Afforestation has been observed as a green trend in urban areas. The incorporation of trees in urban infrastructure is highly recommended to act as a solution to outlined environmental problems such as global warming....Afforestation has been observed as a green trend in urban areas. The incorporation of trees in urban infrastructure is highly recommended to act as a solution to outlined environmental problems such as global warming. However, it has been precipitously introduced in cities, towns, and metropolitans. The introduction of the green practice was so abrupt that it became devoid to meeting the essential needs for tree growth, thus, failing to bring out the desired effects. Inappropriately selecting and planting trees in urban spaces has resulted in stressed trees that are deficient at reaching up to the calculated goals and in the long run end up being problematic. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the implications of planting southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) trees in the wrong urban space so as to aid in recommending sustainable green solutions for the urban community. By studying southern live oaks planted in Howell Community Park and three randomly selected areas in Southern University Baton Rouge Campus, this study analyzes how the selection of these tree species in the urban spaces influenced their growth and general well-being. These urban spaces were randomly drafted based on accessibility and availability of several southern live oaks. Planting approaches in the four study areas were explored and the general health condition of the trees was determined using the tree appraisal method presented by the i-tree model: my tree. ArcGIS collector was used to collect the GPS coordinates of the trees and ArcMap was used to generate the maps of the study areas. ArcMap software geolocated the coordinates of the southern live oaks in all the four-study areas. The software was used to generate shapefiles of the four study areas and their location in East Baton Rouge. The analysis of the results proved that none of the southern live oaks had an excellent health condition and most of the trees experienced different issues due to planting them in the wrong urban spaces.展开更多
There are two well-known types of tree pruning, crown raising and crown reduction. In Japan, the former has been rarely used, whereas the latter has been widely used. However, it remains unclear which type is more eff...There are two well-known types of tree pruning, crown raising and crown reduction. In Japan, the former has been rarely used, whereas the latter has been widely used. However, it remains unclear which type is more effective to maintain tree vigor and health. Bamboo-leaf oak (Quercus myrsinifolia) trees were experimentally planted and pruned with the two pruning types compared with the no-pruning type. In the crown raising, the lower part of each tree was pruned, and its dominant leader was maintained from the aspect of structural pruning, whereas in the crown reduction, the upper part of each tree was pruned, and the tree height was reduced. The oak trees were observed and recorded in terms of leaf area, leaf weight, branch weight, and tree shape for about one year. The morphological data were statistically analyzed in terms of their allometric relationships. The crown raising type shared the same allometric patterns with the no-pruning types, but the crown reduction type did not. The trees of the crown reduction type were more likely to suffer from pests and disease. The allometric differences between the two pruning types may be considered the result of a decline in whole-tree vigor and health in crown reduction. The crown raising seemed more likely to control tree vigor and health than the crown reduction. The present results would help arborists determine which method to use for pruning.展开更多
We assessed the effect of mulching and tree shelters on the establishment and early growth of zeen oak(Quercus canariensis Willd.) during the first 4 years after planting in Northwestern Tunisia. Five mulch types(Ital...We assessed the effect of mulching and tree shelters on the establishment and early growth of zeen oak(Quercus canariensis Willd.) during the first 4 years after planting in Northwestern Tunisia. Five mulch types(Italian Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.), Lentisk(Pistacia lentiscus L.),and a combination of Italian Stone Pine and Lentisk(organic mulches), gravel(inorganic mulch) and control), and three tree shelter types(non-vented and vented tree shelters, and control) were tested. An increase in the number of internodes occurred under the gravel mulch, while a reduction in survival was found for the lentisk mulch. Tree shelters had no effect on survival, but increased mean height growth and reduced mean diameter growth during the 4 years(excepting a non-significant effect for vented tree shelter at year four). Comparison of the annual shoots and growth units(GU) between sheltered and unsheltered plants according to year of formation revealed two growth phases. In first phase, shoots were totally or partially inside the shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were greater for sheltered plants. The second phase was characterized by shoots emerging from shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were similar for all plants, with or without tree shelters. Results suggest that the use of tree shelters, particularly vented shelters, could contribute to the improvement of the artificial regeneration of zeen oak.The use of mulching alone or in combination with tree shelters did not improve zeen oak performance in the field.展开更多
In this scientific paper, a complete field of research will be presented, with a detailed dendroclimatology of work, with final results, and conclusions. The research area is named as: “ROGOT”, and within the Forest...In this scientific paper, a complete field of research will be presented, with a detailed dendroclimatology of work, with final results, and conclusions. The research area is named as: “ROGOT”, and within the Forestry Office “Kragujevac” (Serbia), one of the holdings of J.P. Serbia-Forest. An oak tree (Quercus robur Lat.) will be analyzed, and this 30-tree will be arranged in three experimental fields. It should be emphasized that in each experimental field, 5 trees of generative, and 5 trees of deciduous origin will be analyzed, (10 trees per field, total of 30 trees) in order to exclude the genetic basis of variability. Luznjak’s forests are in a dense garden unit of approximate age close to 80 years, which is a good starting point for dendroclimate analysis. The work also analyzes the density of wood, and it has been proven that the density of wood of oak varies, depending on the climate change. Finally, the most appropriate statistical data processing is done. In the end, it was concluded that the research was successful, and that oak (Quercus robur Lat.) was proved to be an excellent indicator of climate change. Climate change is a very important topic in the world today.展开更多
An oak forest and three wet meadows/fens were reinvestigated after 50 years concerning tree vitality, biomass and productivity, and soil chemistry. Sulphur and nitrogen deposition has changed dramatically during these...An oak forest and three wet meadows/fens were reinvestigated after 50 years concerning tree vitality, biomass and productivity, and soil chemistry. Sulphur and nitrogen deposition has changed dramatically during these years, and the aim was to analyse the differences in both the oak forest and the open field ecosystems. Trees were re-measured and soil profiles were resampled. Important visible changes in the oak forest were stated concerning the vitality of oaks. Aboveground there was a decrease in tree biomass, production and litter fall, but a huge increase in standing dead logs. During the years, the deposition of sulphur had decreased drastically, but nitrogen deposition was still high. Soil acidification in the forest had decreased, reflected in an increased base saturation in the forest, in spite of slightly lowered pH-values. Strongly increased amounts of exchangeable Ca and Mg now appeared in the forest soil, and a substantial transport of calcium and magnesium had obviously taken place from the forest soil to the meadow and fens during the years. However, the most important soil change was the accumulation of organic matter. The increased accumulation of organic matter in turn meant increased amounts of colloid particles and microsites for ion exchange in the soil. This favoured 2-valence base cations, and especially Ca and Mg that increased very much in all the studied ecosystems. Carbon as well as nitrogen had strongly increased in the forest, meadow and fen soils. This was interpreted as a natural result of increased vegetation growth due to high nitrogen deposition, increased global annual temperature and increased carbon dioxide concentration in air. It was concluded that the decreased deposition of sulphur had had a positive effect on soil chemistry, and that the deposition of nitrogen probably had stimulated vegetation growth in general, and contributed to increased amount of organic matter in the soils. However, in this studied oak forest, the decreased vitality and many killed trees were also suspected to be a result of high nitrogen deposition. Obviously increased tree growth was counteracted by decreased stress resistance, and increased appearance of pathogens in the oak trees.展开更多
目的建立香精香水中橡苔提取物和树苔提取物的气相色谱—质谱方法。方法对检出的各化合物采用NIST MS Search 2.0标准谱库进行初步鉴定(部分化合物与标准物质比对),以β-苔黑酚羧酸甲酯和赤星衣酸甲酯为橡苔提取物的特征指标,以二氢枞...目的建立香精香水中橡苔提取物和树苔提取物的气相色谱—质谱方法。方法对检出的各化合物采用NIST MS Search 2.0标准谱库进行初步鉴定(部分化合物与标准物质比对),以β-苔黑酚羧酸甲酯和赤星衣酸甲酯为橡苔提取物的特征指标,以二氢枞酸甲酯同分异构体为树苔提取物的特征指标,判断样品中橡苔提取物和树苔提取物的大致含量。结果橡苔提取物和树苔提取物各分离出55种和30种化合物,其特征指标的相关系数在5 mg/L^100 mg/L范围内呈线性相关。对实际样品进行检测,判断一份香水中可能含有橡苔提取物,一份香水和两份香精中可能含有树苔提取物,经与外包装宣传或标识核对基本一致。结论该方法能够用于香精香水中橡苔提取物和树苔提取物的初步判断。展开更多
The term 'Satoyama' refers to traditional and unique secondary forests in Japan that occupy intermediate zones between villages ('sato') and hills or mountains ('yama'). Satoyama landscapes hel...The term 'Satoyama' refers to traditional and unique secondary forests in Japan that occupy intermediate zones between villages ('sato') and hills or mountains ('yama'). Satoyama landscapes help sustain ecosystem services and the diversity of secondary natural environments. As Japan relies more heavily on foreign timber imports, the traditional role of Satoyama in providing forest products has diminished, and this has led to their abandonment and poor management. The chemical behavior of cations, anions, and dissolved organic matter in throughfall and stemflow from one such threatened Satoyama system in central Japan was investigated. From autumn to winter, the atmospheric deposition of sulfates and nitrates was 2.5–6.0 times higher compared to the amounts in summer due to the intrusion of air masses from the Asian continent. The dissolved organic matter in the throughfall and stemflow was composed mainly of humic substances and protein derivatives. The deposition fluxes of dissolved organic carbon from throughfall (7.31–10.1 g m^(−2) a^(−1)) and stemflow (1.79–3.84 g m^(−2) a^(−1)) in this study were within ranges seen in temperate forests in previous studies. The deposition flux of sulfates was low compared to that in other forest types because canopy interaction was lower, suggesting higher canopy openness than in primary forests. If a shift from a mixed species Satoyama forest to a conifer-dominated forest occurs after the mass mortality of oak, the deposition flux of dissolved organic carbon and K^(+) might decrease by 33% and 62%, respectively, while NO_(3)^(−) might increase by 20%. In the near future, the degradation of Satoyama landscapes might change the levels of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen loads, resulting in imbalances in river-ocean linkages affecting forested catchments and aquatic ecosystems in Japan.展开更多
文摘Afforestation has been observed as a green trend in urban areas. The incorporation of trees in urban infrastructure is highly recommended to act as a solution to outlined environmental problems such as global warming. However, it has been precipitously introduced in cities, towns, and metropolitans. The introduction of the green practice was so abrupt that it became devoid to meeting the essential needs for tree growth, thus, failing to bring out the desired effects. Inappropriately selecting and planting trees in urban spaces has resulted in stressed trees that are deficient at reaching up to the calculated goals and in the long run end up being problematic. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the implications of planting southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) trees in the wrong urban space so as to aid in recommending sustainable green solutions for the urban community. By studying southern live oaks planted in Howell Community Park and three randomly selected areas in Southern University Baton Rouge Campus, this study analyzes how the selection of these tree species in the urban spaces influenced their growth and general well-being. These urban spaces were randomly drafted based on accessibility and availability of several southern live oaks. Planting approaches in the four study areas were explored and the general health condition of the trees was determined using the tree appraisal method presented by the i-tree model: my tree. ArcGIS collector was used to collect the GPS coordinates of the trees and ArcMap was used to generate the maps of the study areas. ArcMap software geolocated the coordinates of the southern live oaks in all the four-study areas. The software was used to generate shapefiles of the four study areas and their location in East Baton Rouge. The analysis of the results proved that none of the southern live oaks had an excellent health condition and most of the trees experienced different issues due to planting them in the wrong urban spaces.
文摘There are two well-known types of tree pruning, crown raising and crown reduction. In Japan, the former has been rarely used, whereas the latter has been widely used. However, it remains unclear which type is more effective to maintain tree vigor and health. Bamboo-leaf oak (Quercus myrsinifolia) trees were experimentally planted and pruned with the two pruning types compared with the no-pruning type. In the crown raising, the lower part of each tree was pruned, and its dominant leader was maintained from the aspect of structural pruning, whereas in the crown reduction, the upper part of each tree was pruned, and the tree height was reduced. The oak trees were observed and recorded in terms of leaf area, leaf weight, branch weight, and tree shape for about one year. The morphological data were statistically analyzed in terms of their allometric relationships. The crown raising type shared the same allometric patterns with the no-pruning types, but the crown reduction type did not. The trees of the crown reduction type were more likely to suffer from pests and disease. The allometric differences between the two pruning types may be considered the result of a decline in whole-tree vigor and health in crown reduction. The crown raising seemed more likely to control tree vigor and health than the crown reduction. The present results would help arborists determine which method to use for pruning.
基金supported by the laboratory of silvopastoral resources(Silvopastoral Institute-Tabarka)
文摘We assessed the effect of mulching and tree shelters on the establishment and early growth of zeen oak(Quercus canariensis Willd.) during the first 4 years after planting in Northwestern Tunisia. Five mulch types(Italian Stone Pine(Pinus pinea L.), Lentisk(Pistacia lentiscus L.),and a combination of Italian Stone Pine and Lentisk(organic mulches), gravel(inorganic mulch) and control), and three tree shelter types(non-vented and vented tree shelters, and control) were tested. An increase in the number of internodes occurred under the gravel mulch, while a reduction in survival was found for the lentisk mulch. Tree shelters had no effect on survival, but increased mean height growth and reduced mean diameter growth during the 4 years(excepting a non-significant effect for vented tree shelter at year four). Comparison of the annual shoots and growth units(GU) between sheltered and unsheltered plants according to year of formation revealed two growth phases. In first phase, shoots were totally or partially inside the shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were greater for sheltered plants. The second phase was characterized by shoots emerging from shelters; mean length of annual shoots and GU were similar for all plants, with or without tree shelters. Results suggest that the use of tree shelters, particularly vented shelters, could contribute to the improvement of the artificial regeneration of zeen oak.The use of mulching alone or in combination with tree shelters did not improve zeen oak performance in the field.
文摘In this scientific paper, a complete field of research will be presented, with a detailed dendroclimatology of work, with final results, and conclusions. The research area is named as: “ROGOT”, and within the Forestry Office “Kragujevac” (Serbia), one of the holdings of J.P. Serbia-Forest. An oak tree (Quercus robur Lat.) will be analyzed, and this 30-tree will be arranged in three experimental fields. It should be emphasized that in each experimental field, 5 trees of generative, and 5 trees of deciduous origin will be analyzed, (10 trees per field, total of 30 trees) in order to exclude the genetic basis of variability. Luznjak’s forests are in a dense garden unit of approximate age close to 80 years, which is a good starting point for dendroclimate analysis. The work also analyzes the density of wood, and it has been proven that the density of wood of oak varies, depending on the climate change. Finally, the most appropriate statistical data processing is done. In the end, it was concluded that the research was successful, and that oak (Quercus robur Lat.) was proved to be an excellent indicator of climate change. Climate change is a very important topic in the world today.
文摘An oak forest and three wet meadows/fens were reinvestigated after 50 years concerning tree vitality, biomass and productivity, and soil chemistry. Sulphur and nitrogen deposition has changed dramatically during these years, and the aim was to analyse the differences in both the oak forest and the open field ecosystems. Trees were re-measured and soil profiles were resampled. Important visible changes in the oak forest were stated concerning the vitality of oaks. Aboveground there was a decrease in tree biomass, production and litter fall, but a huge increase in standing dead logs. During the years, the deposition of sulphur had decreased drastically, but nitrogen deposition was still high. Soil acidification in the forest had decreased, reflected in an increased base saturation in the forest, in spite of slightly lowered pH-values. Strongly increased amounts of exchangeable Ca and Mg now appeared in the forest soil, and a substantial transport of calcium and magnesium had obviously taken place from the forest soil to the meadow and fens during the years. However, the most important soil change was the accumulation of organic matter. The increased accumulation of organic matter in turn meant increased amounts of colloid particles and microsites for ion exchange in the soil. This favoured 2-valence base cations, and especially Ca and Mg that increased very much in all the studied ecosystems. Carbon as well as nitrogen had strongly increased in the forest, meadow and fen soils. This was interpreted as a natural result of increased vegetation growth due to high nitrogen deposition, increased global annual temperature and increased carbon dioxide concentration in air. It was concluded that the decreased deposition of sulphur had had a positive effect on soil chemistry, and that the deposition of nitrogen probably had stimulated vegetation growth in general, and contributed to increased amount of organic matter in the soils. However, in this studied oak forest, the decreased vitality and many killed trees were also suspected to be a result of high nitrogen deposition. Obviously increased tree growth was counteracted by decreased stress resistance, and increased appearance of pathogens in the oak trees.
基金This study was supported in part by the Super Science High School Program(3036)provided by the Japan Science and Technology Agency。
文摘The term 'Satoyama' refers to traditional and unique secondary forests in Japan that occupy intermediate zones between villages ('sato') and hills or mountains ('yama'). Satoyama landscapes help sustain ecosystem services and the diversity of secondary natural environments. As Japan relies more heavily on foreign timber imports, the traditional role of Satoyama in providing forest products has diminished, and this has led to their abandonment and poor management. The chemical behavior of cations, anions, and dissolved organic matter in throughfall and stemflow from one such threatened Satoyama system in central Japan was investigated. From autumn to winter, the atmospheric deposition of sulfates and nitrates was 2.5–6.0 times higher compared to the amounts in summer due to the intrusion of air masses from the Asian continent. The dissolved organic matter in the throughfall and stemflow was composed mainly of humic substances and protein derivatives. The deposition fluxes of dissolved organic carbon from throughfall (7.31–10.1 g m^(−2) a^(−1)) and stemflow (1.79–3.84 g m^(−2) a^(−1)) in this study were within ranges seen in temperate forests in previous studies. The deposition flux of sulfates was low compared to that in other forest types because canopy interaction was lower, suggesting higher canopy openness than in primary forests. If a shift from a mixed species Satoyama forest to a conifer-dominated forest occurs after the mass mortality of oak, the deposition flux of dissolved organic carbon and K^(+) might decrease by 33% and 62%, respectively, while NO_(3)^(−) might increase by 20%. In the near future, the degradation of Satoyama landscapes might change the levels of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen loads, resulting in imbalances in river-ocean linkages affecting forested catchments and aquatic ecosystems in Japan.
