A/B型流感病毒治疗药物——Laninamivir Octanoate Hydrate

1药物概况商品名：INAVIR通用名：Laninamivir Octanoate Hydrate（暂译名：拉尼娜米韦辛酸酯水合物）临床试验代号：CS-8958原研公司：日本第一三共株式会社类别：长效选择性神经氨酸酶（neuramidinase。

RELEASE OF IBUPROFEN FROM PEG-PLLA ELECTROSPUN FIBERS CONTAINING POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-b-POLY(α-HYDROXY OCTANOIC ACID) AS AN ADDITIVE

Poly（a-hydroxy octanoic acid） was first used as an additive for the preparation of electrospun ultra-fine fibers of poly（ethylene glycol）-b-poly（L-lactide） （PEG-PLLA）. Ibuprofen was loaded in the electrospun ultra-fine fibers. The results from environmental scanning electron microscopy （ESEM）, wide angle X-ray diffraction （WAXD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） demonstrated that ibuprofen could be perfectly entrapped in the fibers electrospun from PEG-PLLA using a-hydroxy octanoic acid or PEG-b-poly（a-hydroxy octanoic acid） （PEG-PHOA） as additives. Compared with electrospun PEG-PLLA fibers which entrapped 20 wt% ibuprofen, the PEG-PLLA electrospun fibers containing PEG-PHOA exhibited integral and robust after 1 week incubated in 37℃, pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution with 10 μg/mL proteinase K. Compared with electrospun fibers without PEG-PHOA, the concentration ofproteinase K in release media had less effect on the release rate of ibuprofen. An unique release profile was found from PEG-PLLA fiber after the incorporation of PEG-PHOA. Enzyme degradation experiments demonstrated that PEG-PHOA but not a-hydroxy octanoic acid monomer was the crucial factor for integrity maintenance of the electrospun fibers, which may be due to the enzyme degradation tolerance property of the PEG-PHOA polymer additive.

Delayed Gastric Emptying in Anorexic Adolescents Measured with the ¹³C Octanoic Acid Breath Test

Many gastrointestinal complaints and motility disorders are described in patients suffering from different eating disorders. These have a negative impact on refeeding. This report evaluated–on admission-gastric emptying of a standardized solid meal with 13C octanoic acid breath test in anorexic adolescents. The results were compared with age and gender matched controls. Gastric emptying data were related to a subjective symptom score. 21 Anorexic girls and 3 boys (mean age: 15.6 y ± 1.3 y), body mass index (mean 15.6 kg/m2 ± 1.6 kg/m2), weight loss (mean: 22.2% ± 10.7%) were studied. T? of the gastric emptying time exceeded the P95 in 14/24 (58%) patients, classified as having delayed gastric emptying (DGE). One patient (4%) had a T? exceeding P75 and was classified as slow (SGE), whereas 9/24 (38%) patients had normal gastric emptying (NGE). In comparison to NGE, subjects with DGE had significantly higher symptom scores (p = 0.01) and more weight loss. The DGE and SGE patients lost 25.29% and 21.38% of weight respectively, whereas a weight loss of 17.64% was found in anorexics with NGE. In conclusion, gastric emptying is delayed in patients with anorexia. This is associated with more significant gastrointestinal symptoms and higher weight loss.

Dynamic Molecular Behavior and Cluster Structure of Octanoic Acid in Its Liquid and CCl₄Solution

Fatty acids such as oleic and stearic acids having a long hydrocarbon chain are known to exist as dimers in their melt and even in a non-polar solvent. In their melt the dimers arrange longitudinally and alternately to form clusters which resemble a smectic liquid crystal. The clusters determine the liquid properties of the fatty acids such as density, viscosity and fluidity. Then, do the dimers of fatty acid having a moderate-length hydrocarbon chain construct such the clusters? In the present study the dynamic molecular behavior and assembly structure of octanoic acid in its melt and also in CCl4 solution have been investigated by the X-ray diffraction, near infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR chemical shift, self-diffusion coefficient and 13C-NMR spin-lattice relaxation time measurements. From these results it has been revealed that the clusters of octanoic acid exist in its melt and also in CCl4 and that the clusters in the melt disintegrate with an increase in temperature. The dissociation profile of dimers of octanoic acid into monomers in CCl4 also has been clarified.

Thermally degraded palm kernel oil increased serum 4-hydroxynonenal protein adduct formation and hepatotoxic indications in Wistar rats:vitamin C intervention

Objective:The frequent consumption of deep-fried foods has been linked to high risk of certain non-communicable diseases.As a consequence,the safety of deep-fried oil(DFO)ingested with fried foods has been called into question.This study therefore evaluated the effects of DFO from palm kernel on serum 4-hydroxynonenal protein adduct formation,De Ritis ratio(DRR),liver histology and atherogenicity in Wistar rats and the role of vitamin C intervention.Methods:Deep-fried oil samples were characterized for total antioxidant capacity(TAC),degradation and metal contamination levels and compared against counterpart unused frying oil(UFO).In the animal experiment,both oil samples,sourced from commercial cooks,were orally administered,for 13 weeks,to sixty-two rats randomly divided into six test groups of two exposure levels alongside vitamin C control.After exposure,serum liver enzyme activities and lipoproteins levels were determined using colorimetric methods,while protein adducts levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Histopathological examinations of liver tissues were also performed.Results:DFO had significantly lower(P=0.021)TAC,significantly higher(P=0.024)volatile acid and Pb concentrations compared to UFO.Exposure to DFO significantly increased(P<0.01)serum protein adduct formation,the De Ritis ratio and caused cytoplasmic vacuolation and pigment deposit on liver tissues compared to the control.Additionally,DFO exposures had an initial negative body weight gain rate that increased at the end of the study.Conclusion:However,co-administration of vitamin C significantly reduced(P<0.05)the De Ritis ratio and reduced the serum protein adducts levels by at least 15%.Concomitant intake of vitamin C and DFO can mitigate probable adverse effects.

Catalytic Esterification of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids:Kinetic Investigations

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are straight-chain fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 - 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. They are found mostly in animal fats and in the tropical vegetable oils. Because of their wide applications in industry, there is a growing demand of esters of medium-chain fatty acids production. The aim of our work was investigations of the kinetics of the synthesis of esters of MCFA in the presence of dowex catalyst in wide range of process parameters. Hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acids were esterified with n-octyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid and commercial dowex W50X8 as catalysts in an experimental semi-periodic glass tank reactor with instantaneous and complete water removal. Because of complete removal of water from the reacting mixture, thus eliminating the reverse hydrolysis reaction, the esterification can be assumed as irreversible reaction. The temperature range was 393 - 423 K, the range of initial mole ratio of alcohol to acid was 3 - 10. The kinetic parameters are given. The reaction kinetics appeared to be of the first order with respect to the acid. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate follows the Arrhenius equation well.

Fatty acid fouling of forward osmosis membrane:Effects of pH,calcium,membrane orientation,initial permeate flux and foulant composition

Octanoic acid（OA） was selected to represent fatty acids in effluent organic matter（EOM）. The effects of feed solution（FS） properties, membrane orientation and initial permeate flux on OA fouling in forward osmosis（FO） were investigated. The undissociated OA formed a cake layer quickly and caused the water flux to decline significantly in the initial 0.5 hr at unadjusted p H 3.56; while the fully dissociated OA behaved as an anionic surfactant and promoted the water permeation at an elevated p H of 9.00. Moreover, except at the initial stage, the sudden decline of water flux（meaning the occurrence of severe membrane fouling） occurred in two conditions： 1.0.5 mmol/L Ca2＋, active layer facing draw solution（AL-DS） and 1.5 mol/L Na Cl（DS）; 2. No Ca2＋,active layer-facing FS（AL-FS） and 4 mol/L Na Cl（DS）. This demonstrated that cake layer compaction or pore blocking occurred only when enough foulants were absorbed into the membrane surface, and the water permeation was high enough to compact the deposit inside the porous substrate. Furthermore, bovine serum albumin（BSA） was selected as a co-foulant.The water flux of both co-foulants was between the fluxes obtained separately for the two foulants at p H 3.56, and larger than the two values at p H 9.00. This manifested that, at p H 3.56,BSA alleviated the effect of the cake layer caused by OA, and OA enhanced BSA fouling simultaneously; while at p H 9.00, the mutual effects of OA and BSA eased the membrane fouling.