Electrical Investigation of Some Silver Containing Ceramics Obtained from Coprecipitated Oxalates

Silver-ceramics (Ag2MO2)(M=Co, Ni, or Cu) were prepared through thermal decompositionof coprecipitated oxalates. Pellets of these materials were annealed at 350℃ for different timeperiods up to 5 h. The effect of annealing time on the transport properties was studied. IR andX-ray spectra were also studied.

Dimethylamine oxalate manipulating CsPbI_(3) perovskite film crystallization process for high efficiency carbon electrode based perovskite solar cells

Crystallization process determines the quality of perovskite films and the performances of resultant perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Dimethylamine oxalate has been proven as a multifunctional modulator,and is explored as an efficient additive in manipulating the crystallization process of CsPbI_(3) perovskite films.On one hand,oxalate serves as the precipitator that facilitates the nucleation process of intermediate.The larger size of intermediate is conductive to the larger size and smaller grain boundaries of resultant perovskite.On the other hand,in subsequent annealing process,the phase conversion and growth process of transient perovskite can be decelerated due to the strong interactions of oxalate with both dimethylamine cation(DMA^(+))and Pb^(2+).Due to the optimized crystallization kinetics,the morphology and quality of CsPbI_(3) perovskite films are comprehensively improved with lower defect concentrations,and charge recombination loss is effectively suppressed.Benefiting from the optimized crystal quality of perovskite films,the carbon electrode-based CsPbI_(3) PSCs exhibit a champion efficiency of 18.48%.This represents one of the highest levels among all hole transport layer-free inorganic perovskite solar cells.

Selective leaching of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid

Traditional hydrometallurgical methods for recovering spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)involve acid leaching to simultaneously extract all valuable metals into the leachate.These methods usually are followed by a series of separation steps such as precipitation,extraction,and stripping to separate the individual valuable metals.In this study,we present a process for selectively leaching lithium through the synergistic effect of sulfuric and oxalic acids.Under optimal leaching conditions(leaching time of 1.5 h,leaching temperature of 70°C,liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL/g,oxalic acid ratio of 1.3,and sulfuric acid ratio of 1.3),the lithium leaching efficiency reached89.6%,and the leaching efficiencies of Ni,Co,and Mn were 12.8%,6.5%,and 21.7%.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES)analyses showed that most of the Ni,Co,and Mn in the raw material remained as solid residue oxides and oxalates.This study offers a new approach to enriching the relevant theory for selectively recovering lithium from spent LIBs.

Template-directed Synthesis of Three Metal Oxalates via 4-Connected Building Units

Three novel compounds, [Co（en）3]2[Zr2（C2O4）7]·2H20（HNU-2, en=ethylenediamine）, [Co（NH3）6]· [Ce（CzO4）3（H2O）]·H2O（HNU-3） and [Co（dien）2][Gd（C2On）3]·0.75H2O（HNU-4, dien=dethylenetriamine） were hydro- thermal synthesized based on the templates of [Co（en）3]C13, [C0（NH3）6]C13 and [Co（dien）2]C13, respectively. The Zr4＋ Ce3＋ and Gd3＋ cations are all coordinated by four oxalates to form [M（C2O4）n（H2O）n]m （M=Zr, Ce or Gd; n=0 or 1; m=4 or 5）, which are similar to [In（C2O4）4]5- in NKB-1, and can be regarded as 4-connected building units. The [M（C2O4）a（H2O）n]m units are connected via sharing the bis-bidentate bridging oxalate ligands to form binuclears in HNU-2 and 1D ＂zigzag＂ chains in HNU-3 and HNU-4. cular building units to design 3D open frameworks with It is suggested that these compounds could be used as mole- zeolite topologies.

Activation mechanism of ammonium oxalate with pyrite in the lime system and its response to flotation separation of pyrite from arsenopyrite

The activation properties of ammonium oxalate on the flotation of pyrite and arsenopyrite in the lime system were studied in this work.Single mineral flotation tests showed that the ammonium oxalate strongly activated pyrite in high alkalinity and high Ca^(2+)system,whereas arsenopyrite was almost unaffected.In mineral mixtures tests,the recovery difference between pyrite and arsenopyrite after adding ammonium oxalate is more than 85%.After ammonium oxalate and ethyl xanthate treatment,the hydrophobicity of pyrite increased significantly,and the contact angle increased from 66.62°to 75.15°and then to 81.21°.After ammonium oxalate treatment,the amount of ethyl xanthate adsorption on the pyrite surface significantly increased and was much greater than that on the arsenopyrite surface.Zeta potential measurements showed that after activation by ammonium oxalate,there was a shift in the zeta potential of pyrite to more negative values by adding xanthate.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy test showed that after ammonium oxalate treatment,the O 1s content on the surface of pyrite decreased from 44.03%to 26.18%,and the S 2p content increased from 14.01%to 27.26%,which confirmed that the ammonium oxalatetreated pyrite surface was more hydrophobic than the untreated surface.Therefore,ammonium oxalate may be used as a selective activator of pyrite in the lime system,which achieves an efficient flotation separation of S-As sulfide ores under high alkalinity and high Ca2+concentration conditions.

Proposal for pathogenesis-based treatment options to reduce calcium oxalate stone recurrence

Objective:Prevalence of kidney stone disease continues to increase globally with recurrence rates between 30%and 50%despite technological and scientific advances.Reduction in recurrence would improve patient outcomes and reduce cost and stone morbidities.Our objective was to review results of experimental studies performed to determine the efficacy of readily available compounds that can be used to prevent recurrence.Methods: All relevant literature up to October 2020,listed in PubMed is reviewed.Results: Clinical guidelines endorse the use of evidence-based medications,such as alkaline agents and thiazides,to reduce urinary mineral supersaturation and recurrence.However,there may be additional steps during stone pathogenesis where medications could moderate stone risk.Idiopathic calcium oxalate stones grow attached to Randall’s plaques or plugs.Results of clinical and experimental studies suggest involvement of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the formation of both the plaques and plugs.The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS),nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase,mitochondria,and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3(NLRP3)inflammasome have all been implicated at specific steps during stone pathogenesis in animal models.Conclusion: In addition to supersaturation-reducing therapies,the use of anti-oxidants,free radical scavengers,and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase,NLRP3 inflammasome,and RAAS may prove beneficial for stone prevention.Compounds such as statins and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are already in use as therapeutics for hypertension and cardio-vascular disease and have previously shown to reduce calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats.Although clinical evidence for their use in stone prevention in humans is limited,experimental data support they be considered along with standard evidence-based medications and clinical expertise when patients are being counselled for stone prevention.

Pumpkin seed ethanolic extract protects against escitalopram-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice

Objective:To investigate the protective role of pumpkin seed ethanolic extract against escitalopram-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice.Methods:Swiss albino male mice were randomly divided into five groups with six mice in each group.Group Ⅰreceived normal water orally,Group Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳand Ⅴreceived escitalopram oxalate(10 mg/kg),pumpkin seed extract(300 mg/kg)plus escitalopram oxalate(10 mg/kg),escitalopram oxalate(20 mg/kg),and pumpkin seed extract(300 mg/kg)plus escitalopram oxalate(20 mg/kg),respectively.All test doses were continuously administered orally once daily per animal body weight for 30 days and 60 days.Body weight and sexual organ weight were evaluated on day 31 and 61.Effects of pumpkin seed extract on sperm parameters,biochemical parameters and histology of testis were also investigated.Results:Escitalopram 10 or 20 mg/kg caused reproductive toxicity in male mice after 30 and 60 days of treatment.However,simultaneous administration of escitalopram oxalate(10 or 20 mg/kg)with pumpkin seed extract(300 mg/kg)attenuated escitalopram-induced testicular toxicity.Significant increase in the body weight and relative organ weight was observed.Sperm count,sperm motility and viability significantly increased(P<0.05).The histopathological alterations caused by escitalopram was also ameliorated.Conclusions:Ethanolic extract of pumpkin seeds(300 mg/kg body weight)protects again reproductive toxicity induced by escitalopram.Therefore,dietary intake of pumpkin seed extract might be useful for male patients who expose to antidepressant drug due to depression.

The quantity of OA and activity of cellulase and polygalacturonase are involved in variation of virulence in Sclerotium rolfsii

In order to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of Sclerotium rolfsii on peanut and to analyze the variation of virulence in S.rolfsii strains,the highly virulent strain(ZY2)and weakly virulent strain(GP3-1)were investigated under both in vivo and in vitro conditions.The results indicated that S.rolfsii directly infected peanut by producing infection cushions.ZY2 formed infection cushions earlier than GP3-1,and ZY2 produced a greater number of infection cushions compare to GP3-1.Both strains could utilize cellulose,xylose,or polygalacturonic acid in the Czapek medium.The activities of cellulase(CL)and polygalacturonase(PG)in the inoculated peanut stems increased significantly at 9 h after inoculation.The activities of CL and PG produced by ZY2 in the inoculated stems were significantly higher than that produced by GP3-1.Both strains could produce oxalic acid(OA),and the content of OA produced by ZY2 in the inoculated stems was higher than that produced by GP3-1.In summary,it suggested that S.rolfsii destroyed peanut cells through physical and biochemical factors by secreting a large amount of OA,CL and PG during the formation of infection cushions.The difference in OA content,activity of CL and PG produced by highly and weakly virulent strains played important roles in variation of virulence.

Clinical efficacy and safety of Guipi decoction combined with escitalopram oxalate tablets in patients with depression

BACKGROUND Depression is a widespread mental health condition that requires effective treatment.In the treatment of depression,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)offers obvious advantages,fewer adverse reactions,and a lower recurrence rate.AIM To evaluate the clinical benefits of Guipi decoction combined with escitalopram oxalate tablets for individuals with depression.METHODS In total,80 patients diagnosed as having depression were enrolled in the study and divided into either an experimental group or a control group.All of the patients were orally administered escitalopram oxalate tablets.Additionally,the experimental group received Jiajian Guipi decoction and reduced Governor vessel fumigation over 4 wk.TCM syndrome scores,Hamilton depression rating scale(HAM-D)scores,self-rating depression scale(SDS)scores,and Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores were measured for the two groups and compared before and after the treatment.The two groups were monitored for any adverse reactions.RESULTS After 4 wk of treatment,both groups exhibited a significant reduction in TCM syndrome scores compared with their pre-treatment scores(P<0.05).However,the experimental group exhibited significantly lower TCM syndrome scores than the control group(P<0.05).Similarly,the post-treatment SDS and HAM-D-24 scores were significantly lower in both groups than the pre-treatment scores(P<0.05),with the experimental group exhibiting lower scores than the control group(P<0.05).The total treatment efficiency was significantly better in the experimental group(97.14%)than in the control group(77.78%)(P<0.05).Furthermore,after 4 wk of treatment,the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scores for both groups were significantly lower than those before the treatment(P<0.05),with the experimental group exhibiting lower scores than the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of Guipi decoction and escitalopram oxalate tablets was found to be an effective and safe treatment for depression.This combination could reduce TCM syndrome scores,improve depressive symptoms,and enhance sleep quality.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Its Manifestations and Management a Case Report

Introduction: Thyroid states can be associated with psychiatric manifestations, be it hypothyroid, hyperthyroid or even euthyroid. The effect of depression is significant in subclinical hypothyroidism. Sometimes, its signs and symptoms are indistinguishable from Major Depressive Disorder. Our immunological system and early embryologic origins also play a role in the coexistence of other comorbidities like Pernicious Anemia. Case: A 35-year-old Hispanic female presented with significant low mood, somnolence, weight gain, increased hunger, cold intolerance and epigastric pain. It is important to note the variety of clinical manifestations of our hypothyroidism patient to understand its associations and help us with a better approach to treatment. Discussion: Standard approaches to treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism will depend mostly on laboratory findings such as TSH levels and free T4. Individualized therapy chosen for our patient was based on his mood symptoms, laboratory findings and coexistence of Pernicious Anemia. The use of daily 0.025 mg of levothyroxine, 10 mg of escitalopram oxalate and weekly injections of cyanocobalamin were treatments of choice. Conclusion: During follow up of our patient, we can conclude that Levothyroxine and Escitalopram Oxalate were able to improve hypothyroidism symptoms, reduce thyroglobulin and peroxidase antibodies and improve mood symptoms including cognitive functions. In addition to this, weekly cyanocobalamin injections were integrated into the management. As parietal cell antibodies decreased, gastrointestinal symptoms also disappeared. By addressing the concerns of our patient, we improved quality of care, and this is reflected in the patient’s wellbeing in physical and psychological.

Rate Constants for the Reactions of NO_3~.and SO_4^(._) Radicals with Oxalic Acid and Oxalate Anions in Aqueous Solution

Rate constants for the reactions of NO3 and SO4 radicals with oxalic acid and oxalate anions in aqueous solution have been measured using pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis.

Investigation of Oxalate Levels in Sorrel Plant Parts and Sorrel-Based Products

The oxalate content of the leaves and stems of green and variegated cultivars of sorrel (Rumex acetosa) were extracted and measured using HPLC chromatography. The larger, more mature leaves of both cultivars contained higher levels of total, soluble and insoluble oxalates. The stems also contained appreciable levels of oxalates. The mean soluble oxalate content of the variegated leaves was 14.7%, which was significantly higher than found in the leaves of the green-leaved cultivar (11.9%). The proportion of soluble oxalate to total oxalate in the stems ranged from 12.7% to 24.4% for both cultivars. Sorrel sprouts contained a much higher proportion of soluble oxalates than the green sorrel leaves but were similar in oxalate content to the variegated leaves. Pesto and soup made from sorrel leaves retained their characteristic sour taste despite containing much lower levels of oxalates. The levels of oxalates in sorrel leaves were high and it was recommended that the leaves should be consumed occasionally as a delicacy because of their unique taste rather than as a significant part of the diet. However, the products made from sorrel leaves were less of a problem as they contained lower levels of oxalates.

Effect of Processing on the Oxalate and Calcium Concentrations of Two Local Dishes, C&#417;m H&#7871;n and Canh Chua B&#7841;c Hà, Prepared from Taro Stems

Stems of sweet taro (Colocasia esculenta) grown in Thua Thien Hu&#7871;Province in Vietnam and were used as an ingredient to prepare two local dishes, C&#417;m H&#7871;n and Canh Chua B&#7841;c Hà. This study investigated the effect of simple processing treatments used to prepare these popular dishes on the total, soluble and insoluble oxalate and calcium contents of the taro stems. Raw stems were used to prepare C&#417;m H&#7871;n. Three treatments, removing the skin then washing and slicing, slicing and washing, or slicing and then allowing the stems to wilt overnight were compared to the whole raw stems with the skin retained. Overall, processing the stems reduced the soluble oxalate contents by a mean of 8% when compared with the original raw stems. The mean total calcium bound in the insoluble oxalate fraction of the three processing treatments was 43.3% ± 2.0%. Canh Chua B&#7841;c Hà was prepared by boiling peeled taro stems. In this experiment the peeled stems were boiled for 10, 15 and 20 min and this resulted in 63.4%, 74.5% and 76.6% reductions in soluble oxalate content, respectively, when compared to the original peeled stems. Boiling for 20 min was the most effective way to reduce both the total and soluble oxalate contents of the stems. 39% of the total calcium in the raw taro stems was bound to the insoluble oxalate fraction and this was reduced to a mean of 17.2% ± 2.6% by the three cooking treatments.

Manufacture of a Low Oxalate Mitsumame-Type Dessert Using Rhubarb Juice and Calcium Salts

Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) juice was used to make a Japanese soft mitsumame-type dessert sweet. The dessert was prepared from extracted rhubarb juice, which was cooked with sugar, agar and guar gum, then allowed to set in sweet moulds. The total, soluble and insoluble oxalates were determined in the ingredients and the final products using HPLC chromatography. To reduce the soluble oxalate content of the dessert while retaining the colour and taste of the final product, increments of CaCl2 and CaCO3 were added to the test dessert mixes. The addition of CaCl2 reduced the pH from 3.55 ± 0.03 to pH 3.09 ± 0.02 while addition of CaCO3 increased the pH from 3.55 ± 0.03 to 4.96 ± 0.01. In both cases, the incremental addition of calcium reduced the soluble oxalate content of the sweets by converting it to insoluble oxalate.

Calcium and Oxalate Contents of Curly Leaf (<i>Petroselinum crispum</i>) and Flat Leaf (<i>P. crispum var. neapolitanum </i>) Parsley Cultivars

The total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents of the leaves and stems of curly leaf (Petroselinum crispum) and flat leaf (P. crispum var. neapolitanum) parsley cultivars were extracted from fresh tissue and measured using HPLC chromatography. There were no significant differences between the total and insoluble oxalate contents of the leaves between the flat leaf and curly leaf cultivars. There was a small difference (P < 0.05) between the soluble oxalate contents of the leaves of the two cultivars. The mean total, soluble and insoluble oxalates of the leaves of the two cultivars were 1137.0, 177.9 and 959.3 mg/100 g dry matter (DM), respectively. The mean total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents of the stems were 1680.7, 386.2 and 1294.5 mg/100 g DM, respectively, and these were significantly higher than the mean values for the leaves of the two cultivars. Insoluble oxalate made up a mean of 77.0% of the curly leaf stems and leaves compared to a mean of 84.4% found in the flat-leaved cultivar. Unavailable calcium, that is, calcium bound to oxalate as insoluble oxalate, made up a mean of 26.9% of the total calcium in the leaves of both cultivars while the unavailable calcium made up 45.0% of the total calcium in the stems of the two cultivars. Overall, the oxalate contents of both parsley cultivars are relatively high, on a dry matter basis, but their overall contribution to dietary intake is likely to be quite small as parsley is an herb that is only used in small amounts to garnish foods.

Effect of Pre-Gelatinization Conditions on the Total Oxalate Content and Techno-Functional Properties of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Flour

Like most roots and tubers, taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms have a short shelf-life due to the high moisture content, which aggravates their post-harvest losses. They also contain high amounts of calcium oxalates, limiting their use in food applications. To help add value and diversify the use of taro corms as well as curb food losses, various strategies have been proposed, such processing of the corms into flour. This study aimed at evaluating the total oxalate content and techno-functional properties of taro flour as affected by the pre-gelatinization conditions (i.e., method and time). Pre-gelatinized taro flour was prepared by subjecting peeled and cleaned taro corms to roasting (190°C), boiling (100°C), and steaming (100°C) for 10 min, 20 min and 30 min, respectively, for each method, followed by drying at 55°C and milling. Generally, all the properties of flour were significantly affected by the pre-gelatinization conditions (P 0.05). The total oxalate content of the pre-gelatinized taro flour ranged from 33.26 to 76.90 mg/100g. Pre-gelatinization by boiling significantly reduced the oxalate content (56.7%), while roasting resulted in the least reduction (36.2%). The flour colour i.e. L*, hue, and chroma ranged from 38.47° - 70.30°, 42.64° - 69.43°, and 7.78° - 10.58°, respectively. Roasting resulted in flour with the largest L* (70.30°) and hue angle (69.43°). Boiling also resulted in flour with the highest bulk density (BD) (0.86 g/cm3) and the lowest water solubility index (WSI) (9.39%). Steamed flour had the highest water absorption index (WAI) (3.81 g/g), water holding capacity (WHC) (4.59 g/g), and swelling capacity (SC) (4.86 g/g). This study shows that pre-gelatinization (i.e. by boiling, steaming or roasting) significantly affects the total oxalate content and techno-functional properties of taro flour, which in turn influences its use in other food applications thus increasing the utilization and production of taro simultaneously.

Oxalate Content of Miner’s Lettuce Irrigated with Water or Fertilizer Solutions

The total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents of the small, large and cauline leaves and small and large stems of miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata ) plants which had been irrigated with tap water or a soluble fertilizer were extracted and measured using HPLC chromatography. Overall, all plant parts of miner’s lettuce analyzed contained high levels of total and soluble oxalates;however plants irrigated with fertilizer contained lower levels of oxalates compared with plants irrigated with water. On a dry matter basis, the small leaves contained higher levels of total oxalate when compared to the total oxalate in the large leaves. Soluble oxalate in the leaves of plants irrigated with water ranged from 2.6 to 7.5 mg/100g dry matter (DM) and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the leaves of the fertilizer-watered plants, which ranged from 1.8 to 2.8 mg/100g DM. The soluble oxalate in the small and large stems of the fertilizer-watered plants ranged from 1.20 to 1.5 mg/100g DM and was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the water-treated small and large stems, which ranged from 3.75 to 4.4 mg/100g DM. It is recommended that the leaves of miner’s lettuce should be consumed in moderation.

Preparation of large particle rare earth oxides by precipitation with oxalic acid

The large particle CeO2 and Y2O3 were prepared using oxalic acid as precipitator. The effects of operational parameters such as stirring velocity, precipitation temperature, feeding speed, aging time, precipitation method, and calcination temperature on particle size and loose density of CeO2 were studied. Under the particular conditions, particle median size of D50≥30μm, loose density of ≥2.0 g/mlof CeO2, and particle median size of D50≥20 μm of Y2O3 were prepared. This technology had advantages of simple process, less equipment investment, ease of use, and suitability for industrialization products.

Synthesis of Methyl Glycolate by Hydrogenation of Dimethyl Oxalate over Cu-Ag/SiO_2 Catalyst

Methyl glycolate is a good solvent and can be used as feedstock for the synthesis of some important organic chemicals. Catalytic hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate （DMO） over copper-silver catalyst supported on silica was studied. The Cu-Ag/SiO2 catalyst supported on silica sol was prepared by homogeneous deposition-precipitation of the mixture of aqueous euprammonia complex and silica sol. The proper active temperature of Cu-Ag/SiO2 catalyst for hydrogenation of DMO was 523-623 K. The most preferable reaction conditions for methyl glycolate （MG） were optimized： temperature at 468-478 K, 40-60 mesh catalyst diameter, H2/DMO ratio 40, and 1.0 h^-1 of LHSV.

Effect of copper loading on texture,structure and catalytic performance of Cu/SiO_2 catalyst for hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol

Cu/SiO2 catalysts prepared by a convenient and efficient method using the urea hydrolysis deposition-precipitation （UHDP） technique have been proposed focusing on the effect of copper loading.The texture,structure and composition are systematically characterized by ICP,FTIR,N 2-physisorption,N2O chemisorption,TPR,XRD and XPS.The formation of copper phyllosilicate is observed in Cu/SiO2 catalyst by adopting UHDP method,and the amount of copper phyllosilicate is related to copper loading.It is found the structure properties and catalytic performance is profoundly affected by the amount of copper phyllosilicate.The excellent catalytic activity is attributed to the synergetic effect between Cu0 and Cu ＋.DMO conversion and EG selectivity are determined by the amount of Cu0 and Cu＋,respectively.The proper copper loading （30 wt%） provides with the highest ratio of Cu ＋ /Cu0,giving rise to the highest EG yield of 95% under the reaction conditions of p=2.0 MPa,T=473 K,H2/DMO=80 and LHSV=1.0h-1.