Hypermethylation of CpG island in O^6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene was associated with K-rasG to A mutation in colorectal tumor

AIM: To investigate the functions of promoter hypermethylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene in colorectal tumorigenesis and progression.METHODS: The promoter hypermethylation of MGMT gene was detected in 27 sporadic colorectal adenomas,62 sporadic colorectal carcinomas and 20 normal colorectal mucosa tissues by methylation-specific PCR. At the same time, the expression of MGMT protein was carried out in the same samples using immunohistochemistry. Mutantallele-specific amplification was used to detect K-rasG to A point mutation in codon 12.RESULTS: None of the normal colorectal mucosa tissues showed methylated bands. Promoter hypermethylation was detected in 40.7% (11 of 27) of adenomas and 43.5% (27 of 62) of carcinomas. MGMT proteins were expressed in nucleus and cytoplasm of normal colorectal mucosa tissues. Loss of MGMT expression was found in 22.2% (6 of 27) of adenomas and 45.2% (28 of 62) of carcinomas. The difference between them was significant (P = 0.041). In the 6 adenomas and 28 carcinomas losing MGMT expression, 5 and 24 cases presented methylation,respectively (P = 0.027, P＜0.001). Thirteen of the 19 colorectal tumors with K-rasG to A point mutation in codon 12 had methylated MGMT(P = 0.011). The frequencies of K-rasG to A point mutation were 35.3% (12 of 34) and 12.7% (7 of 55) in tumors losing MGMT expression and with normal expression, respectively.CONCLUSION: Promoter hypermethylation and loss of expression of MGMT gene were common events in colorectal tumorigenesis, and loss of expression of MGMT occurs more frequently in carcinomas than in adenomas in sporadic patients. Hypermethylation of the CpG island of MGMT gene was associated with loss of MGMT expression and K-ras G to A point mutation in colorectal tumor. The frequency of K-ras G to A point mutation was increased in tumors losing MGMT expression. It suggests that epigenetic inactivation of MGMT plays an important role in colorectal neoplasia.

O^6-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND SENSITIVITY OF 20 CHINESE TUMOR CELL STRAINS TO 1-(4-AMINO-2-METHYL-5-PYRIMIDINYL) METHYL-3-(2-CHLOROETHYL)-3-NITROSOUREA

O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) plays an important role in repairing alkylated DNA. MGMT activity as well as cellular sensitivity to 1- ( 4- amino- 2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl) methyl-3- ( 2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (ACNU) of 20 Chinese tumor cell strains were assayed. A linear response between MGMT activity and ACNU sensitivity (D10) was observed. The lower the MGMT activity In the cells, the more the sensitivity to ACNU killing. It suggested that assay of MGMT activity in tumor biopsy could be used as a guide to predict the effectiveness of ACNU treatment in chemotherapy of human cancer.

Expression of O⁶-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Examined by Alkyl-Transfer Assays, Methylation-Specific PCR and Western Blots in Tumors and Matched Normal Tissue

The tumor selectivity of alkylating agents that produce guanine O6-chloroethyl (laromustine and carmustine) and O6-methyl (temozolomide) lesions depends upon O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) activity being lower in tumor than in host tissue. Despite the established role of MGMT as a tumor resistance factor, consensus on how to assess MGMT expression in clinical samples is unsettled. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the values derived from distinctive MGMT measurements in 13, 12, 6 and 2 pairs of human tumors and matched normal adjacent tissue from the colon, kidney, lung and liver, respectively, and in human cell lines. The MGMT measurements included 1) alkyl-transfer assays using [benzene-3H]O6-benzylguanine as a substrate to assess functional MGMT activity, 2) methylation-specific PCR (MSP) to probe MGMT gene promoter CpG methylations as a measure of gene silencing, and 3) western immunoblots to analyze the MGMT protein. In human cell lines, a strict negative correlation existed between MGMT activity and the extent of promoter methylation. In tissue specimens, by contrast, the correlation between these two variables was low. Moreover, alkyl-transfer assays identified 3 pairs of tumors and normal tissue with tumor-selective reduction in MGMT activity in the absence of promoter methylation. Cell line MGMT migrated as a single band in western analyses, whereas tissue MGMT was heterogeneous around its molecular size and at much higher molecular masses, indicative of multi-layered post-translational modifications. Malignancy is occasionally associated with a mobility shift in MGMT. Contrary to the prevalent expectation that MGMT expression is governed at the level of gene silencing, these data suggest that other mechanisms that can lead to tumorselective reduction in MGMT activity exist in human tissue.

Temozolomide and radiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients:O^6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promotor methylation status and Ki-67 as biomarkers for survival and response to treatment

Objective:This phase II study aimed at investigating the correlation between O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and protein expression,together with Ki-67 labeling index (LI),to response,time to progression (TTP),and overall survival (OS) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients treated with temozolomide (TMZ) concomitant with and adjuvant to radiotherapy (RT).Methods:From June 2005 to August 2008,34 adult patients (18-65 years),PS ≥70,with newly diagnosed GBM received TMZ 75 mg/m2 plus RT up to 60 Gy,followed by TMZ 175 mg/m2 5 days every 4 weeks for 12 doses.MGMT Methylation-specific PCR assay,MGMT protein expression,and Ki-67 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on the tissue blocks.The patients were followed by MRI while MR spectroscopy (MRS) was performed for the stable cases or to confirm progression and accordingly Bevacizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks was added to 7 patients till further progression was proved.Results:31 cases were evaluable,12 (38.7%) had unmethylated MGMT,while 19 (61.3%) were methylated.Seventeen cases (55%) were MGMT immunonegative while 14 cases (45%) were immunopositive.The cut off value of Ki-67 LI in relation to survival was 17%,where 15 were < 17% (48.4%),and 16 were ≥ 17% (51.6%).Response evaluation started after the second dose of the adjuvant TMZ and was repeated every 2 months.The overall disease control rate (ODC) was 74.2%,where 2 patients had complete response (CR),14 had partial response (PR),and 7 had stable disease (SD),while 8 (25.8%) had progressive disease (PD).The ODC was significantly higher among methylated patients and in those with Ki-67 < 17% (P=0.0003).The median overall TTP was 12 months and the median OS was 20 months for all the patients including those who received Bevacizumab for some stable cases or as a salvage treatment in patients with good PS,the MGMT-methylated patients had a higher median TTP of 13 months (range 8 to 18 months,95% CI of 9.36 to 12.9),and OS of 24 months (range 12 to 31 months,95% CI of 16.1 to 21.32),while the unmethylated patients had a median TTP of 6.5 months and a median OS of 12 months,such correlations were highly significant (P=0.0001).MGMT immunoexpression failed to show significant correlation with MGMT promotor methylation or the outcome of the patients.Patients with Ki-67 < 17% had a median TTP of 16 months and median OS of 24 months compared to 7 and 12.5 months respectively for the patients with Ki-67 ≥17%.Significant correlation was found between the ODC,TTP,and OS with age < 52,near total excision,and TMZ doses received ≥ 10.The commonest grade 3 and 4 toxicities was neutropenia recorded in 3 patients (9.67%),thrombocytopenia in 4 patients (12.9%),and one patient with G3 nausea,vomiting,and constipations (3%),all were medically manageable.Conclusion:MGMT promotor methylation status and Ki-67 LI (but not the MGMT protein expression),could serve as prognostic markers for survival,also MGMT could identify the newly diagnosed GBM patients who will have better response to TMZ.

O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase is upregulated in malignant transformation of gastric epithelial cells via its gene promoter DNA hypomethylation

BACKGROUND O_(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase(MGMT)is a suicide enzyme that repairs the mispairing base O_(6)-methyl-guanine induced by environmental and experimental carcinogens.It can transfer the alkyl group to a cysteine residue in its active site and became inactive.The chemical carcinogen N-nitroso compounds(NOCs)can directly bind to the DNA and induce the O_(6)-methylguanine adducts,which is an important cause of gene mutation and tumorigenesis.However,the underlying regulatory mechanism of MGMT involved in NOCs-induced tumorigenesis,especially in the initiation phase,remains largely unclear.AIM To investigate the molecular regulatory mechanism of MGMT in NOCs-induced gastric cell malignant transformation and tumorigenesis.METHODS We established a gastric epithelial cell malignant transformation model induced by N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG)or N-methyl-N-nitroso-urea(MNU)treatment.Cell proliferation,colony formation,soft agar,cell migration,and xenograft assays were used to verify the malignant phenotype.By using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and Western blot analysis,we detected the MGMT expression in malignant transformed cells.We also confirmed the MGMT expression in early stage gastric tumor tissues by qPCR and immunohistochemistry.MGMT gene promoter DNA methylation level was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing PCR.The role of MGMT in cell malignant transformation was analyzed by colony formation and soft agar assays.RESULTS We observed a constant increase in MGMT mRNA and protein expression in gastric epithelial cell malignant transformation induced by MNNG or MNU treatment.Moreover,we found a reduction of MGMT gene promoter methylation level by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing PCR in MNNG/MNU-treated cells.Inhibition of the MGMT expression by O_(6)-benzylguanine promoted the MNNG/MNU-induced malignant phenotypes.Overexpression of MGMT partially reversed the cell malignant transformation process induced by MNNG/MNU.Clinical gastric tissue analysis showed that MGMT was upregulated in the precancerous lesions and metaplasia tissues,but downregulated in the gastric cancer tissues.CONCLUSION Our finding indicated that MGMT upregulation is induced via its DNA promoter hypomethylation.The highly expressed MGMT prevents the NOCs-induced cell malignant transformation and tumorigenesis,which suggests a potential novel approach for chemical carcinogenesis intervention by regulating aberrant epigenetic mechanisms.

p53、O^(6)-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶在老年脑胶质瘤患者中的表达及其与预后的相关性分析

目的探究p53、O^(6)-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶(O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,MGMT)在老年脑胶质瘤患者中的表达及其与预后的相关性。方法选取2019年8月至2022年6月新疆喀什地区第二人民医院收治的49例老年脑胶质瘤患者的组织标本为试验组,另选取新疆喀什地区第二人民医院同期收治的35例高血压性脑出血患者的正常脑组织标本为对照组。根据WHO分级将老年脑胶质瘤患者分为Ⅰ/Ⅱ级老年脑胶质瘤组(21例)和Ⅲ/Ⅳ级老年脑胶质瘤组(28例)。根据预后不同将老年脑胶质瘤患者分为预后不良组(27例)和预后良好组(22例)。比较分析对照组与试验组患者的p53、MGMT阳性表达率,不同级别老年脑胶质瘤患者的p53、MGMT阳性表达率,不同预后老年脑胶质瘤患者的p53、MGMT阳性表达率。分析p53、MGMT阳性表达率与老年脑胶质瘤患者临床病理特征的关系以及p53、MGMT阳性表达率与老年脑胶质瘤患者预后的相关性。采用受试者工作特征曲线分析p53、MGMT阳性表达率对老年脑胶质瘤患者预后不良的预测价值。结果试验组患者的p53、MGMT阳性表达率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。Ⅲ/Ⅳ级老年脑胶质瘤组患者的p53、MGMT阳性表达率均显著高于Ⅰ/Ⅱ级老年脑胶质瘤组(P<0.05)。预后不良组患者的p53、MGMT阳性表达率均显著高于预后良好组(P<0.05)。p53、MGMT阳性表达率与老年脑胶质瘤患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤位置等临床病理特征无关(P>0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,p53、MGMT阳性表达率均与老年脑胶质瘤患者的预后呈显著负相关(r=-0.575,P=0.001;r=-0.528,P=0.001)。受试者工作特征曲线分析结果显示,血清p53、MGMT阳性表达率联合指标预测老年脑胶质瘤患者预后不良的曲线下面积为0.912,显著高于p53阳性表达率(曲线下面积为0.734)和MGMT阳性表达率(曲线下面积为0.788)单一指标(P<0.05)。结论脑胶质瘤组织中的p53、MGMT阳性表达率明显升高,与肿瘤分级、预后显著相关,且对老年脑胶质瘤患者的预后不良具有一定预测价值。

The interplay mechanism between IDH mutation, MGMT-promoter methylation, and PRMT5 activity in the progression of grade 4 astrocytoma: unraveling the complex triad theory

Background:The dysregulation of Isocitrate dehydrogenase(IDH)and the subsequent production of 2-Hydroxyglutrate(2HG)may alter the expression of epigenetic proteins in Grade 4 astrocytoma.The interplay mechanism between IDH,O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase(MGMT)-promoter methylation,and protein methyltransferase proteins-5(PRMT5)activity,with tumor progression has never been described.Methods:A retrospective cohort of 34 patients with G4 astrocytoma is classified into IDH-mutant and IDH-wildtype tumors.Both groups were tested for MGMT-promoter methylation and PRMT5 through methylation-specific and gene expression PCR analysis.Inter-cohort statistical significance was evaluated.Results:Both IDH-mutant WHO grade 4 astrocytomas(n=22,64.7%)and IDH-wildtype glioblastomas(n=12,35.3%)had upregulated PRMT5 gene expression except in one case.Out of the 22 IDH-mutant tumors,10(45.5%)tumors showed MGMT-promoter methylation and 12(54.5%)tumors had unmethylated MGMT.All IDH-wildtype tumors had unmethylated MGMT.There was a statistically significant relationship between MGMT-promoter methylation and IDH in G4 astrocytoma(p-value=0.006).Statistically significant differences in progression-free survival(PFS)were also observed among all G4 astrocytomas that expressed PRMT5 and received either temozolomide(TMZ)or TMZ plus other chemotherapies,regardless of their IDH or MGMT-methylation status(p-value=0.0014).Specifically,IDH-mutant tumors that had upregulated PRMT5 activity and MGMT-promoter methylation,who received only TMZ,have exhibited longer PFS.Conclusions:The relationship between PRMT5,MGMT-promoter,and IDH is not tridirectional.However,accumulation of D2-hydroxyglutarate(2-HG),which partially activates 2-OG-dependent deoxygenase,may not affect their activities.In IDH-wildtype glioblastomas,the 2HG-2OG pathway is typically inactive,leading to PRMT5 upregulation.TMZ alone,compared to TMZ-plus,can increase PFS in upregulated PRMT5 tumors.Thus,using a PRMT5 inhibitor in G4 astrocytomas may help in tumor regression.

O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤DNA转移酶在神经胶质瘤中的表达及其与亚硝脲耐药的关系

目的 :探讨O6 甲基鸟嘌呤DNA转移酶 (MGMT)在人脑神经胶质瘤中的表达情况及其与亚硝脲耐药之间的关系。方法 :采用免疫组化法对人脑神经胶质瘤石蜡标本中MGMT进行了检测 ,并与临床应用亚硝脲的疗效评价结果进行了比较。结果 :116例神经胶质瘤中MGMT阳性表达率为 6 7.2 %。MGMT阳性表达率最高者为髓母细胞瘤 (10 0 % ) ,表达率最低者为少枝胶质细胞瘤 (35 .7% )。在使用亚硝脲治疗的患者中 ,MGMT阳性表达与亚硝脲化疗效果呈显著负相关 (P <0 .0 5 )。肿瘤细胞的耐药程度与MGMT表达强度无关 ,只与其是否阳性有关。结论 :不同病理类型的神经胶质瘤对亚硝脲的耐药和敏感性明显不同。化疗前检测神经胶质瘤MGMT的表达情况 ,对预测化疗敏感性、指导临床使用亚硝脲化疗具有重要意义。

O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶基因表达与胃癌发生的关系

目的研究人胃癌组织O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶(MGMT)基因的表达特点及其与胃癌发生的关系。方法应用加强型原位杂交方法及寡核苷酸探针高效标记技术对76例胃癌组织、73例癌旁组织、20例正常胃组织进行MGMT基因标记检测,同时应用自动图像分析系统进行定量分析。结果胃癌组织MGMT基因阳性表达率为40.8%(31/76),低于正常胃组织的60.0%(12/20),MGMT表达强阳性率为32.3%(10/31),也明显低于正常组织的83.3%(10/12),差异均有显著性意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);癌旁组织MGMT基因阳性表达率为46.6%(34/73),MG-MT表达强阳性率为41.1%(14/34),与胃癌组织差异无显著性意义。定量分析示,胃癌组织MGMT阳性表达的积分吸光度、阳性单位值明显低于正常组织(P<0.05)。胃癌组织与癌旁组织、早期胃癌与进展期胃癌组织、癌旁不同程度不典型增生之间MGMT表达无明显差异。结论人体胃组织存在高度表达的MGMT基因,胃癌发生与MGMT基因表达水平降低有关,MGMT基因异常表达是胃癌形态学改变出现之前的早期行为。

喉癌组织中DNA修复基因O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶启动子区过甲基化研究

目的 O6 甲基鸟嘌呤 DNA甲基转移酶 (O6 methylguanineDNAmethyltransferase ,MGMT)在烷化剂所致DNA损伤的修复中起重要作用 ,启动子区过甲基化而导致MGMT基因的转录失活。本文探索了喉癌中MGMT基因启动子区过甲基化状态及其mRNA表达情况。方法 采用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应及半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应 (reversetranscriptionpolymerasechainreaction ,RT PCR)法分析喉癌、癌旁和正常喉部组织中MGMT基因启动子区过甲基化状态及其mRNA表达情况。结果 4 6例喉癌组织中有 16例 (34 8% )MGMT基因启动子过甲基化 ,相应的癌旁及正常组织中均无甲基化。MGMT基因甲基化在不同的病理分级 (χ2 =3 130 ,P =0 0 77)和临床TNM分期 (χ2 =3 95 7,P =0 138)中差异无显著性。所有甲基化的癌组织中均无MGMTmRNA表达 ,而所有非甲基化的癌组织、相应癌旁组织和 5例正常组织中均有MGMTmRNA表达。且非甲基化的癌组织中MGMTmRNA表达较癌旁组织 (t=30 5 4 0 ,P <0 0 1)和正常组织 (t=31 882 ,P <0 0 1)强 ,而癌旁和正常组织之间差异无显著性(t=0 4 19,P =0 6 77)。

反义RNA调节肿瘤细胞O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶活性

报道了逆转录病毒载体介导的反义ＲＮＡ对肿瘤细胞Ｏ６－甲基鸟嘌呤－ＤＮＡ甲基转移酶（ＭＧＭＴ）活性的调节作用．构建了三个表达ＭＧＭＴ反义ＲＮＡ的逆转录病毒载体并用它们转染ＨｅＬａＳ３肿瘤细胞，观察细胞在转染前后ＭＧＭＴｍＲＮＡ水平、ＭＧＭＴ活性及其对ＡＣＮＵ抗药性的变化．发现针对ＭＧＭＴｍＲＮＡ５’端的反义ＲＮＡ能够有效地降低ＭＧＭＴｍＲＮＡ水平和ＭＧＭＴ活性并使细胞对ＡＣＮＵ的敏感性提高４．６倍；针对ＭＧＭＴｍＲＮＡ全长的反义ＲＮＡ也能在一定程度上调节细胞的ＭＧＭＴｍＲＮＡ水平和ＭＧＭＴ活性并增加细胞对ＡＣＮＵ的敏感性，而针对３’端序列的反义ＲＮＡ对ＭＧＭＴ活性没有调节作用．

O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶在大肠癌中的表达及意义

目的:检测大肠癌组织中O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶(MGMT)的表达情况及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用和临床意义。方法:采用SABC免疫组化法检测79例大肠癌标本中MGMT的表达情况。结果:大肠癌中MGMT阳性率为53.16%(42/79),其阳性表达与性别、癌细胞浸润深度无关(P>0.05),与患者年龄、淋巴结转移情况有关(P<0.05)。结论:检测MGMT的表达情况对于大肠癌恶性程度的判断及临床化疗方案的制定具有指导作用。

O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶基因多态性与胃癌遗传易感性的关系

目的探讨O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶(MGMT)基因第3外显子上第84和第53密码子上的多态性改变与胃癌易感性的关系以及与环境因素在胃癌发生中的交互作用。方法应用以人群为基础的病例对照研究,采用PCR-RFLP技术检测191例胃癌病例组与251例健康对照组MGMT-Leu53Leu和MGMT-Leu84Phe多态改变的频率。结果MGMT-Leu84Phe各基因型在胃癌病例组(CC 74.3%,CT 23.6%,TT 2.1%)和对照组(CC 74.1%,CT 23.5%,TT 2.4%)的分布情况与MGMT-Leu53Leu基因型相似,差异无显著性;MGMT-Leu53Leu各基因型在胃癌病例组中的分布分别为CC型(75.4%)、CT型(21.5%)、TT型(3.1%),对照组分布为CC型(72.1%)、CT型(24.7%)、TT型(3.2%),两组比较差异无显著性;分别按年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、H.pylori感染以及胃癌家族史等因素分层分析也没有发现两个位点的突变基因型与胃癌遗传易感性的相关性。结论结果显示MGMT-Leu53Leu、Leu84Phe与胃癌的发生没有显著关联。

O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶基因多态性与新疆哈萨克族食管癌易感性关系的研究

目的为探讨O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶(MGMT)基因多态性与新疆哈萨克族食管癌易感性的关系。方法运用病例-对照研究的方法,PCR-RFLP技术检测新疆哈萨克族食管癌51例及非癌对照109例的MGMT84C>T和MGMT135G>T单核苷酸多态(SNPs)的基因型。结果MGMT84C>T位点的三种基因型CC,CT,TT,在哈萨克族食管癌中所占比例分别为76.5%(39/51)、17.6%(9/51)、5.9%(3/51),对照组分别为77.0%(84/109)、18.3%(20/109)、4.6%(5/109),两组间分布差异不显著(P=0.938,P>0.05);MGMT135G>T位点的三种基因型GG,GT,TT,在哈萨克族食管癌中所占比例分别为90.2%(46/51)、7.8%(4/51)、2.0%(1/51),对照组分别为82.6%(90/109)、16.5%(18/109)、0.9%(1/109),两组间分布差异不显著(P=0.295,P>0.05);MGMT84C>T位点和MGMT135G>T位点联合分析,在食管癌组0突变等位基因与1-4突变等位基因所占比例分别为68.6%(35/51)、31.4%(16/51);对照组分别为:63.3%(69/109)、36.7%(40/109),两组间分布差异也不显著(P=0.511,P>0.05)。结论MGMT84C>T和MG-MT135G>TSNPs与哈萨克族食管癌易感性可能无关联。

O^6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶基因多态性与肿瘤易感性的关系

目的 :探讨中国南方汉族人群O6 甲基鸟嘌呤 DNA甲基转移酶 (MGMT)基因 5个外显子的多态性与肿瘤易感性的关系。方法 :采用聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) 单链构象多态性 (SSCP) DNA直接测序法对 10 0例正常人和 88例肿瘤患者外周血白细胞进行MGMT基因多态性研究。结果 :正常人群和肿瘤患者第 3外显子第 84位密码子的第 1个碱基C被T所取代 ,导致错义突变 (CTT→TTT) ,氨基酸由亮氨酸 (Leu)变成了苯丙氨酸 (Phe) ;第 4外显子第 94位密码子的第 3个碱基C被T所取代 ,导致同义突变 (TTC→TTT ,均编码Phe)。这 2个位点的多态性在 2组人群中的检出率差异不存在统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。同时在肿瘤患者中还检测到MGMT基因第 5外显子第 2 0 0位密码子的第 2个碱基G被C取代 ,即GGC→GCC ,所编码的氨基酸由甘氨酸变为缬氨酸 ,这一多态不存在于正常对照中。结论 :MGMT基因第 3、4、5外显子上存在着多态性 ,其中第 3、4外显子的多态改变与肿瘤形成的关系较弱 ,而第 5外显子的多态仅见于肿瘤患者 ,可能与肿瘤的形成有关。

DOK3在胶质母细胞瘤替莫唑胺耐药中的作用及机制研究

目的 研究停靠蛋白3(DOK3)在胶质母细胞瘤替莫唑胺(TMZ)耐药中的作用及可能机制。方法 使用CCK8法测定细胞活力和TMZ的半数抑制浓度(IC_(50)),采用流式细胞术评价细胞凋亡。Western blot法检测DOK3、O^(6)-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶(MGMT)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、p-PI3K、AKT和p-AKT蛋白的表达。Transwell法测定细胞的迁移能力,免疫荧光测定核转录因子(NF-κB)的核转位。结果 DOK3在TMZ抗性的U251细胞中的表达水平低于其亲本细胞,而MGMT、p-PI3K以及p-AKT的表达水平高于其亲本细胞。DOK3的过表达降低了TMZ耐药细胞对TMZ的IC_(50)值,也加速了TMZ诱导的细胞凋亡和细胞迁移抑制,降低了MGMT、p-PI3K和p-AKT的蛋白表达以及抑制了NF-κB的核转位。结论 DOK3通过PI3K/AKT/NF-κB途径调控MGMT,导致神经胶质瘤细胞对TMZ产生耐药性。

O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶、细胞周期相关蛋白1、F框/WD-40域蛋白7在脑胶质瘤组织中的表达情况及临床意义

目的探讨O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA-甲基转移酶(MGMT)、细胞周期相关蛋白1(CAPRIN1)、F框/WD-40域蛋白7(FBXW7)在脑胶质瘤组织中的表达情况及临床意义。方法选择78例脑胶质瘤患者和20例因外伤或脑出血行颅内减压治疗的患者,分别作为观察组和对照组,分别收集两组患者的脑胶质瘤组织和正常脑组织。采用免疫组织化学染色法检测两组患者中MGMT、CAPRIN1、FBXW7蛋白的表达情况,比较不同临床特征脑胶质瘤患者脑胶质瘤组织中MGMT、CAPRIN1、FBXW7蛋白的表达情况。结果观察组患者的MGMT和CAPRIN1蛋白阳性表达率分别为52.56%和74.36%,分别明显高于对照组的5.00%和30.00%,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);观察组患者的FBXW7蛋白阳性表达率为28.21%,明显低于对照组的85.00%,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。死亡脑胶质瘤患者脑胶质瘤组织中MGMT蛋白的阳性表达率为86.67%,明显高于生存患者的44.44%,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。病理分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级脑胶质瘤患者脑胶质瘤组织中CAPRIN1蛋白的阳性表达率为89.19%,明显高于病理分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级患者的60.98%,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。病理分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级脑胶质瘤患者脑胶质瘤组织中FBXW7蛋白的阳性表达率为10.81%,明显低于病理分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级患者的43.90%,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。结论脑胶质瘤组织中MGMT和CAPRIN1蛋白表达上调,而FBXW7蛋白表达下调,其中MGMT蛋白可能与患者预后有关,而CAPRIN1和FBXW7蛋白与病理分级有关。

O-6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶在顺铂激活的胃癌细胞自噬中的作用

目的探讨DNA修复酶O-6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶(O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,MGMT)在顺铂(cisplatin)激活的胃癌SGC-7901细胞自噬中的作用。方法 Western blot法检测自噬底物蛋白p62水平、自噬标志分子Ⅱ型和Ⅰ型微管相关蛋白轻链3(mircotuble-associated protein light chain 3,LC3)的比值变化、MGMT蛋白水平;GFP-LC3表达质粒转染胃癌SGC-7901细胞后用激光共聚焦显微镜观察顺铂对细胞自噬小体形成的影响。qRT-PCR法检测MGMT基因mRNA表达水平。结果顺铂剂量依赖性激活胃癌SGC-7901细胞自噬水平,显著增加SGC-7901细胞中自噬小体数量;MGMT mRNA及蛋白水平随顺铂浓度的增加而降低(P<0.05);过表达MGMT抑制胃癌SGC-7901细胞的基础自噬水平;过表达MGMT抑制顺铂激活的胃癌SGC-7901细胞自噬。结论 DNA修复酶O-6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶抑制顺铂激活的胃癌SGC-7901细胞自噬。

Promoter methylation status of hMLH1,MGMT,and CDKN2A/p16 in colorectal adenomas

AIM:To investigate aberrant DNA methylation of CpG islands and subsequent low-or high-level DNA microsatellite instability(MSI)which is assumed to drive colon carcinogenesis. METHODS:DNA of healthy individuals,adenoma(tu-bular or villous/tubulovillous)patients,and colorectal carcinoma patients who underwent colonoscopy was used for assessing the prevalence of aberrant DNA methylation of human DNA mismatch repair gene mutator L homologue 1(hMLH1),Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A(CDKN2A/p16),and O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase(MGMT),as well as their rela- tion to MSI. RESULTS:The frequency of promoter methylation for each locus increased in the sequence healthy tissue/adenoma/carcinoma.MGMT showed the highest frequency in each group.MGMT and CDKN2A/p16 presented a statistically significant increase in promoter methylation between the less and more tumorigenic forms of colorectal adenomas(tubular vs tubullovillous and villous adenomas).All patients with tubulovillous/villous adenomas,as well as all colorectal cancer patients,showed promoter methylation in at least one of the examined loci.These findings suggest a potentially crucial role for methylation in the polyp/adenoma to cancer progres- sion in colorectal carcinogenesis.MSI and methylation seem to be interdependent,as simultaneous hMLH1, CDKN2A/p16,and MGMT promoter methylation was present in 8/9 colorectal cancer patients showing the MSI phenotype. CONCLUSION:Methylation analysis of hMLH1,CD- KN2A/p16,and MGMT revealed specific methylation profiles for tubular adenomas,tubulovillous/villous adenomas,and colorectal cancers,supporting the use of these alterations in assessment of colorectal tumorigenesis.

O^6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene expression confers alkylation resistance to tumor cells

The emergence of drug resistance is a major obstacle limiting the successful chemotherapy of malignant tumors. Our previous studies have demonstrated that O^6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT, EC 2.1.1.63) is an important contributor to tumor cellular resistance toward mono- and bifunctional alkylating agents, such as 1- (4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl) methyl-3- (2-chloroethyl) -3-nitrosourea (ACNU) and N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Mechanistically, MGMT can specifically remove the induced alkyl groups at the O^6-position of guanine which finally would lead to a G→ A transition or a lethal DNA interstrand cross-link unless repaired. Cells