Corrosion damage behaviors of rubber O-rings under simulated acid fracturing conditions

To explore the damage behavior of O-ring in acid environment,a high-temperature and high-pressure(HTHP)autoclave was used to simulate the service environment of O-ring,and then 168h corrosion test of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber(HNBR)and fluororubber(FM)O-rings were carried out.The corrosion damage behaviors of two kinds of rubber O-rings in the acidizing fluid were studied through determining their tensile strength,elongation at break,hardness,permanent compressive deformation,tensile fracture morphology and sealing property.The results showed that the crosssectional area and the compression permanent deformation increased,the tensile strength and hardness decreased when the HNBR and FM O-rings under the free state were subjected to acid corrosion.The elongation at break of HNBR decreased,and that of FM rubber increased greatly.Similar with free state,the HNBR and FM O-rings under sealed state also presented the same variation trend.The decrease in the reliability of the O-rings under the sealed state was less significant than that in the free state.In the test,tensile fractures were mostly brittle fractures,HNBR and FM O-rings had obvious corrosion damages such as deformation and swelling.The results could provide a technical basis for the selection of sealing materials,tool optimization design,and construction work in oil and gas fields.

Failure Mechanism of O-Ring Seals under Extreme Operating Conditions

In this paper the behavior of an O-ring made of NBR rubber was investigated under extreme conditions. The effect of the extreme initial compression, operating pressure and extreme temperature conditions were examined. The rubber material was tested in simple tension, pure shear and equibiaxial tension modes complemented with a Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) to capture the viscoelastic behavior of the material. For the investigation, a large-strain viscoelastic material model was developed by the authors, to take into account the large deformations caused by extreme conditions. Insufficient space during installation causes extreme initial compression consequently leading the material to crack on the contacting outer surfaces. It was found that the excessive strain and friction induced shear stress contributes primarily to this phenomenon. Extreme operating pressure causes the seal to penetrate into the gap between the shaft and the housing. This behavior damages the material and cracks appear on the seal. High strain areas were found in the proximity of the gap in the material. The analysis of the extreme operating temperature showed that during cooling the O-ring can completely loose its ability to seal at -70°C. There are three contributing factors: the speed of cooling, the temperature and the coefficient of thermal expansion.

Fluid-solid Interaction Model for Hydraulic Reciprocating O-ring Seals

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of hydraulic reciprocating seals have significant effects on sealing and tribology performances of hydraulic actuators, especially in high parameter hydraulic systems. Only elastic deformations of hydraulic reciprocating seals were discussed, and hydrodynamic effects were neglected in many studies. The physical process of the fluid-solid interaction effect did not be clearly presented in the existing fluid-solid interaction models for hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seals, and few of these models had been simultaneously validated through experiments. By exploring the physical process of the fluid-solid interaction effect of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal, a numerical fluid-solid interaction model consisting of fluid lubrication, contact mechanics, asperity contact and elastic deformation analyses is constructed with an iterative procedure. With the SRV friction and wear tester, the experiments are performed to investigate the elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the O-ring seal. The regularity of the friction coefficient varying with the speed of reciprocating motion is obtained in the mixed lubrication condition. The experimental result is used to validate the fluid-solid interaction model. Based on the model, The elastohydrodynamic lubrication characteristics of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal are presented respectively in the dry friction, mixed lubrication and full film lubrication conditions, including of the contact pressure, film thickness, friction coefficient, liquid film pressure and viscous shear stress in the sealing zone. The proposed numerical fluid-solid interaction model can be effectively used to analyze the operation characteristics of the hydraulic reciprocating O-ring seal, and can also be widely used to study other hydraulic reciprocating seals.

Influence Analysis of Secondary O-ring Seals in Dynamic Behavior of Spiral Groove Gas Face Seals

The current research on secondary O-ring seals used in mechanical seals has begun to focus on their dynamic properties. However, detailed analysis of the dynamic properties of O-ring seals in spiral groove gas face seals is lacking. In particular a transient study and a difference analysis of steady-state and transient performance are imperative. In this paper, a case study is performed to gauge the effect of secondary O-ring seals on the dynamic behavior（steady-state performance and transient performance） of face seals. A numerical finite element method（FEM） model is developed for the dynamic analysis of spiral groove gas face seals with a flexibly mounted stator in the axial and angular modes. The rotor tilt angle, static stator tilt angle and O-ring damping are selected to investigate the effect of O-ring seals on face seals during stable running operation. The results show that the angular factor can be ignored to save time in the simulation under small damping or undamped conditions. However, large O-ring damping has an enormous effect on the angular phase difference of mated rings, affecting the steady-state performance of face seals and largely increasing the possibility of face contact that reduces the service life of face seals. A pressure drop fluctuation is carried out to analyze the effect of O-ring seals on the transient performance of face seals. The results show that face seals could remain stable without support stiffness and O-ring damping during normal stable operation but may enter a large-leakage state when confronting instantaneous fluctuations. The oscillation-amplitude shortening effect of O-ring damping on the axial mode is much greater than that on the angular modes and O-ring damping prefers to cater for axial motion at the cost of angular motion. This research proposes a detailed dynamic-property study of O-ring seals in spiral groove gas face seals, to assist in the design of face seals.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE LOAD DECAY AND ITS EFFECT ON LEAK RATE OFO-RING

Experimental studies on load decay and leak rate of O-rings made of two kindsof silicone rubber are conducted. The results show that the characteristic of load decay isrelative to the material and temperature of O-rings; the rate of load decay increases with the riseof temperature; the effects of load decay on leak rate of O-rings are negligible at roomtemperature, but they are notable at high temperature, and they are related to the material ofO-rings. On the basis of study on the theory of load decay and analysis to the results ofexperiments, a theoretical model is developed to describe the load decay characteristic of O-rings,and it matches the experimental data very well. By the study of time-temperature equivalence of loaddecay, the interconvertting equation of test data of load decay at different temperatures isobtained.

O-ring橡胶密封圈的耐老化性能研究

通过自然老化、加速老化和介质老化对手表丁腈橡胶O-ring密封圈的耐老化性能进行研究。结果表明,经过40个月常温下自然老化后,O-ring密封圈老化性能未完全失效;在60℃、85℃和100℃三种温度下的加速老化下,24h内对老化性能影响较大,随着加速老化时间的延长,开始进入缓慢老化阶段;其耐盐雾腐蚀性能较好,此外,酒精浸泡30min,对O-ring密封性能无影响。

New Mini Dental Implant Attachments versus O-ring Attachment after Cyclic Aging: Analysis of Retention Strength and Gap Space

Overdenture as a treatment modality for both partially and fully edentulous patients is costeffective and less expensive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the newly fabricated attachments by comparing them with conventional O-ring attachment in vitro in terms of retention force and cyclic aging resistance. A total of 150 samples were prepared and divided into five groups according to the materials used(O-ring attachment, Deflex M10 XR, Deflex Classic SR, Deflex Acrilato FD, and flexible acrylic resin). The retention force of different attachments was measured by a mini dental implant after three subsequent aging(0, 63, and 126) cycles in the circumstances similar to the oral environment. The gap space between the head of the implant and the inner surface of the attachments was detected. Two-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) analysis with multiple comparisons test was applied for statistical analysis. The results showed that Deflex M10 XR had the highest retention force and the lowest gap space after cyclic aging; in addition, by comparing the relative force reduction, the lowest values were obtained in the O-ring attachment and the highest values in the flexible acrylic resin attachment. The retention force measured after cyclic aging for the Deflex M10 XR attachment was greatly improved when compared with the O-ring attachment and other types of attachment materials; in addition, the Deflex M10 XR attachment exhibited the minimum gap space between the inner surface and the mini dental implant head. In conclusion, Deflex M10 XR has the ability to withstand weathering conditions and retains its durable and retentive properties after aging when compared with other attachments.

Experimental study on the failure factors of the O-ring for long-term working

The O-ring in the rotary dynamic sealing system of gas meters should have outstanding long-term sealing performance under the conditions of high and low temperature,which can ensure the safety of gas meters.In this paper,based on the O-ring sealing mechanism,taking the compression set as the main sealing index,a finite element simulation method is used to analyze the failure charac-teristics under different conditions according to the constitutive relation of nitrile rubber.Then,using the orthogonal test method for the O-ring sealing performance index,the main factors which affect the law of long-term test are analysed,and the orthogonal regression mathematical model that can predict the compression set is obtained.Finally,the O-ring is improved according to the model,and the test results show that the performance of the new O-rings with high and low temperature resistance is greatly improved and meets the expected target requirements.

Dental Treatment Using Quantum Mechanics for Knee Joint Pain

In clinical practice, dentists sometimes encounter phenomena that cannot be explained by modern western medical concepts;for example, the patient’s medical symptoms improve by bringing medicines or dentures close to the body. Although it seems difficult to completely elucidate the mechanism through modern western medicine, it can be explained using quantum mechanics. The quantum, the smallest unit of matter composition, exhibits wave-particle duality. The fact that symptoms can be improved simply by bringing dentures or medicines closer to the body indicates that the waves emitted by dentures or medicines interfere with the pathological waves emitted by the pathological site. Thus, the pathological waves are deformed and lead to a change in symptoms. In this way, quantum theory can explain phenomena that are difficult to elucidate in conventional medicine, which are encountered in clinical practice. So far, the author has presented a case of difficulty in raising the upper limb where the symptoms improved without the need for dentures in the mouth by adjusting the dentures outside the mouth. This time, the author would like to introduce a case which the patient’s knee pain improved by adjusting the dentures outside the mouth.

长白山云冷杉林幼苗幼树空间分布格局及其更新特征

长白山云冷杉针阔混交林是我国东北主要的森林类型之一,其乔木树种幼苗幼树的结构和动态决定着未来林分的结构和生长动态。在长白山地区设置一块具有代表性的云冷杉针阔混交林幼苗幼树更新样地,统计分析幼苗幼树更新特征,绘制地径结构图、树高结构图及其空间分布图。运用点格局分析中的单变量O-ring统计方法,分析更新树种的空间分布格局;用双变量O-ring统计方法,分析更新树种种间的空间关联性。研究结果表明:(1)更新树种组成有冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、色木槭(Acer mono)、紫椴(Tilia amurensis)、红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、春榆(Ulmus japonica)7种,其中以冷杉、色木槭为主,更新幼苗幼树的地径近似呈倒J型分布,树高结构近似呈双峰分布;(2)所有更新树种、冷杉、色木槭在小尺度1—10 m的范围内呈聚集分布,随着尺度增加,聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋于均匀分布和随机分布,紫椴、云杉和红松在空间所有尺度上以随机分布为主;(3)更新树种之间的空间关联性在小尺度范围上正关联性比较多,较大尺度范围上负关联性比较多,随着尺度增加,空间关联性减弱。

长白山云冷杉针阔混交林主要树种空间分布及其关联性

应用点格局分析方法 O-ring函数,分析了长白山云冷杉针阔混交林主要树种以及各生长阶段的空间分布格局和空间关联性。结果表明:(1)林分整体、主要建群种冷杉、云杉和红松的径级分布呈倒"J"型分布,属于增长型种群。(2)林分整体、冷杉、色木槭在0—10 m小尺度上均呈聚集分布,其他尺度上以随机分布为主,云杉、红松和椴树在整个研究尺度上以随机分布为主。(3)冷杉和色木槭在较低龄级阶段小尺度上呈明显的聚集分布,较大尺度上呈随机分布或者均匀分布,冷杉聚集程度随着龄级增大而降低。(4)在冷杉、云杉、红松、椴树和色木槭5个树种组成的10个种对中,冷杉与红松、云杉与红松在小尺度0—10 m范围上以正相关为主;色木槭与冷杉、红松、椴树在小尺度0—5 m范围上主要以正相关为主;云杉和冷杉、椴树、色木槭在整个研究尺度上均以不相关为主。椴树和冷杉、色木槭在10—25 m尺度范围上以负相关为主。(5)幼龄层冷杉与乔木层冷杉在小尺度上呈显著负相关,与乔木层其他树种主要表现为不相关。

J2EE数据持久层的解决方案

在基于J2EE项目的开发过程中，数据持久层的设计往往是一个棘手的问题。该文在分析3种主流解决方案的基础上，介绍了开源O-R 映射开源项目Hibernate,并且对J2EE服务器端编程开发架构进行了比较，探讨了采用Hibernate开发架构的技术优势。

长白山云冷杉林不同演替阶段的树种空间分布格局及其关联性

云冷杉针阔混交林、云冷杉针叶混交林和近原始云冷杉林是长白山区代表性的森林群落。以这3种典型群落的各1块样地调查数据为基础,采用点格局分析法的O-ring统计,对各样地主要树种的空间分布格局及树种间的空间关联性进行分析。结果表明:各种群以随机分布为主,从云冷杉针阔混交林到云冷杉针叶混交林和近原始云冷杉林,所有主要树种的空间分布格局聚集分布减少,而随机分布、均匀分布增多,云杉、冷杉和红松两两间的空间关联性,表现为负相关的现象增多。在小尺度上,椴树呈显著聚集分布,其他尺度上表现为随机分布,其他树种分布的规律性不明显。

秦岭林区锐齿栎次生林种群空间分布格局

以秦岭林区阳坡、阴坡2个典型地段上的锐齿栎次生林为研究对象,运用点格局分析方法 O-ring函数分析了不同坡向、不同发育阶段种群空间分布格局及不同坡向锐齿栎种群的种内与种间空间关联性,探讨锐齿栎空间格局形成和种群维持机制。结果表明:阴坡锐齿栎种群聚集程度高于阳坡;两种坡向种群各发育阶段空间分布格局相似,从幼树到大树均呈现出聚集到随机甚至均匀分布的规律;不同坡向种群各发育阶段间关联性不同,阳坡各发育阶段间呈一定的正相关,而阴坡呈一定的负相关;阳坡中,山杨与锐齿栎种群分布呈一定正相关,灯台树、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关,在阴坡,山杨、漆树与锐齿栎呈一定正相关,灯台树、青榨槭、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关。结果表明:目前,阳坡锐齿栎种群结构较好,种内、种间竞争不激烈,而阴坡种群不仅受种间竞争的影响,同样受到种内竞争的制约,最终导致其林分结构较差,更新不良,从长远上看,适当疏伐可以增加林内透光性,有益于促进种群的更新与稳定。

天山云杉林物种组成及其种群空间分布格局

以天山云杉林6hm2固定样地调查数据为基础,研究天山云杉林群落内物种组成以及主要种群的径级结构,并采用点格局分析法对群落内主要种群的空间分布格局及其关联性进行研究。结果表明:调查样地天山云杉林物种数较少,乔木层仅天山云杉和天山桦两个种群;天山云杉与天山桦种群的径级结构均呈正态分布,两个种群密度差异较大,天山云杉为217.5株/hm2,天山桦为20株/hm2;天山云杉与天山桦种群的空间分布格局均以聚集型分布为主,天山桦种群的最大聚集强度大于天山云杉种群,而最大聚集规模小于天山云杉种群;天山云杉与天山桦的种间关系为负关联。

大兴安岭盘古林场森林景观的空间分布格局及其关联性

【目的】分析大兴安岭地区主要森林景观类型的空间分布格局及其关联性,以期阐明该地区森林景观形成和维持的内在机制,为该地区森林景观的健康经营提供理论依据。【方法】基于塔河林业局盘古林场2008年森林资源二类调查数据,采用Arc Map10.0软件中的核密度分析和Programita软件（2010版）中的O-ring统计方法研究该地区主要森林景观类型（天然落叶松林、天然白桦林、针叶混交林和针阔混交林）的空间分布格局及其关联性。【结果】核密度分析结果表明,该地区各主要森林景观类型在空间上呈明显聚集分布,其平均斑块密度为0.73~1.57 km-2,空间变异系数高达99.75%~119.67%;点格局O-ring分析结果表明,4种景观类型均在小尺度上呈现显著聚集分布,之后随研究尺度的增大逐渐呈随机分布的趋势;各景观类型之间均在小尺度上显著负关联,在中等尺度上呈现出无关联性,而在大尺度上又有显著的正关联性;森林采伐、林火干扰以及道路网等因素是森林景观格局变化的主要驱动因素。【结论】大兴安岭地区由于极端的气候条件以及长期的采伐和林火干扰等因素,森林景观已经呈现出明显的破碎化趋势。为此,对于森林植被的恢复,可在小尺度上采取连片造林方式,而在大尺度上采用随机造林模式;对树种的选择,应优先选择乡土树种,并注重各树种的合理空间配置;而对于森林采伐,则应采取以择伐和间伐为主的方式;同时,严格控制人类自身活动（如采伐方式、道路安排等）对森林景观的影响,进而从景观水平上创建健康、稳定的森林生态系统。

黄龙山天然次生林辽东栎种群空间格局

种群的空间分布格局是研究种群特征、种间相互作用以及种群与环境关系的重要手段。为更好地了解黄龙山天然次生林内辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)的种群特征,在该林区中油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)-辽东栎-白桦(Betula platyphylla)天然次生混交林和辽东栎天然次生纯林内分别选取并设立1块1 hm2的样地。根据样地调查规范对两块样地中的乔木进行空间定位并进行每木调查。研究参照静态生命表,采用径阶替代年龄的方法,将辽东栎种群不同生长阶段的分段问题转换为根据胸径(DBH)的大小划分生长阶段。研究中将辽东栎划分为4个不同生长阶段:幼龄阶段A,3 cm≤DBH<10 cm;中龄阶段B,10 cm≤DBH<20 cm;近熟龄阶段C,20 cm≤DBH<30 cm;成过熟龄阶段D,DBH≥30 cm。利用O-ring统计分析方法的手段,分析2块样地中辽东栎的种群空间分布格局。本次研究分别采用单变量、双变量分析方法分析各生长阶段的空间格局、不同生长阶段间相互关联性。结果表明:(1)辽东栎种群在两块样地内的径级结构均符合倒"J"型,从径级分布角度说明两块样地的天然更新状况都良好;(2)辽东栎的空间分布格局与尺度有密切关系,两块样地在大、中尺度水平上基本表现为随机分布,但是在较小尺度上均表现为聚集分布,在样地Ⅰ中0—6 m尺度上尤为突出;(3)同一样地内各生长阶段的空间分布格局不同,幼龄个体在小尺度均表现为聚集分布,在样地Ⅱ中0—11 m尺度上尤为突出;(4)样地中不同生长阶段间相互关联性也不尽相同,样地Ⅰ中各生长阶段间关联性均不明显;样地Ⅱ中,幼龄的个体与中龄的个体间在小尺度上表现出显著的正相关性,而与近熟个体和成、过熟个体在小尺度上表现为明显的负相关性。在2—5 m尺度上,中龄个体与成过熟个体也表现出一定的负相关性。辽东栎种群是黄龙山天然次生林重要的建群种之一,研究其不同生长阶段个体的空间分布规律有助于掌握黄龙山区辽东栎生长现状;研究不同生长阶段的空间关联性有利于深入了解其群落的发展趋势,并为对种群聚集性较大的区域开展结构化森林经营提供重要依据。

择伐强度对天然云冷杉林空间分布格局的影响

探讨不同强度的择伐对天然云冷杉林空间分布格局的影响,为合理经营森林提供依据。采用点格局分析法的O-ring统计,对天然云冷杉林在3种不同强度(弱度20%、中度30%、强度40%)择伐22年后主要树种的空间分布格局及树种间空间关联性进行了分析。结果表明:4块样地林分整体和主要树种均表现为随机分布,强度择伐林木多呈聚集分布,而弱度、中度择伐树种大多处于随机和均匀分布;主要树种间的空间关联性表现为弱度择伐的负相关现象多于其它择伐类型。弱度择伐更加有利于天然云冷杉林林分空间结构的优化。

格局分析的最新方法——点格局分析

空间格局在种群生态研究中占据着重要地位,成为植物种群生态研究的热点之一。种群的空间格局反映了种群在生物群落或生态系统中所处的地位和作用,反映不同种群间相互关系的发生与发展,研究生物种群的空间分布,是深入了解生态系统的基础。鉴于格局分析的重要作用,本文对点格局分析和其他格局分析方法进行了比较,指出了点格局分析方法在格局分析中的重要地位,并对点格局分析的研究趋势进行阐述。

长白山杨桦次生林不同演替阶段林木空间分布格局研究

运用点格局分析中的单变量和双变量O-ring统计方法,分别分析了长白山杨桦次生林不同演替阶段林分全体树种和先锋树种的空间分布格局及不同演替阶段先锋树种和顶级树种间的空间关联性。结果表明,随着演替的进行,林分全体树种的空间分布格局由聚集分布过渡为随机分布,先锋树种的空间分布格局由聚集分布变为随机分布。先锋树种和顶级树种的种间关系由演替早期的正关联到演替后期变为负关联。