Combustion behavior and NO emission characteristic of biomass in O_2/CO_2 atmosphere

The thermogravimetric analyzer and horizontal tube furnace are used to study the effects of operation parameters such as temperature, fuel type, and oxygen concentration on the combustion and NO emission characteristics of the rice husk, rice straw, and peanut shell in the O2/CO2 atmosphere. The results show that the combustion performances of volatile matter and fixed carbon of the three biomasses increase with the increase in the 02 content. The mean NO emission increases sharply when the reaction temperature increases from 700 to 800℃. However, it increases slightly when the temperature exceeds 800 ℃. Meanwhile, the mean NO emission and nitrogen conversion decrease with the increase in the nitrogen content in biomass. The mean NO emission changes little with different oxygen concentrations, and the NO emissions of the three biomasses are all lower than the requirement for the minimum NO emission. Increasing the oxygen concentration favors the biomass combustion in the O2/CO2 atmosphere, and oxygen concentration has little effect on the NO emission.

Temperature dependence on reaction of CaCO_3 and SO_2 in O_2/CO_2 coal combustion

The temperature dependence on the reaction of desulfurization reagent CaCO3 and SO2 in O2/CO2 coal combustion was investigated by thcrmogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction measurement and pore structure analysis. The results show that the conversion of the reaction of CaCO3 and SO2 in air is higher at 500-1 100 ℃ and lower at 1 200 ℃ compared with that in O2/CO2 atmosphere. The conversion can be increased by increasing the concentration of SO2, which causes the inhibition of CaSO4 decomposition and shifting of the reaction equilibrium toward the products. XRD analysis of the product shows that the reaction mechanism of CaCO3 and SO2 differs with temperature in O2/CO2 atmosphere, i.e. CaCO3 directly reacts with SO2 at 500 ℃ and CaO from CaCO3 decomposition reacts with SO2 at 1 000 ℃. The pore analysis of the products indicates that the maximum specific surface area of the products accounts for the highest conversion at 1 100 ℃ in O2/CO2 atmosphere. The results reveal that the effect of the atmosphere on the conversion is temperature dependence.

Solution combustion synthesis of Ni-Y_2O_3 nanocomposite powder

Ni-Y2O3 nanocomposite powder with uniform distribution of fine oxide particles in the metal matrix was successfully fabricated via solution combustion process followed by hydrogen reduction. The combustion behavior was investigated by DTA-TG analysis. The influence of urea to nickel nitrate（U/Ni） ratio on the combustion behavior and morphology evolution of the combusted powder was investigated. The morphological characteristics and phase transformation of the combusted powder and the reduced powder were characterized by FESEM, TEM and XRD. The HRTEM image of Ni-Y2O3 nanocomposite powder indicated that Y2O3 particles with average particle size of about 10 nm dispersed uniformly in the nickel matrix.

Preparation of Non-Grinding Long Afterglow SrAl_2O_4:Eu^(2+), Dy^(3+) Material by Microwave Combustion Method

The non-grinding long afterglow material SrAl2O4：Eu^2＋ , Dy^3＋ was prepared by combustion method in home mierowave oven direetly, after dispersant, frother, eomburent, and mineralizer were added into the reacting system. XRD analysis showed that the powders were nearly pure SrAl2O4 phase with few other phases, and the size of the grain was 41.1 nm. Fluoreseenee speetrum results indieated that there were 2 exeitation peaks loeated at 345 and 400 nm, and the emission peak loeated at 516 nm, afterglow lasted up to 30 min or more. The mierowave eombustion method has advantages of less time, low temperature and no grinding process, and the material made by the method has good luminescent property.

A novel PdNi/Al_2O_3 catalyst prepared by galvanic deposition for low temperature methane combustion

Galvanic deposition method was used to prepare the Pd/Ni-Al2O3-GD catalyst for the combustion of methane under lean conditions. The new catalyst and compared catalysts （Pd/Al2O3-IW, Pd-Ni/Al2O3-IW, Pd/Ni-Al2O3-IW） prepared by incipient wetness impregnation were characterized by N2-physisorption, XRD and TEM to clarify particle size and size distribution of palladium species. Combined O2-TPD and XPS results with the catalytic data, it shows that the surface palladium species with low valence exhibits better combustion performance due to their stronger interaction with support. The results indicate that the galvanic deposition method is an effective route to prepare efficient catalyst for methane combustion, and it also provides useful information for improving the present commercial catalyst.

Influence of dispersant on Y_2O_3:Eu^(3+) powders synthesized by combustion method

Y2O3:Eu3+ powders were synthesized by combustion method and the influence of dispersant was investigated.XRD analysis indicated that the particle size increased with a small amount of dispersant firstly and then decreased with a further increase of dispersant.The morphologies of the powders were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM).SEM images revealed that an appropriate amount of dispersant could reduce the agglomeration significantly.Due ...

Fabrication and characterization of Al_2O_3-metal composite coating on steel plate with nonpressure combustion synthesis

Al2O3-metal composite coatings with different reactants and diluents were fabricated on mild steel plate with nonpressure combustion synthesis process. The coat-ings were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spec-trometry, respectively. Thermal shock tests were carried out to determine the bond strength of the coating with the steel substrate. The results indicate that the coating is composed of α-A1203, α-（Fe-Cr） and Al2SiO5 as the main phases. It is found that the coating with the diluents of Al2O3-SiO2 and transition layer of Al2O3-Cr presents the hi.ghest hardness of 2270 HV0.2 and the lowest porosity of 3.93 %. Owing to a metallurgical bond of the coating-to-substrate, the coating exhibits a good thermal shock resistance.

Preparation of TiAl/Al_2O_3 composites by combustion synthesis

Studies the combustion synthesis of Al Ti TiO 2 system and concludes that, due to its low exothermic nature, a stable combustion wave can be maintained only when the system is ignited at a certain preheating temperature, and coupled with appropriate pseudo HIP process, dense TiAl/Al 2O 3 composites with density as high as 97% of the theoretical value can be produced, and points out. Microstructure observation shows in situ formed Al 2O 3 particles are of an average size smaller than one micron, and the hardness of TiAl matrix is enhanced by introduction of these particles.

Catalytic combustion study of soot on Ce_(0.7)Zr_(0.3)O_2 solid solution

The Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 solid solution and CeO2 were prepared using the sol-gel method. The phase structure, crystallite sizes and the reducibility of the catalysts were characterized by XRD and H2-TPR techniques. XRD results indicated that Zr^4＋ had replaced part of Ce^4＋ to form a fluorite-like solid solution, which was favorable to obtain ultrafine nanoparticles. The ratio of main HE consumption for Ce0.7Zr0.3O2：CeO2 was 4.4：1.0, implying that the solid solution could improve the reducibility compared to the single CeO2. The Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 solid solution catalyst showed a sharp combustion peak at 397 ℃, which was 200 ℃ lower than that of the single soot. The good catalytic activity of the Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 was attributed to the formation of nano-CeO2-based solid solution, which enhanced the reducibility and then improved the combustion activity. As Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 could be easily reduced to Ce0.7Zr0.3O2-x meanwhile, after oxygenation, the Ce0.7Zr0.3O2.x was recovered to Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 completely. A catalytic combustion reaction mechanism was proposed： the Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 was reduced to Ce0.7Zr0.3O2-x by the reaction with carbon and then it was recovered to Ce0.7Zr0.3O2-x by the interaction with O2.

Preparation and photoluminescence of Tb^(3+) doped SrAl_2O_4 phosphor by composite combustion method

High-efficient Tb^3＋ activated SrAl2O4 phosphor was synthesized by a combined combustion-solid-state reaction method. The precursor of SrAl2O4：Th^3＋ phosphor was prepared via a combustion process, and then the as-prepared powder was heated in a reductive ambient of activated carbon at 1250 ℃ for 1 h. The results of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence spectra revealed the influence of the dosage of urea and heated process on the crystallinity, morphology, and photoluminescence of the phosphor. Comparing with traditional solid-sate reaction, the crystallinity and emission intensity of the SrAl2O4：Tb^3＋ phosphor were improved by this two-step process.

Stable CuO/La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7) catalysts for soot combustion:Study on the monolayer dispersion behavior of CuO over a La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7) pyrochlore support

To understand the dispersion behavior of metal oxides on composite oxide supports and with the expectation of developing more feasible catalysts for soot oxidation,CuO/La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)samples containing varied CuO loadings were fabricated and characterized by different techniques and density functional theory calculations.In these catalysts,a spontaneous dispersion of CuO on the La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)pyrochlore support formed,having a monolayer dispersion capacity of 1.90 mmol CuO/100 m^(2) La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)surface.When loaded below this capacity,CuO exists in a sub-monolayer or monolayer state.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectroscopy,and Bader charge and density of states analyses indicate that there are strong interactions between the sub-monolayer/monolayer CuO and the La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)support,mainly through the donation of electrons from Cu to Sn at the B-sites of the structure.In contrast,Cu has negligible interactions with La at the A-sites.This suggests that,in composite oxide supports containing multiple metals,the supported metal oxide interacts preferentially with one kind of metal cation in the support.The Raman,in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy,and XPS results confirmed the formation of both O2^(-)and O2^(2-)as the active sites on the surfaces of the CuO/La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)catalysts,and the concentration of these active species determines the soot combustion activity.The number of active oxygen anions increased with increase in CuO loading until the monolayer dispersion capacity was reached.Above the monolayer dispersion capacity,microsized CuO crystallites formed,and these had a negative effect on the generation of active surface oxygen sites.In summary,a highly active catalyst can be prepared by covering the surface of the La_(2)Sn_(2)O_(7)support with a CuO monolayer.

Effect of Fe_2O_3 Loading Amount on Catalytic Properties of Monolithic Fe_2O_3/Ce_(0.67)Zr_(0.33)O_2-Al_2O_3 Catalyst for Methane Combustion

Ce0.67Zr0.33O2-Al2O3 solid solution was prepared by the co-precipitation method. Fe2O3-based catalysts supported on the solid solution were obtained by the impregnation method. The article revealed that the optimal loading amount of Fe2O3 on Ce0.67Zr0.33 O2-Al2O3 in our experimental condition for catalytic combustion of methane was 8% （ mass fraction）. The prepared catalysts were characterized by BET, TPR, XRD analyses, and their catalytic activity was investigated after being calcined at 873 K and after being aged in water gas at 1273 K. When the loading amount of Fe203 was 8% （ mass fraction）, the catalyst held the highest activity, and the best temperature speciality and thermal stability. The complete-conversion temperature of methane for fresh and aged sample was 788 and 838 K, respectively. The range between the light-off temperature and the complete-conversion temperature was only 15 K. The characterization results of XRD indicated that Fe2O3 was well dispersed on the Ce0.67Zr0.33O2-Al2O3 matrix. The results of BET and TPR were in good harmony with the catalytic activity results.

Effect of co-doped metal caions on the properties of Y_2O_3:Eu^(3+) phosphors synthesized by gel-combustion method

Y2O3：Eu3＋ phosphors co-doped with different metal cations （Li＋, Na＋, K＋, Mg2＋, Ca2＋） are prepared by the gel- combustion method with Y2O3：Eu3＋, and R（NO3）x （R = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca） serving as raw materials and glycine as fuel, calcined at 1000 ℃ for 2 h. The synthesized Y203 ：Eu3＋ phosphors doped with different metal cations and doping ratios are characterized by x-ray diffractometry （XRD）, fluorescence and phosphorescent spectrophotometer. The co-doping metal cations are advantageous to the development of Y203：Eu3＋ lattice. All the samples can emit red light peaked at 611 nm under 254-nm excited. The luminescence intensities of co-doping samples are increased because the cations increase the electron transition probability of Eu3＋ from 5D0 level to 7F level. The fluorescence lifetime of Eu3＋ （SD0 --＋7F2） is increased by doping metal cations.

燃煤在O_2/CO_2方式下SO_2生成特性的研究

研究了合山煤在O2 /CO2 方式下SO2 的生成特性 .结果表明在O2 /CO2 方式下 ,由于燃煤的燃烧特性和钙基吸收剂的煅烧分解特性不同于传统燃烧方式 ,SO2 的生成速度加快 ,生成量较空气气氛下大为减少 ,钙基吸收剂的脱硫率随温度升高而增加 ,表明O2 /CO2

THE STUDY ON SYNTHESIS OF ULTRAFINE_α Al_2O_3 BYLOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION PROCESS

Based on thelow temperaturecombustion synthesisof α Al2 O3 from aluminum nitrate,the effectsofthe additives on the formation and particle properties of α Al2 O3 werestudied by XRDand SEM,theinitialstudy on the manometer α Al2 O3 synthesisby LCSwas done, α Al2 O3 withtheparticlesize50 ～80 NM wasgot under properconditions.

Methane Combustion and TPR/TPO Properties of Pd/Ce_xZr_ 1-xO_2/Al_2O_3 Catalysts

The effects of ceria and zirconium oxides additions to alumina-supported palladium catalysts on methane combustion behavior were investigated. The structure and TPR/TPO properties were studied by XRD, TPR, TPO techniques. The results show that the addition of Ce-Zr oxides improves the thermal stability of alumina and PdO. The Pd/Ce0.2Zr0.8/Al2O3 exhibits the highest activity and thermal stability for methane combustion.

Mechanism of La2O3 as combustion improver in blast furnace coal injection

La2O3 is a combustion improver suitable for burning pulverized coal in blast furnace. La2O3 forms the active species La3＋（CO-）3 that weakens the bridge adhesion of carbon structural units and alters the lattice structures, thus reducing the activation energy of the pulverized coal and accelerating the burning process. Research shows that La2O3 can form the active species La3＋（CO-）3, which weakens the bridge adhesion of carbon structural units and alters the lattice structures of the fixed carbon, hence decreasing the activation energy of the pulverized coal and accelerating the burning process.

一体式A^(2)O-MBR系统处理高速公路服务区污水的研究

为解决高速公路服务区污水中污染物浓度高、处理设施普遍存在效能低下等问题,采用一体式A^(2)O-MBR反应器处理该目标污水。在反应器启动成功的基础上,研究了不同溶解氧(DO)、硝化液回流比和C/N下A^(2)O-MBR工艺对污染物的去除性能。结果表明,在控制DO为4 mg/L,硝化液回流比为300%,C/N为6时,A^(2)O-MBR获得了最佳污染物去除效果,A^(2)O-MBR工艺的COD、BOD_5和TP去除率分别为90.57%、93.75%和93.00%。反应器稳定运行时,出水NH_(4)^(+)-N和SS分别为4.2 mg/L和4.5 mg/L,出水指标均达到了《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2020)中冲厕、车辆冲洗的要求。一体式A^(2)O-MBR在一定程度上可以降低膜组件的污染程度,从而降低系统的维护运行成本,可为高速公路服务区污水处理实际工程改造提供参考。

CO_(2)和H_(2)O气化反应对富氧气氛煤热解和焦炭燃烧影响进展

富氧燃烧技术作为一种具有广阔前景的燃煤电站CO_(2)减排技术,对实现可持续发展的能源目标具有重要意义。由于CO_(2)和H_(2)O物理性质和气化反应的影响,煤在富氧气氛中的转化过程可能明显异于空气气氛。通过分析已有文献发现,CO_(2)对煤热解过程中挥发分的析出率和焦炭的物理结构和化学性质有一定影响,但较少学者关注CO_(2)和H_(2)O混合气体物性的作用。在煤或焦炭燃烧过程中,CO_(2)的高比热和低氧扩散速率对燃烧反应有明显抑制作用,但可能是由于H_(2)O浓度差异的原因,目前对CO_(2)和H_(2)O混合气体物性在燃烧过程中的影响机制还有争议,尤其是缺少加压下的数据。对于气化反应的影响,目前研究表明,CO_(2)单气化和CO_(2)/H_(2)O共气化提高了煤热解时挥发分轻质气体的产率,但焦炭产率却有所降低,而压力增加强化了这一影响。此外,气化作用下的煤焦可能由于表面积增加而提高了反应活性,其表面官能团结构也因气化而发生改变。关于煤或焦炭燃烧反应,目前普遍认为CO_(2)气化在温度较高和氧气浓度较低时可促进燃料碳消耗,H_(2)O的加入则进一步加速了这一过程。随着环境压力的升高,CO_(2)气化反应在燃料碳消耗中占比逐渐增大,但对于加压下CO_(2)/H_(2)O共气化的影响鲜有涉及。本研究总结了富氧气氛中CO_(2)和H_(2)O气化作用下的煤热解和焦炭燃烧行为,为今后富氧燃烧技术的发展提供了理论参考。

低比例甲醇掺混下氨/甲醇燃烧的化学机制和N_(2)O生成分析

为探究氨燃料减少温室气体(GHG)排放的效益,克服氨点火能量较高、层流火焰速度较慢的缺点,使用Chemkin构建化学反应器网格(CRN)仿真模型对低比例甲醇(0~10%)与氨掺混燃烧进行组分演化、产物生成速率和敏感性分析,利用化学反应动力学,分析N_(2)O生成和还原机理。结果表明:纯氨燃烧在当量比为1.1~1.2时,可同时降低NO、未燃NH_(3)和N_(2)O的排放,较纯甲醇燃烧可减少70%以上的温室气体排放;当量比超过0.9时,氨燃烧的GHG排放始终低于纯甲醇燃烧。加入甲醇能有效控制N_(2)O生成,进一步降低GHG排放。在富燃条件下,甲醇的添加促进了H的生成,使N_(2)O消耗增加;在贫燃条件下,甲醇的增强抑制了NH的生产,使N_(2)O生成降低。另外,提高压力和温度也能有效降低温室气体排放。