Solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs)can convert electricity to chemicals with high efficiency at ~600-900℃,and have attracted widespread attention in renewable energy conversion and storage.SOECs operate in the inve...Solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs)can convert electricity to chemicals with high efficiency at ~600-900℃,and have attracted widespread attention in renewable energy conversion and storage.SOECs operate in the inverse mode of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)and therefore inherit most of the advantages of SOFC materials and energy conversion processes.However,the external bias that drives the electrochemical process will strongly change the chemical environments in both in the cathode and anode,therefore necessitating careful reconsideration of key materials and electrocatalysis processes.More importantly,SOECs provide a unique advantage of electrothermal catalysis,especially in converting stable low-carbon alkanes such as methane to ethylene with high selectivity.Here,we review the state-of-the-art of SOEC research progress in electrothermal catalysis and key materials and provide a future perspective.展开更多
Though the fuel cell was invented by Grove in 1839,there are no commercially viable products at present.The development of fuel cells can be conveniently divided into three phases exploratory phase(1839-1967).The main...Though the fuel cell was invented by Grove in 1839,there are no commercially viable products at present.The development of fuel cells can be conveniently divided into three phases exploratory phase(1839-1967).The main emphasis of the work is to increase the area of the three phase interface at the electrode.The problem was solved by Bacon who invented the dual porosity,biporous nickel electrode.He demonstrated the first H 2/O 2 fuel cell(180℃,20atm).This cell was later improved and scaled up to power the Apollo lunar mission.However,the cost is too high for civilian applications and we come to the development phase (1967-2001).The main emphasis has been on the use of Teflon bonded electrodes and novel catalysts(PtRu,Pt/WO 3 and Pt Ru/WO 3 anode catalyst for the anodic oxidation of impure H 2 and methanol.In addition,the recent discovery of gadolinium doped ceria has reduced the operating temperature of solid oxide electrolytes to ～500℃ instead of 1?000℃.From 2001 onwards,we may be entering the breakthrough phase where the most favourable candidates are direct methanol vapor fuel cells and solid oxide electrolyte fuel cells.In the former case,there is a need to reduce the cross over of methanol to the cathode compartment and the development of air cathode catalyst which are less affected by methanol and in the latter case,there is a need to improve the activity of the anode and cathode catalysts.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are undoubtedly the current working-horse in almost all portable electronic devices,electric vehicles,and even large-scale stationary energy storage.Given the problems faced by LIBs,a big qu...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are undoubtedly the current working-horse in almost all portable electronic devices,electric vehicles,and even large-scale stationary energy storage.Given the problems faced by LIBs,a big question arises as to which battery(ies)would be the“Beyond LIBs”batteries.Among the front-runners,lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have been extensively pursued owing to their intrinsically high energy density and extremely low cost.Despite the steady and sometimes exciting progress reported on sulfur chemistry and cell performance at laboratory scales over the past decade,one of the major bottlenecks is the poor cyclability.In this perspective,we examine the key challenges and opportunities faced by LSBs,as well as approaches at the materials,electrode/electrolyte and cell integration levels that can be taken to transform LSBs from a front-runner to a real leading champion in the pursuit of the“Beyond LIBs”.While the key new mechanistic insights are very important,we propose a set of the near-future research directions for both the liquid and solid state LSBs,where the currently on-going parallel pursuits of both liquid and solid LSBs will be converging.The“liquid current”will gradually be taken over by“solid future”in the expected LSBs commercialization in the coming decade.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0700102)Natural Science Foundation of China(91845202)+3 种基金Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(DNL180404)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB2000000)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2018J01088)State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry(20170011,20200012)。
文摘Solid oxide electrolysis cells(SOECs)can convert electricity to chemicals with high efficiency at ~600-900℃,and have attracted widespread attention in renewable energy conversion and storage.SOECs operate in the inverse mode of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)and therefore inherit most of the advantages of SOFC materials and energy conversion processes.However,the external bias that drives the electrochemical process will strongly change the chemical environments in both in the cathode and anode,therefore necessitating careful reconsideration of key materials and electrocatalysis processes.More importantly,SOECs provide a unique advantage of electrothermal catalysis,especially in converting stable low-carbon alkanes such as methane to ethylene with high selectivity.Here,we review the state-of-the-art of SOEC research progress in electrothermal catalysis and key materials and provide a future perspective.
文摘Though the fuel cell was invented by Grove in 1839,there are no commercially viable products at present.The development of fuel cells can be conveniently divided into three phases exploratory phase(1839-1967).The main emphasis of the work is to increase the area of the three phase interface at the electrode.The problem was solved by Bacon who invented the dual porosity,biporous nickel electrode.He demonstrated the first H 2/O 2 fuel cell(180℃,20atm).This cell was later improved and scaled up to power the Apollo lunar mission.However,the cost is too high for civilian applications and we come to the development phase (1967-2001).The main emphasis has been on the use of Teflon bonded electrodes and novel catalysts(PtRu,Pt/WO 3 and Pt Ru/WO 3 anode catalyst for the anodic oxidation of impure H 2 and methanol.In addition,the recent discovery of gadolinium doped ceria has reduced the operating temperature of solid oxide electrolytes to ～500℃ instead of 1?000℃.From 2001 onwards,we may be entering the breakthrough phase where the most favourable candidates are direct methanol vapor fuel cells and solid oxide electrolyte fuel cells.In the former case,there is a need to reduce the cross over of methanol to the cathode compartment and the development of air cathode catalyst which are less affected by methanol and in the latter case,there is a need to improve the activity of the anode and cathode catalysts.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Tongji University),MOE,Singapore Ministry of Education,Grant/Award Number:MOE2018-T2-2-095。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are undoubtedly the current working-horse in almost all portable electronic devices,electric vehicles,and even large-scale stationary energy storage.Given the problems faced by LIBs,a big question arises as to which battery(ies)would be the“Beyond LIBs”batteries.Among the front-runners,lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have been extensively pursued owing to their intrinsically high energy density and extremely low cost.Despite the steady and sometimes exciting progress reported on sulfur chemistry and cell performance at laboratory scales over the past decade,one of the major bottlenecks is the poor cyclability.In this perspective,we examine the key challenges and opportunities faced by LSBs,as well as approaches at the materials,electrode/electrolyte and cell integration levels that can be taken to transform LSBs from a front-runner to a real leading champion in the pursuit of the“Beyond LIBs”.While the key new mechanistic insights are very important,we propose a set of the near-future research directions for both the liquid and solid state LSBs,where the currently on-going parallel pursuits of both liquid and solid LSBs will be converging.The“liquid current”will gradually be taken over by“solid future”in the expected LSBs commercialization in the coming decade.
