Preparation of Monodispersed O/W Emulsion by Ceramic External Membrane Emulsification System——Preliminary Study on Integrated Ceramic Membrane Emulsification Reactor

A new reactor with integrated conventional slurry stirred reactor and ceramic external membrane emulsification system, was introduced in this paper. Toluene and toluene containing surfactant was separately used as dispersed phase for preparation of emulsions. Two kinds of emulsions were prepared and compared. The volume average sizes of prepared emulsions were 3.53μm and 3.6μm respectively. The results showed that the droplet sizes of two kinds of emulsions were similar, but the monodispersed emulsion was only obtained with addition of surfactant into the dispersed phase.

Effect of Emulsifier Concentration on the Oxidation of an O/W Emulsion Prepared from Canola Oil

Oils and fats exist in many foods as emulsions, and preventing the oxidation of emulsion is vital importance for the food industry. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of Tween 20 (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10 w% vs. oil) on the oxidation of canola oil O/W emulsion was investigated. Oxidation was conducted at 34°C in the dark and accelerated using 2,2-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and 2,2’-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) as radical generators. Peroxide value (PV, mEq/kg) was monitored as generation of the primary oxidation compound. PV was suppressed by Tween 20 in a dose-dependent manner in both emulsion system using AMVN and AAPH, and the tendency of suppression was clearer in the system using AMVN than in that using AAPH. Contrarily, there were no significant differences in PV when emulsions were prepared with tocopherol-stripped oil. The particle size of emulsion droplets were also consistent among emulsions prepared. However, tocopherol contents at lipid phase of the emulsions prior to oxidation decreased with concentration of Tween 20. These results suggest that excess Tween 20 could cause tocopherol to migrate from the lipid phase of the emulsions to lipid-oil interface, suppressing the oxidation of emulsions.

Temperature-induced hydrophobicity transition of MXene membrane for directly preparing W/O emulsions

Although hydrophilic membranes are desired for reducing resistance to water permeation, hydrophilic surfaces are not used in the water-in-oil(W/O) membrane emulsification process because water spreads on the hydrophilic surface without forming droplets. Here, we report that a hydrophilic ceramic membrane can form a hydrophobic interface in diesel at a higher temperature;interestingly, the experiments show that the contact angle increases when the temperature rises. The hydrophilic membrane surface evolves into a hydrophobic interface, particularly near the boiling point of water, resulting in a water contact angle of 147.5° ± 1.2°. This work established a method for preparing W/O monodispersed emulsions by direct emulsification of hydrophilic ceramic membranes at a temperature close to the boiling point of water.Additionally, it made high flux of membrane emulsification of monodispersed W/O emulsions possible,which satisfied the industrial requirements of fluidized catalytic cracking in the petrochemical industry.

一种O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂的制备及性能研究

传统油基脱模剂含有可能对环境产生污染的有机溶剂,随着全球环保意识的增强,更为绿色环保无毒的水性脱模剂逐渐成为研究热点.为了开发汽车内饰使用的新型脱模剂,以二甲基硅油、含氢硅油等为主要原料,制备出一种O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂.通过测定脱模剂样品性能,探讨了主脱模剂种类及配比、乳化体系复配比例对脱模剂性能的影响.采用能谱仪(EDS)对脱模后的聚氨酯泡沫表面进行元素分析.结果表明:二甲基硅油和含氢硅油按照1∶1配比作为基础聚合物,固含量19.41%,采用非离子表面活性剂SP⁃80、TW⁃80复合乳化体系制备的O/W型聚氨酯水性外脱模剂稳定性最好,脱模后的聚氨酯泡沫表面没有Si元素残留,具有最佳脱模效果.

基于酪蛋白寡肽的W_(1)/O/W_(2)双重乳液体系构建及体外模拟消化特性研究

酪蛋白寡肽的生理活性取决于其活性物质在胃肠道消化过程中的稳定性。实验以酪蛋白寡肽为芯材,营养较丰富的亲脂性乳化剂磷脂作为外水相(W_(1)/O),亲水性乳化剂磷酸酯双淀粉作为外水相W_(2),制备W_(1)/O/W_(2)双重乳液体系,探究乳化条件(高压均质和高压微射流)对双重乳液体系稳定性的影响。并通过体外模拟消化实验探究其在胃肠中的变化,分析消化过程寡肽缓释特性。结果表明,25 MPa压力下乳液的稳定性较好,包封率为95.5%。双重乳液体系能够抵抗胃酶及较低的pH环境,酪蛋白寡肽的包封率>70%。在胰酶作用下随消化时间增加,该体系游离脂肪酸的释放量增加,酪蛋白寡肽的包封率降低,达到酪蛋白寡肽的缓释。

Kinetics of the Esterification Reaction Catalyzed by Lipase in W/O Microemulsions of Alkyl Polyglucoside

A novel kinetic mechanism of esterification reaction of 1-hexanoic acid with 1-butanol, catalyzed by lipase, was studied in water-in-oil microemulsions. The microemulsions were formed by alkyl polyglucoside C10G1.54/1-butanol / cyclohexane/phosphate buffer solution. The result shows that when the ratio of mol concentration of 1-butanol to 1-hexanoic acid is about 3.0, the initial rate V0 get the maximum values. This phenomenon was explained by the modified fishlike phase diagrams.

Uniform Rice-like CdS Particles Prepared from Water-in-oil Microemulsions

Uniform rice-like CdS particles were synthesized in cyclohexane/Triton X-100/n-pentanol/water quaternary microemulsions. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. The results indicate that the size and the shape of the rice-like CdS particles can be influenced by the molar ratio of water to the surfactant（w value） and the reactant concentrations.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPLETELY AUTOMATIC AND CONTINUAL PRODUCTION LINE FOR WATER-IN-OIL(W/O) EMULSION EXPLOSIVE

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Fouling-resistant Composite Membranes for Separation of Oil-in-water Microemulsions

Fouling-resistant ceramic-supported polymer composite membranes were developed for removal of oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions. The composite membranes were featured with an asymmetric three-layer structure, i.e., a porous ceramic membrane substrate, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration sub-layer, and a polyam-ide/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite thin top-layer. The PVDF polymer was cast onto the tubular porous ceramic membranes with an immersion precipitation method, and the polyamide/PVA composite thin top-layer was fabricated with an interfacial polymerization method. The effects of the sub-layer composition and the recipe in the interfacial po-lymerization for fabricating the top-layer on the structure and performance of composite membranes were systematically investigated. The prepared composite membranes showed a good performance for treating the O/W microemulsions with a mean diameter of about 2.4μm. At the operating pressure of 0.4MPa, the hydraulic permeability remained steadily about 190L?m-2?h-1, the oil concentration in the permeate was less than 1.6mg·L-1, and the oil rejection coefficient was always higher than 98.5% throughout the operation from the beginning.

Preparation of Ultrafine γ-Al_2O_3 Particles in Non-ionic Water in Oil Microemulsions

Ultrafine γ-A12O3 particles are synthesized in Triton X- 10 0/n - hexanol/cycloh exan e/wat er water in o if(w/o )Inicroemulsion by mixing two separately prepared microemulsions containing Al(NO)3 and (Wb)ZCO, respectively.The ultrafine Al2O3 particles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)and their size and distribution are measured. The effects of water, surfactallt and reactant concentrations on the particlesize and distribution are studied. The results show that the particle size and distribution can be changed by varying thepreparation conditions, and the size of the microemulsion droplets has a controlling effect on the size of the pafticles. A. possible mechanism of ultrafine particles (UFPs) prepared by microemulsions is proposed.

Synthesis of Spherical (Y,Gd)BO_3:Eu^(3+)Phosphor Using W/O Emulsion System

Spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor particles with a narrow size distribution（2 -4 μm） was obtained by firing the Y-Gd-Eu-BO3 precursor prepared in a W/O style emulsion system. In the W/O emulsion system, kerosene, used as oil phase, was mixed with Span 80 and Tween 80 compounds which were employed as the emulsifier with an HLB （hydrophile-lipophile balance） value of 5.2- 5.3. Both rare earths （Y, Gd and Eu） nitrate and boric acid solution or ammonia solution were used as aqueous phase. The synthesis conditions, such as emulsion composition, emulsifying style, precipitation reaction process, reaction temperature, morphology control, and so on, were investigated, and the optimum synthesis conditions for preparing spherical （Y, Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋ phosphor was obtained. The phosphor was characterized by XRD, SEM, laser particle size analysis, emission and excitation spectrum under vacuum ultraviolet （VUV）, and so on. The phosphor synthesized using the water-in-oil emulsion method with median diameter （D50） of 2 - 4 μm shows agreeable photoluminescence （PL） property and sphericity. The main emission peak appears at about 593 nm, which corresponds to ^5D0→^7F1 transition （magnetic-dipole transition） of the Eu^3＋ ion. The cell parameters and powder diffraction data were indexed. The structure of the phosphor belongs to the hexagonal system with space group P63/m.

Experimental Study on Latent Heat Storage Characteristics of W/O Emulsion by Ultrasonic Wave Impression

The flowable latent heat storage material like Oil/Water type emulsion, microencapsulated latent heat material-water mixture or ice slurry, etc., is enabled to transport the latent heat in a pipe. Supercooling phenomenon of the dispersed latent heat storage material in continuous phase is obstructed by a latent heat storage. The latent heat storage rates of dispersed waterdrops in W/O (Water/Oil) emulsion are investigated experimentally in this study. The waterdrops in emulsion have the diameter within 3 - 25 μm, the averaged diameter of waterdrops is 7.3 μm and the standard deviation is 2.9 μm. Supercooling release of waterdrops in emulsion is examined by short time impressing of the ultrasonic. The direct contact heat exchange method is chosen as the phase change rate evaluation of waterdrops in W/O emulsion. The supercooled temperature is set as parameters of this study. The previous obtained experimental result, as the condition without impressing ultrasonic wave, showed that the 35 K or more degree from melting point brings 100% latent heat storage rate of W/O emulsion. It is clarified that it is possible to reduce 20 K of supercooling degree by impressing the ultrasonic.

Study on the Stabilizing Conditions of W/O Microemulsion

The stabilizing conditions of W/O microemulsion of Tx 6～C 4H 9OH/c C 6H 12 /H 2O system were studied by visual observation. The result shows that when the weight ratio of Tx 6 to C 4H 9OH is 4∶1,the W/O microemulsion system has stabilizing and extensive regions, and the system is insensitive to the values of pH and in the range of room temperature.In accordance with the theoretical value of HLB,the suitable value of HLB for Tx 6 and C 4H 9OH to compose microemulsion is greater than 9,less than or equal to 10.

Development of Fine Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Particles for Hydrophilic Drug Using a Solid-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsion

Poly(D,L-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) copolymers have been extensively used as controlled-release carriers for many hydrophilic drugs because they are non-toxic, biodegradable, bioavailable, and biocompatible. In general, PLGA particles have been produced by a solvent evaporation technique utilizing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions. However, W/O/W emulsions are unstable, causing the outer and inner aqueous phases to easily fuse during particle preparation. Consequently, a sufficient amount of drug was not encapsulated inside the particles. In this study, we examined a new particle preparation method utilizing a solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsion technique. The advantages of S/O/W emulsions, wherein a surfactant-drug complex disperses into the oil phase, were as follows: 1) leakage of hydrophilic drugs from the emulsions was inhibited, and 2) facile control over the emulsion particle size. Thus, the PLGA particles prepared by this method showed high encapsulation efficiency of drugs and formation of fine particles of submicron size by membrane emulsification were achieved.

De-emulsification of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol/water emulsion using oil-wet narrow channel combined with low-speed rotation

Low-speed rotation of disc in an internal circulation of a novel de-emulsification with rotation-dise horizental contactor(RHC-D) realized de-emulsification for O/W emulsions due to repeated coalescence in oil-wet narrow channels at a low rotation speed. For three emulsions included ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol, ethanol/water/2-ethyl-1-hexanol/SDS(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate) and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol/water/SDS emulsion, deemulsification ratios of oil phase could reach 1, 1 and 0.67 respectively at 170 r·min-1, and de-emulsification ratios increased obviously after agitating 10 min. De-emulsification experiment in the seam indicated that oil droplet sizes in O/W emulsion became larger after de-emulsification. The main de-emulsification mechanism in RHCD was the coalescence of oil droplets in oil-wet narrow channels. With increase of the rotation speed, oil droplets dispersed better in the aqueous phase. However, de-emulsification effect enhanced due to the increase of the coalescence rate at a bit higher rotation speed. In addition, internal circulation made those O/W emulsions to be broken repeatedly, consequently de-emulsification ratio increased. Repeated de-emulsification through internal circulation might make continuous extraction of ethanol come true at a low rotation speed.

Electrochemical behavior of K_3Fe(CN)_6 in water-in-oil microemulsion

A water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion composed of Triton X-100, n-hexanol, n-hexane and water solution with hydrochloric acid was prepared. K3Fe(CN)6 was added in as a water-soluble electroactive probe, and its electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that the H+ concentration of the water phase has a great effect on the conductivity of the W/O microemulsion, and hence influences the electrochemical behavior of K3Fe(CN)6. When the pH value of water phase is about 7, the electrical conductivity of the W/O microemulsion is only 1.2×10-6 S/cm, and K3Fe(CN)6 almost cannot react at the glassy carbon electrode. But when the H+ concentration is more than 3 mol/L, the W/O microemulsion has a good electrical conductivity and K3Fe(CN)6 shows good electrochemical performance in it. The results of CV and EIS studies indicate that the electrochemical behavior of Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64- in the W/O microemulsion is different from that in the aqueous solution. This may be due to the unique liquid structure of the W/O microemulsion and the unique mass transfer in the W/O microemulsion.

Emulsion Polymerization of P (MMA-AA-EA) and Its Demulsifying Performance in Water/Oil Emulsion

Stable water-in-oil emulsions are produced in oil exploitation and cause many environmental and operational issues.In this paper,a co-polymer demulsifier is reported in detail;an emulsion polymerization method is used to prepare nano-P(MMA-AA-EA)with MMA,AA and EA as the monomers,DVB as the cross-linker and APS as the initiator.The resulting products are characterized by FT-IR.Furthermore,the surface tension and particles size analysis is investigated.The results show that the surface tension reduction is 10.66 mN/m at 20?C when the concentration of co-polymer is 1000 ppm and the average size is 76.99 nm.Moreover,the HLB of polymer is discussed specifically by changing the amount of AA.With the increase of AA,the HLB value of the polymer is increased accordingly.Besides,the demulsification performance of the co-polymer is also evaluated at different synthesis and demulsification conditions.It is showed that the maximum demulsification efficiency is 96%at 70?C for 60 min.The optimum concentration of demulsifier is 400 ppm when the amounts of AA and DVB are 1.4 g and 0.1 g,respectively.At last,the process of demulsification is showed under a microscope;the coalescence process of water droplets is indicated under the action of the demulsifier.

不同链长油相葛根素W/O型微乳在体肠吸收的研究

目的研究不同链长油相对葛根素W/O型微乳口服吸收的影响。方法采用在体单向肠灌流法考察不同链长油相葛根素W/O型微乳的肠吸收行为。以吸收速率常数(K_(a))和表观吸收系数(P_(app))为评价指标,分析不同链长油相对葛根素W/O型微乳在大鼠不同肠段的吸收特性。结果葛根素W/O型微乳在大鼠整个肠段的吸收均显著高于葛根素混悬液,不同链长油相W/O型微乳的肠吸收有差异。此外,葛根素W/O型微乳在大鼠整个肠段的肠吸收与微乳的油相链长在一定程度上成正相关,其中长链油微乳肠吸收最佳。结论长链油微乳能增强葛根素的肠吸收,从而进一步提高葛根素的口服生物利用度。

基于熊果酸的W/O/W型Pickering乳液制备方法

目的:提高熊果酸的应用范围和生物利用率。方法:以熊果酸为乳化剂,果胶为外水相,采用两步法制备W/O/W型Pickering乳液。通过单因素试验优化W/O乳液制备条件,研究果胶质量浓度对W/O/W型Pickering乳液理化性质、微观结构、流变学特性及长期稳定性的影响。结果:W/O乳液的最佳制备工艺为熊果酸质量浓度4 g/100 mL、水油质量比2∶3、均质转速9 000 r/min、均质时间5 min;以果胶为外水相制备的双层乳液粒径均在30~40μm,果胶质量浓度的增加使乳液的zeta电位绝对值、流变性能以及4℃贮藏稳定性有着显著性的提高。结论:果胶质量浓度为0.3,0.4,0.5 g/100 mL时能够制备稳定的Pickering双层乳液。

Development of lamellar gel phase emulsion containing baru oil(Dipteryx alata Vog.) as a prospective delivery system for cutaneous application

The rational design of emulsions requires study of the main factors that influence their formation, physicochemical properties and, consequently, stability and performance. The use of vegetable oils in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries has recently become attractive. Dipteryx alata Vogel(D. alata) is an oleaginous species native to Brazil. The seeds of this species contain highly unsaturated oil with significant amounts of tocopherols and phytosterols, representing an important source of agents capable of combatting oxidative processes. In this work, a lamellar gel phase emulsion using oil extracted from the seeds of D. alata(baru) was developed. The steps involved in the development of this research were as follows: 1) development of formulations and 2) in vitro assays by simulating the evaporation of the final product after application to the skin and Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy(EPR) of fatty acid spin labels was used to investigate the profile of interaction of the dispersed systems with stratum corneum(SC) lipids. The results indicate that the developed system shows no signs of instability during the storage period. Moreover, EPR studies indicated that D. alata oil and especially the developed formulation were able to increase SC lipid fluidity and extract a fatty-acid spin label from the lipid domain structures of SC, demonstrating its potential to act as a drug or skin care vehicle.