Study on the Bacteriostatic Effects of 7 Kinds of Chinese Herbal Medicines such as Ophiopogon japonicus and Comb

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus in terms of unilater- al bacteriostatic effect, such as root and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, honeycomb, Panax pseudoginseng, and Allium macrostemon. [Method] Herbal active ingredients were extracted by water boiling method and a bacteriostatic experiment was per- formed by oxford cup diffusion method, to select Chinese herbs with antibacterial effects. MIC values of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine were determined by in vitro half-fold dilution method. [Results] Root and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, honeycomb, Panax pseudoginseng, Allium macrostemon, Juncus effusus and Xanthi- um sibiricum had bacteriostatic effects on Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus au- reus in varying degrees. Xanthium and leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus performed bet- ter on Escherichia coil, with MIC values at 7.81 and 15.63 mg/ml, respectively. Panax pseudoginseng and Xanthium performed better on Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values at 15.63 and 31.25 mg/ml. And the drug＇s effect was positively correlated with the concentration. [Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum is the best bacte- riostatic effect, followed by leaf of Ophiopogon japonicus, and Juncus effusus per- forms the poorest. Panax pseudoginseng showed the best bacteriostatic effect, fol- lowed by Xanthium sibiricum and Juncus effusus performs the poorest. These pro- vide references for clinic safety.

Experimental Study on Content of Aqueous Extract and Total Flavonoids in Different Parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1

[Objectives]To study the differences in the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in different parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1,and provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of O. japonicus resources. [Methods] According to Volume I of 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and with reference to literature methods,taking water as extraction solvent,hot dip method was used to determine the content of aqueous extract; taking ethanol as extraction solvent,the content of total flavonoids was determined using hot dip method,Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry. [Results]The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus1 was higher than that of traditional O. japonicas; the content of aqueous extract in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1; the content of total flavonoids in leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the root tubers; the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in Sichuan O. japonicus 1 in the second year was higher than that in the first year.[Conclusions]The quality of new cultivar of Sichuan O. japonicas 1 was significantly higher than the traditional O. japonicus. Nowadays,the main part of drug use in O. japonicas is root,but as to the content of total flavonoids,fibrous roots and leaves are more dominant,it is feasible to develop and utilize the resources of flavonoids in the fibrous roots and leaves. The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids from the second year O. japonicus was higher than that in the first year O. japonicus,but its increased amount did not meet the requirements of economic benefits.

Recognition of Ophiopogon japonicus Disease Based on Image Feature Fusion

The images of three diseases of black spot,anthracnose and leaf blight in Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus leaves were taken the research object,and the bimodal method,Otsu threshold segmentation method and K-means clustering segmentation algorithm were compared and analyzed on the images of O.japonicus.The segmentation effect showed that the K-means clustering algorithm combined with the mathematical morphology processing method could meet the segmentation requirements.Then,the color,shape,and texture information of the lesion image were extracted and fused into a feature vector.Next,the variance analysis and principal component analysis method were applied to eliminate the feature parameters with poor disease characterization ability and reduce the eigenvector dimension to 10 dimensions.Finally,the classifiers for disease identification were designed by the support vector machine,and the recognition rate reached 90%after testing.The method has the advantages of low cost,simple algorithm and high efficiency,and basically meets the requirements of practical applications.

New Steroidal Glycosides from Ophiopogon japonicus

Two new C 27 steroidal glycosides, named ophiopojaponin A (1) and B (2), together with two known ones, were isolated from the tubers of the famous traditional Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus Ker_Gawl. The spectroscopic and chemical evidence revealed their structures to be pennogenin 3_O_[2′_O_acetyl_α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyranosyl (1→3)_β_D_glucopyranoside (1), 26_O_β_D_glucopyranosyl_(22ξ, 25R)_3β, 14α, 22ξ, 26_tetrahydroxyfurost_5_ene 3_O_α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)_β_D_glucopyranoside (2), diosgenin 3_O_[α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyrano_syl (1→3)_β_D_glucopyranoside (3) and ruscogenin 1_O_[α_L_rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)]_β_D_xylopyranosyl (1→3)_β_D_fucopyranoside (4).

A new C_(27)-steroidal glycoside from Ophiopogon japonicus

A new C27-steroidal glycoside with three known compounds were isolated from the tuber of Ophiopogonjaponicus （Thunb.） Ker-Gawl. Based on the spectral analysis, including HRMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC, their chemical structures were determined as pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 2）-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（1→ 4）-13-D-gluco- pyranoside （1）, pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→ 2）-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）, ophiopojaponin C （3） and ophiopogonin D （4）. 2007 Jian Zhong Wang. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

Two new steroidal glucosides from Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl

Two new steroidal glucosides, 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl （25S）-furost-5-ene-1β,3β,22α,26-tetraol l-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl- （1 → 3）-[α-h-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）]-[β-D-fueopyranoside and （25R） spirost-5-ene-3β,14α-diol-3-β-O-β-L-rhanmopyranosyl- （1 → 2）-[β-D-xylopyranosyl（1 → 4）]-[-β-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the Ophiopogon japonicus （L.f.） Ker-Gaw. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

Recognition System for Leaf Diseases of Ophiopogon japonicus Based on PCA-SVM

Taking leaf black spot,anthracnose and leaf blight of Ophiopogon japonicus as the research objects,lesions were separated by K-Means clustering segmentation technology.PCA(principal component analysis)was carried out on the 46-dimensional eigenvectors composed of color,shape and texture features,and then the multi-level classifier designed by SVM(support vector machine)was used to identify lesions.The recognition rate of the developed leaf disease recognition system of O.japonicus achieved 93.3%.The results indicates that the system is of great significance to the prevention and control of O.japonicus diseases and the modernization of O.japonicus industry.

A New Furospirostanol Saponin,Ophiofurospiside B from Ophiopogon japonicus(Thunb.) Ker-Gawl

Introduction The tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus （ L. f） Ker- Gawl, which is a Chinese traditional medicine named ＂maidong＂ have been recorded to have various medical functions for curing cardiovascular diseases and bacterial infections, especially heart diseases. Phytochemical studies on this plant were reported previously. In search of new and bioactive components from Chinese traditional medicines, the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus have been investigated in this study. The present paper article covers the isolation and structure elucidation of a new furospirostanol saponin, namely, Ophiofurospiside B （compound 1 ） and two known steroidal saponins （ compounds 2 and 3）.

Two new steroidal glycosides from Ophiopogon japonicus

Two new C27-steroidal glycosides were isolated from the fibrous roots of Ophiopogon japonicus. The spectral analysis and chemical evidence revealed their chemical structures to be （25R）-spirost-5,14-dien-3β-yl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-β-D- xylopyranosyl-（1 → 4）-β-D-glucopyranoside （1） and ophiogenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （2）.

Application of Multivariate Analysis Method in Evaluation of Quality and Traits of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus

[Objectives] To study the relationship between the yield and total saponin content of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus. [Methods]The multi-indicator function model of Sichuan O. japonicus was established by using the multivariate analysis method and taking the yield of and total saponin content of Sichuan O. japonicus as indicators. [Results] In the multivariate non-linear fitting,the Pearson correlation test was used to reduce the dimension of the model,and the significant correlated variables were rejected,leaving three independent variables: the total fresh weight of the plant( x_1),the fresh weight of the aboveground part(x_2) and the fresh weight of fibrous roots(x_3),established the total saponin( y) function model for Sichuan O. japonicus: y = a_1+a_2x_2+ a_3x_3+ a_4x_1x_2+ a_5x_1x_3+ a_6x_2x_3+ a_7x_1~2+ a_8x_2~2+ a_9x_3~2.[Conclusions]When the total fresh weight of plant,fresh weight of aboveground part and fresh weight of fibrous roots were known in Sichuan O. japonicus root tuber,the total saponin content could be estimated by polynomial of these three variables. The establishment of this functional model system is expected to provide a scientific basis for the scientific prediction of the yield and total saponin content of Sichuan O. japonicus.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Tillering Ability of Ophiopogon japonicus cv

[Objectives]This study was conducted to discuss the effects of tillering law and its controlling factors on the growth of Ophiopogon japonicus cv.[Methods]With O.japonicus cv as an experimental material,its average number of tillers,proliferation coefficient,total number of tillers,death number,germination index,germination rate,fresh root weight,root volume and survival rate were determined.[Results] The reproductive ability of the NAA treatments was significantly higher than that of the 6-BA treatments,and the average tillering capacity of the 5 mg/L NAA treatment was significantly higher,90% higher than that of the CK.The proliferation coefficient of O.japonicus cv was significantly better in the NAA treatments than in the 6-BA treatments,and the 5 mg/L-NAA treatment was more significant.The NAA treatments showed total numbers of tillers significantly higher than those of the 6-BA treatments,and exhibited significantly reduced deaths.The 1 mg/L NAA and 10 mg/L 6-BA experimental groups had the strongest germination-promoting effects on O.japonicus cv,which were significantly different from those of other experimental groups,and were 92% and 95% higher than that of the CK,respectively.As to the germination rate indicator of O.japonicus cv,the 1 mg/L NAA and 10 mg/L 6-BA experimental groups exhibited the highest values,which increased by 48% and 43%,respectively,compared with the CK.The 6-BA treatments significantly improved the root growth of O.japonicus cv compared with the NAA treatments,and they significantly promoted root volume of O.japonicus cv.The survival rate of O.japonicus cv treated with hormone NAA was 23.3% higher than that of the 6-BA treatment group.[Conclusions] This study provide a theoretical basis for improving the reproductive ability of O.japonicus cv and expanding its commercial production.

麦冬皂苷D调节cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路对炎症性肠病大鼠炎性损伤的影响

目的:探究麦冬皂苷D调节cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路对炎症性肠病(IBD)大鼠炎性损伤的影响。方法:将大鼠分为对照组、模型组、麦冬皂苷D低剂量组、麦冬皂苷D高剂量组和麦冬皂苷D高剂量+H-89(cAMP抑制剂)组。检测大鼠质量和大鼠结肠长度;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清IL-17、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、cAMP水平;流式细胞术检测大鼠外周血中Th17、Treg细胞比例;HE染色检测结肠组织病理损伤;Western blot检测大鼠结肠组织中Bax、Bcl-2以及cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果:治疗结束后,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠结肠组织显著损伤,体质量、结肠长度、血清IL-10、cAMP水平、外周血Treg细胞比例、结肠组织Bcl-2、p-PKA/PKA、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达显著降低,血清IL-17、IL-6、TNF-α水平、外周血中Th17比例和Th17/Treg比值、Bax蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,麦冬皂苷D低、高剂量组大鼠结肠组织显著减轻,体质量、结肠长度、血清IL-10、cAMP水平、外周血Treg细胞比例、结肠组织Bcl-2、p-PKA/PKA、p-CREB/CREB蛋白表达显著升高,血清IL-17、IL-6、TNF-α水平、外周血中Th17比例和Th17/Treg比值、Bax蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05);H-89可部分逆转麦冬皂苷D对炎症性肠病大鼠的治疗作用(P<0.05)。结论:麦冬皂苷D可降低IBD大鼠炎症反应和结肠组织损伤,可能是通过激活cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路实现的。

麦冬传统炮制工艺与京帮炮制经验探讨

[目的]探讨麦冬的传统炮制工艺和京帮炮制经验,为麦冬的现代研究提供借鉴。[方法]搜集古代本草文献中麦冬炮制的资料及传统京帮传世资料中麦冬炮制的相关记载,并向老药师咨询,在分析整理的基础上对麦冬的各种炮制方法进行复原。[方法]麦冬去心的机制有去心除烦、去心治经枯、去心养肺阴,以第一种流传最广。去心的方法有沸水润去心、清水润去心、焙软去心,以第一种效果最好。酒浸法的目的是减轻麦冬久服胃寒的副作用。米炒法宜将米薄铺于锅中,铺麦冬于米上,不宜翻动,其色均匀,如与米同翻炒则麦冬易鼓起。蒸法有清蒸与拌乳蒸两种。麦冬不易粉碎,《本草纲目》记载的间断焙干法很好。麦冬熬膏与制丸均利用其含汁液的特点。传统京帮麦冬在闷润与去心的方法上均有明显的地方特色,朱麦冬为撒水微润,朱砂细粉随撒随翻动。这两个炮制品种已消失半个世纪。[结论]麦冬的炮制方法的复原和优化,有望提高麦冬药效,为临床提供更高质量的麦冬药材。揭示传统京帮麦冬炮制的地方特色,为复兴消失的炮制品种提供了可能,对于丰富中药资源,提升中药的临床应用价值具有重要意义。

麦冬多糖对烟曲霉菌性角膜炎小鼠炎症反应的影响

目的探讨麦冬多糖(OJP)对烟曲霉菌性角膜炎(AFK)小鼠的治疗作用及机制。方法通过对小鼠角膜注射烟曲霉菌(AF)悬浮液建立AFK模型,将54只建模成功的AFK小鼠随机分为5组:模型组(n=11)、低剂量组(n=11)、中剂量组(n=11)、高剂量组(n=11)和激动剂组(n=10);取未建模的小鼠作为对照组(n=10)。低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组小鼠分别用50μL浓度为5,10,20 g/L的OJP溶液滴眼。激动剂组小鼠用50μL浓度为20 g/L的OJP溶液滴眼,同时用0.25 mg/kg的Toll样受体4(TLR4)激动剂CRX-527溶液灌胃。对照组和模型组小鼠分别用50μL生理盐水滴眼。各组小鼠均给药1周。治疗结束24 h后,在裂隙灯显微镜下进行角膜炎症评分。采用苏木素伊红(HE)染色观察角膜形态;采用ELISA法检测角膜组织上清液中促炎因子白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-6水平;采用qRT-PCR分析角膜IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、TLR4、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)p65的mRNA水平;采用Western blot分析角膜TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB p65蛋白相对表达。结果与对照组比较,模型组大鼠的角膜炎症评分升高(P<0.05),角膜出现明显病变,角膜IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6蛋白表达和mRNA水平均升高(P<0.05),角膜TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB p65的mRNA水平和蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组大鼠的角膜炎症评分降低(P<0.05),角膜病变减轻,角膜IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6蛋白表达和mRNA水平均降低(P<0.05),角膜TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB p65的mRNA水平和蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05)。与低剂量组比较,中剂量组和高剂量组大鼠的角膜炎症评分降低(P<0.05),角膜病变减轻,角膜IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6蛋白表达和mRNA水平均降低(P<0.05),角膜TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB p65的mRNA水平和蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05)。与高剂量组比较,激动剂组大鼠的角膜炎症评分升高(P<0.05),角膜病变加重,角膜IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6蛋白表达和mRNA水平均升高(P<0.05),角膜TLR4、MyD88和NF-κB p65的mRNA水平和蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05)。结论OJP可能通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路减轻AFK小鼠角膜炎症损伤。

麦冬密植移栽机设计与研究

针对麦冬对种植密度要求较高、种植季节性强,且市面上已有的移栽机无法实现麦冬的密植和满栽,而采用人工栽植效率又低下的情况,设计了一种基于曲柄摇杆机构和凸轮机构耦合的自动夹取苗移栽装置。该装置可实现麦冬栽植过程中的自动取苗、栽植入土和快速推苗,栽植的株距和行距可调。试用结果显示:该装置在栽植机构每次栽16株、栽植速度1次/s的情况下,可以实现约6×10^(4)株/h的高效栽植,满足麦冬栽植的高密度和高效率的要求,提高了麦冬种植的机械化水平。

前置挖掘式小型履带川麦冬收获机的设计与试验

针对川麦冬收获时根土分离难度大、易损伤茎苗等问题,设计了一种前置挖掘式小型履带麦冬收获机,由挖掘装置、输送筛选装置、液压装置和行走装置等组成。为确定收获机的可行性,根据三因素三水平响应面试验法构建入土角度、振动链的输送速度、振动轮的振动频率对麦冬收获损伤率、明茎率和带土率的回归模型,优化回归模型得到最优参数组合,即机器的前进速度为0.1m/s、入土角度为20°、振动链的转速为190r/min、振动轮的振动频率为600Hz。试验结果表明:在最优参数组合下,麦冬收获损伤率为2.94%,明茎率为96.7%,带土率为12.5%,达到了较为理想的收获效果。研究可为麦冬收获机的完善和作业参数优化提供参考。

川麦冬多糖的结构特征及对过度运动小鼠肝损伤的改善作用

该文对川麦冬多糖的结构特征、抗氧化活性进行分析,探讨其对过度运动小鼠肝损伤的改善作用。采用水提醇沉法获得川麦冬多糖(Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharides,POJ),通过高效液相色谱法确定POJ的单糖组成,利用红外光谱推测其特征基团,并构建过度运动疲劳小鼠肝损伤模型,评价POJ对肝损伤的改善作用机制。结果表明,POJ得率为5.4%,重均分子质量为19315 Da,数均分子质量为17005 Da;由葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、木糖组成,4种单糖的摩尔比为4.35∶5.21∶1.34∶1,其异头碳为β构型,POJ具有较强的清除自由基能力,且与多糖浓度具有显著的正相关;肝脏损伤模型结果显示,POJ能显著提高肝脏组织抗氧化酶活性,降低丙二醛、蛋白羰基化含量,同时还可降低血清中谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶的含量,病理结构图显示POJ具有改善肝脏细胞损伤的作用;同时,POJ能激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α(adenylate-activated protein kinase,AMPKα)/核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)/血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)信号通路,显著提高AMPKα、Nrf2、HO-1、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过物酶、过氧化氢酶的mRNA表达。研究表明,POJ能够激活AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,促进下游抗氧化酶基因mRNA的表达,提高机体的抗氧化能力,从而缓解过度运动疲劳对肝脏造成的氧化损伤。该研究为川麦冬多糖在医药及运动功能性食品方面的开发应用提供了理论依据。

水分梯度对麦冬种植土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量的影响

通过麦冬盆栽试验,控制土壤水分(10%、30%、70%、100%,W/W),对麦冬生长特性、土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征、磷素形态以及磷酸酶活性等进行测定,并分析各测定参数之间的相关性。结果表明,随着水分含量的增加麦冬种植土壤总有机碳、全氮呈降低趋势,但是全磷含量呈上升趋势,土壤磷素各形态占比对水分梯度响应差异性不明显;土壤C/N、C/P、N/P分别为8.79~10.46、15.95~18.68和1.53~2.15,对水分梯度响应特性不同,均属于弱变异;30%水分处理土壤碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他3种水分处理(P<0.05),可以直接利用磷比例为52.76%,略高于其他水分组;在30%水分组中,麦冬生物量、总根长、叶片全磷含量显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),根面积、叶绿素含量略高于70%水分组(P>0.05)且显著高于10%和100%水分组(P<0.05),100%水分组麦冬生长被显著抑制。30%水分梯度利于麦冬改善土壤质量,提高麦冬对土壤碳氮磷的利用,增加土壤对氮素的累积,利于其生长。

高光谱结合支持向量机鉴别不同产地的麦冬药材

采用高光谱结合支持向量机方法建立了不同产地麦冬药材的鉴别方法。收集5个不同产地的麦冬样品并采集其高光谱数据,用SG平滑滤波对高光谱数据预处理,再结合支持向量机方法建立麦冬产地分类模型。结果显示,经预处理后模型对测试集的分类准确率可达到93.00%。结果表明,高光谱结合支持向量机方法是一种很有前景的麦冬药材鉴别方法。

不同遮阴处理对4种麦冬光合特性的影响

以山麦冬(Liriope spicata)、禾叶山麦冬(Liriope graminifolia)、金边麦冬(Liriope muscari var.variegata)、湖北麦冬(Liriope spicata var.prolifera)为试材,通过不同遮阴度处理90 d后,研究不同遮阴度对4种麦冬光合特性的影响,以期为园林中不同光照环境选择适宜的麦冬种类提供理论依据。结果表明,适度遮阴促进4种麦冬的叶绿素合成,山麦冬、禾叶山麦冬的叶绿素(a+b)含量均在25%遮阴度下达到最大值,分别为2.38、2.10 mg/g,金边麦冬、湖北麦冬的叶绿素(a+b)含量均在50%遮阴度时达到最大值,分别为1.22、1.81 mg/g;25%遮阴度时山麦冬净光合速率最大,为11.13μmol/(m^(2)·s),禾叶山麦冬、金边麦冬、湖北麦冬均在50%遮阴度时净光合速率最大,分别为6.15、6.82、8.01μmol/(m^(2)·s)。由此可知,山麦冬最适遮阴度为25%,禾叶山麦冬适宜的遮阴度在25%~50%,金边麦冬、湖北麦冬的适宜遮阴度为50%。