabbage were further analyzed, and the regression equa- tions were obtained： y, =-32.192 0＋0.389 3xw （moisture content）＋1.169 8x~ （soluble sugar content）; Yc = 7.497 1＋0.732 6xs - 5.668 8x, （organic acid content）-2.176 3x~ （crude fiber content）. The standardized regression coefficients of soluble sugar con- tent were all highest with the value of 0.580 7 in the raw quality regression equa- tion and 0.325 0 in the cooked quality one, indicating that among the six nutrient components, the soluble sugar content was the main factor affecting both raw and cooked quality of Chinese cabbage. This study will provide certain basis for quality evaluation, selection and breeding of high-quality Chinese cabbage.

Relationships between changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor during development stages of F_1 seeds of sh_2 sweet corn

The changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor in F1 seeds of sh2 sweet corn during seed development stage were investigated and the relationships between them were analyzed by time series regression (TSR) analysis. The results show that total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents gradually declined, while starch and soluble protein contents increased throughout the seed development stages. Germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index gradually increased along with seed development and reached the highest levels at 38 d after pollination (DAP). The TSR showed that, during 14 to 42 DAP, total soluble sugar content was independent of the vigor parameters determined in present experiment, while the reducing sugar content had a significant effect on seed vigor. TSR equations between seed reducing sugar and seed vigor were also developed. There were negative correlations between the seed reducing sugar content and the germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index, respectively. It is suggested that the seed germination, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index could be predicted by the content of reducing sugar in sweet corn seeds during seed development stages.

Main nutritional contents of 30 Dalian coastal microalgae species

This paper reports results of study on the contents of proteins, amino acids, polysaccharose and uronic acids in 30 species of macroalgae from Shicao, Heishijiao, Shimiao, and Xiaofujiazhuang in the vicinity of Dalian City, N.E.China. The results showed that the protein contents of the 30 algae from highest (112.55μg/ml) to the lowest (0.24 靏/ml) was in the descending order of Dictyopteris ndalata, Gelidium vagum, Gymnogongrus japonican, Ectocarpus confervoides, Tinocladia crassa, Sargassum thunberii. In general, the protein content in red algae was higher than that in brown algae. The content of free amino acids showed no significent differences from 7.44 靏/ml-4.96 靏/ ml in all these algae, in the descending order of Gymnogongrus japonican, Sargassum confusum, Undoria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica and Ectocarpus confervoides. The content of polysaccharose varied from 168.2 靏/ml-22.15 靏/ml in the descending order of Symphyocladia latiuscula, Scytosiphon lomentarius, Desmarestia viridis., Tinocladia crassa, Gracilaria asiatica and Porphyra yezoensis. The content of uronic acids is from 196.24 靏/ml-20.77 靏/ml in the descending order of Ulva lactuca, Symphyoclaldia latiuscula, Scytosiphon lomentarius, Ceramimum kondoi, Gracilaria vemucosa and Porphyra yezoensis. The fatty acids in 30 species of algae belong to Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta. Most phaeophytes have many (4-12) types of fatty acids.

Planting Performance of Pennisetum purpureum Schumab cv.Purple in the Southern Region of China

[Objective] The present experiment was conducted to investigate the yield,adaptability and quality characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum Schumach cv. Purple to provide reference for the certification and development of new varieties.[Method] With P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple as experimental material, the variety comparison tests were conducted in Nanning, Lingyun, and Tiandeng in Guangxi from 2007 to 2009, and variety regional trials were conducted in Danzhou of Hainan, Fuzhou of Fujian and Zhanjiang of Guangdong from 2011 to 2013. Its comprehensive characters of plant height, hay yield, stem-leaf ratio and nutritional components were determined, and were compared with those of P. purpureum × P.americanum cv. Reyan No.4 and P. purpureum Schum cv. Guiminyin. [Result] The average height of P. purpureum Schumach cv. Purple was 706.54 cm, which was5.92% and 8.44% lower than that of P. purpureum × P. americanum cv. Reyan No.4 and P. purpureum Schum cv. Guiminyin, respectively. The average hay yield of P. purpureum Schumach cv. Purple was 32.74 t/ha in Nanning, Lingyun, and Tiandeng of Guangxi from 2007 to 2009, and 22.41 t/ha in Danzhou of Hainan, Fuzhou of Fujian and Zhanjiang of Guangdong from 2011 to 2013. Although its hay yield was lower than two control varieties, the difference was not significant（P 0.05）.The stem-leaf ratio of P. purpureum Schumach cv. Purple was 0.98：1. Moreover,the analysis on the nutritional components of dry matter showed that compared with P. purpureum × P. americanum cv. Reyan No.4 and P. purpureum Schum cv.Guiminvin, the crude fiber of P. purpureum Schumab cv. Purple was decreased by4.76% and 2.78%, respectively; the neutral detergent fiber decreased by 5.07% and2.22%, respectively; the acid detergent fiber was decreased by 2.54% and 1.99%,respectively; the crude fat was increased by 64.29% and 43.75%, respectively; the calcium content was increased by 28.00% and 33.33%, respectively; the phosphorus content was increased by 9.68% and 22.73%, respectively; the total content of amino acid was increased by 43.23% and 68.41%, respectively; the anthocyanin content of leaf was increased by 400.00% and 216.90%, respectively（P 0.05）.[Conclusion] P. purpureum Schumach cv. Purple is a new high-quality forage variety with wide adaptability, high yield, rich nutrient and good palatability, which is appropriate for comprehensive exploitation and application in the southern region of China.

Comparative study on nutrient composition and antioxidant capacity of potato based on geographical and climatic factors

Potatoes are consumed in the human diet,but the environmental effects on the nutrient content of their tubers are not known.Five potato varieties from China(Chongqing,Dingxi,Qiqihar,Enshi,and Ulanqab)were selected to compare their nutritional components and antioxidant capacity and to explore the correlation between nutrition and local rainfall,humidity,temperature,and light time.The results indicated the Qiqihar cultivar presents significantly higher antioxidant capacity,and has the most elevated protein and soluble sugar contents.The total phenol(TPC)(325.07μg/g)and carotenoid contents(54.93μg/100g)of the Ulanqab cultivar were the highest.The Dingxi cultivar reveals the highest total flavonoids(TFC)(168.94μg/g),K,Mg,and P contents.The ascorbic acid content(26.09 mg/100g)was the highest in the Chongqing cultivar,and the contents of starch,Ca,total acid,and water were also prominent.The amino acid content(7.350%)in the Enshi cultivar is higher.It was found that soluble sugar was significantly correlated with humidity,temperature,and light time;carotenoids were affected considerably by rainfall;ascorbic acid has a strong correlation with temperature;TPC was moderately associated with humidity and light time.To summarize,tubers’nutrient composition and antioxidant capacity vary with geographical location and climate of origin.This study will help provide a theoretical basis for selecting geographical areas for potato planting and exploring the complex interactive factors between environment and vegetable attributes.