Regression Relationship between WI and FMC at Different Growth Periods of Sawtooth Oaks Leaf

[Objective] The aim was to study the regression relationship between water index （WI） and fuel moisture content （FMC） of different growth periods of sawtooth oaks leaf.[Method] Taking sawtooth oaks in Huaguo Mountain,Lianyungang City as research object,the sensitivity of WI to leaf FMC was studied at leaf level,and statistical characteristics were analyzed.[Result] The WI of sawtooth oaks leaves was sensitive to the changes of FMC,and the line regression level between them was significant.A fitting curve between leaf FMC and WI was obtained.[Conclusion] The research provides reference for acquisition methods of vegetation water remote sensing within the range of study area.

Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of six white oaks with high ecological amplitude in China

Quercus L.has significant societal,ecological and economic benefits in the Northern Hemisphere.However,species identification among oaks is notoriously difficult.China harbours highly diverse oaks,of which the diversity of white oaks is the most extensive;however,to date,the evolution of chloroplast(cp)genomes in white oaks in China has not been comprehensively studied.Thus,we sequenced the complete cp genomes(161,254 bp,161,229 bp and 161,254 bp in size)of three white oak species(Quercus serrata Thunb.var.brevipetiolata A.DC.Nakai,Quercus wutaishansea Mary and Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour,respectively).Six white oak species(Quercus aliena Blume,Quercus dentata Thunb.,Quercus aliena Blume var.acutiserrata Maximowicz ex Wenzig,Q.serrata var.brevipetiolata,Q.wutaishanica and Q.mongolica)and five other Fagaceae species(Quercus rubra L.,Quercus variabilis Bl.,Quercus aquifolioid.es Rehd.et Wils.,Fagus engleriana Seem.and Castanea henryi Skan Rehd.et Wils.)were retrieved for comparative analyses.We detected11 highly divergent regions(psbA,matK/rps16,rps16,trnSGCU/trnG-GCC,trnR-UCU/atpA,trnT-GGU/psbD,ndhJ,ndhJ/ndhK,accD,ndhF and ycfl)through comparative analyses and these regions might be used as molecular markers.Theωratio of the rps12,rpoC2 and ycf1 genes was greater than 1 in several comparison groups between white oaks and the petA gene was subjected to significant positive selection between the comparison of six white oaks and Q.variabilis.Phylogenetic analyses revealed that six white oaks were grouped with Q.rubra,forming a single clade.

On the Style of Robert Penn Warren's "Bearded Oaks"

Robert Penn Warren(1905-1989) is one of twentieth-century America's most distinguished men of letters.Honored with three Pulitzer Prizes,Warren is the only writer who has been a Pulitzer Prize winner in two different genres-poetry and fiction.In 1986,Warren was crowned as the first American Poet Laureate.Though he is a Renaissance man of letters in many genres,the central thrust of Warren's literary career lies in the field of poetry.Love and knowledge are the two themes which penetrate his sixty years' poetic career.Based on textual analysis,applying the method of close reading,the present study intends to explore the sound patterning,metaphor,tension and the technical devices which reinforce the theme of love and knowledge in the poem of the Bearded Oaks.

Occurrence and Culture of Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Oaks in Dandong Region, Liaoning Province

With both field investigation and pure culture experiments, the occurrence and optimal essential growth of mycorrhizal fungi with oaks in Dandong Region of Liaoning Province, China were investigated from 1997-2002 A total of 36 species of mycorrhizal fungi associated with oaks were observed. The results showed that the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi was related to tree species, tree ages, and months of the year, with at least 20 fungi species being associated with more than two oak species. The highest Sim…

Genetic diversity and differentiation of pedunculate ( Quercus robur ) and sessile ( Q. petraea ) oaks

This study was conducted to determine the parent-off spring genetic structure of the pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.),sessile oak(Q.petraea[Matt.]Liebl.)and their hybrids.Forty half-sib Quercus families and their maternal trees originating from one tree stand in southern Lithuania were analyzed using SSR and RAPD markers.Based on a preliminary study of leaf morphological traits,the individuals separated into six groups.The studied halfsib oak families were also compared for allelic diversity,including group variations;genotypic structure;genetic diversity;and the degree of genetic subdivision and diff erentiation.The level of genetic variation and subdivision was lower in the hybrid families than in the families of the parental species.Genotypic analysis of the half-sibling off spring showed the asymmetric nature of interspecifi c hybridization processes of pedunculate and sessile oaks in mixed stands.

OAKS(QUERCUS SPP.)IN NORTHEAST CHINA

There arc eight species and four varieties of oak in northeast China. This paper reports and describes the distribution and phylocoenogenesis of the Korean pine-broadleaved mixed forest and the mongolian oak formation. The close relationship between the flora of Ussuli—Amur region and Japan is discussed. Analyses of heat and energy balance, and biomass of mongolian oak forests arc provided. Many measurements indicate that, in a nonclosed stand, the wood production of a stand is positively correlated with leaf area index (LAI).

Hill of Three Oaks

签证,是赴美人员的最后一关。领事馆前,几乎每天都在演绎着同样的故事:喜怒哀乐,阴晴圆缺。 作者在那里度过了难忘的几小时,作者在到了美国之后一个“得宽余”的日子里,又回眸在美领事馆度过的短暂时光。作者以她入微的观察、细腻的笔触、诙谐的口吻以及相当的文化底蕴为我们描写了签证场景。 这是改革开放以来不少大城市可见的一道风景,耐人寻味,又发人深省。高潮已经过去,一切都在恢复平静。 一部“夺子战争”的电视连续剧也曾描写过签证处的场景,同样催人泪下。那部电视剧的末尾,有一段精彩的议论:随着中国的强大,这里终将出现另一番景象。 初读本文,觉得有点“离题”。也许只有在遥远的太平洋彼岸,才能更动情、更深刻地成此短文吧。

Leaf traits from stomata to morphology are associated with climatic and edaphic variables for dominant tropical forest evergreen oaks

Aims Understanding variation and coordination of leaf traits at multiscales along elevational gradients can help predict the likely responses of dominant species to climate change.We seek to determine the extent to which variation in leaf stomatal,anatomical and morphological traits is associated with environmental factors,and whether ecological strategies of Cyclobalanopsis species shift with elevations.Methods In a tropical forest landscape in Jianfengling,South China,we determined leaf traits related to stomata,anatomy and morphology of six evergreen oak species(Cyclobalanopsis bambusaefolia,C.hui,C.patelliformis,C.fleuryi,C.tiaoloshanica and C.phanera)along a long elevational gradient(400–1400 m above sea level).Important Findings We found that stomatal density and stomatal pore index increased,whereas spongy mesophyll thickness to leaf thickness ratios decreased,significantly with elevation.The leaf area and leaf dry matter content increased and decreased,respectively,with elevation.Variations in stomatal,anatomical and morphological traits were mainly correlated to the mean annual temperature,mean annual sum precipitation and soil pH.At low and high elevations,the oak species exhibited strong stress tolerance combined with competition strategy,while they shifted toward more clearly the competitive strategy at intermediate elevations.And the changes in soil phosphorus concentration and soil pH along the elevation may drive the shift of ecological strategy.The results showed that the dominant oak species in tropical forests respond to environmental change by modulating traits at multiple levels,from that of the individual cell,through tissue and up to the whole leaf scale.

Modifications in aroma characteristics of'Merlot'dry red wines aged in American,French and Slovakian oak barrels with different toasting degrees

Aging in oak barrels is widely used in enology which could bring flavor changes and aromatic complexity to wines.In the present study,the aroma compounds were analyzed from the‘Merlot’dry red wines,which were fermented in two types of fermenters(stainless steel tank and rotated oak barrel)and aged in six types of oak barrels(three geographic origins×two toasting degrees)for different time(0,3,6 and 9 months,respectively).Results showed that 30 volatiles were associated with barrels and increased during oak aging.The fermenters could influence the intensities of the toast,leathery,smoky,fruity,floral and caramel aromas.The concentration of whisky lactone,eugenol,cis-isoeugenol,and the intensities of the toast and spicy aromas were highest in the wines aged in American oak and were lowest in the wines aged in French oak barrels.The concentrations of guaiacol,syringol,trans-isoeugenol,furfural alcohol,vanilla,cis-whisky lactone enabled the medium toasting barrels to be distinguished from the light toasting ones.The compounds originating from the barrels could be used to distinguish the types of different barrels,but the other general grape-derived and fermentation-derived volatiles could not.The fermenters,oak species and toasting degrees of the barrels all had significant effects on the aroma profiles of the aged‘Merlot’dry red wines,but the influence of the geographic origin was not obvious.

Carbon dioxide enrichment affected flower numbers transiently and increased successful post-pollination development stably but without altering final acorn production in mature pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.)

Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each year.Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced photosynthesis.To examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will be affected by further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carbon Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numbers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under ambient and elevated CO_(2) concentrations.Inter-annual variation in acorn numbers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numbers of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but almost none in 2018.The numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numbers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting Q.robur at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numbers greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration by 150μL L^(−1),from early 2017,increased the numbers of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to ambient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature acorns.The number of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichment began,whereas numbers declined in ambient plots.Enrichment with CO_(2) also increased the number of oak knopper galls(Andricus quercuscalicis Burgsdorf).We conclude that elevated CO_(2) increased the occurrence of acorns developing from flowers,but the putative benefit to mature acorn numbers may have been hidden by excessive pre-and/or post-dispersal predation.There was no evidence that elevated CO_(2) altered masting behaviour.

Climate-change habitat shifts for the vulnerable endemic oak species(Quercus arkansana Sarg.)

Quercus arkansana(Arkansas oak)is at risk of becoming endangered,as the total known population size is represented by a few isolated populations.The potential impact of climate change on this species in the near future is high,yet knowledge of its predicted effects is limited.Our study utilized the biomod2 R package to develop habi-tat suitability ensemble models based on bioclimatic and topographic environmental variables and the known loca-tions of current distribution of Q.arkansana.We predicted suitable habitats across three climate change scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5)for 2050,2070,and 2090.Our findings reveal that the current suitable habitat for Q.arkansana is approximately 127,881 km^(2) across seven states(Texas,Arkansas,Alabama,Louisiana,Mississippi,Georgia,and Florida);approximately 9.5%is encompassed within state and federally managed protected areas.Our models predict that all current suitable habitats will disap-pear by 2050 due to climate change,resulting in a northward shift into new regions such as Tennessee and Kentucky.The large extent of suitable habitat outside protected areas sug-gests that a species-specific action plan incorporating pro-tected areas and other areas may be crucial for its conserva-tion.Moreover,protection of Q.arkansana habitat against climate change may require locally and regionally focused conservation policies,adaptive management strategies,and educational outreach among local people.

Camilla Guerrieri’s Portrait of Guidobaldo II della Rovere:Symbols of Honor and Power

The Altomani&Sons Collection owns a remarkable newly discovered portrait of Guidobaldo II della Rovere,Duke of Urbino(1514-1574),a historical military figure who was a condottiere,ruler of Urbino,Commander-in-chief of the Papal Estate,and Perfect of Rome,as well as a collector and patron of the Fine Arts.Camilla Guerrieri Nati(1628-1694),a seventeenth-century Italian painter from Fossombrone(in the province of Pesaro and Urbino),portrayed this heroic personage surrounded by emblems associated with his military courage and leadership,including his plumed burgonet helmet,metal gilded armor,a necklace with the golden fleece,and batons of secular and religious dominions.This oil painting on copper-considered a precious metal at the time-emphasizes the importance of the commission.The material and technique also reveals a unique artistic achievement in that it provides the painting with a smooth,reflective surface and vibrant coloration,symbolizing precious imagery.

Comparison of Major Nutrient Release Patterns of Quercus liaotungensis Leaf Litter Decomposition in Different Climatic Zones

Leaf litter decomposition of liaotong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koize) under temperate, subtropical and tropical forests was examined using a litter bag technique. Decomposition rates and release dynamics of nutrients Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and P were observed separately at all three sites for I to 2 a periods. The leaf litter mass loss of liaotong oak was simulated with Olson's exponential model. Significant differences of leaf litter mass loss were found in forests of all three climate zones. Litter decomposition was accelerated with the increase of both annual mean precipitation and temperature. Our results agreed with other studies demonstrating that litter decomposition processes were greatly affected not only by soil organisms (including soil fauna and microorganisms), but also by chemical factors. These chemical factors were important for controlling the release of nutrients, especially elements of Fe and Mn. We also found that Fe and Mn content increased in semi-decayed leaf litter as litter mass decreased. This result was presumably due to chelating process which accumulated soil Fe and Mn ions into the decomposing litter. In conclusion, our study allowed us to determine the classification of the characteristics of different nutrient release patterns.

应用于语音识别片上系统的语音检测算法

语音识别技术的研究已经进入实用化阶段,而实用化语音识别系统中的一个关键技术就是可靠的语音检测。本文提出了一种基于有限状态机模型的实时语音检测算法(FSM-SD)。采用对数最大似然判决帧能量检测器和过零率检测器控制各状态之间的跳转关系。针对语音识别中的MFCC(Mel频标倒谱系数)和LPCC(线性预测倒谱参数)特征提取过程,分别得到两种不同的帧能量计算方法。将FSM-SD应用到在OAK DSP上实现的小词表汉语语音识别系统,通过实验验证了其对系统识别性能和噪声稳健性的有效保证。

基于WebGL技术和Oak3D引擎的交互式三维地球模型研究

使用WebGL技术和Oak3D引擎对三维地球进行了模拟。该模型与平台无关,简便高效,使用简单,具有良好的Web交互性,不需要任何浏览器插件支持,对互联网时代的3D可视化实现具有一定的参考价值。

超细OAK木炭及竹炭粉粒度测定方法的研究

采用激光粒度分析法测定超细 OAK 木炭及竹炭粉粒度,探讨了分散剂种类、分散时间、搅拌速度、超声时间等因素对超细 OAK 木炭及竹炭粉粒度的影响。结果表明:以六偏磷酸钠为分散剂时分散效果最佳,其用量为0.06g/(100mlOAK 木炭及竹炭粉乳液);在测定时选择循环搅拌泵速为2200～2400r/min 较好;超声时间为200s 左右时,可达到最佳分散效果。

The Effects of Silvicultural Thinning and <i>Lymantria Dispar</i>L. Defoliation on Wood Volume Growth of <i>Quercus</i>spp.

Pre- and post-defoliation radial growth rates were used to examine the effects of silvicultural thinning and two consecutive years of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) defoliation on Quercus spp. wood volume production. In the first phase of the study, tree rings from 65 dissected stems, were used to develop polynomial models to estimate annual cumulative volume (m3) increment for the entire merchantable stem, as a function of dbh (tree diameter at 1.37 m above the ground). In Phase II of the study, 81 additional trees were sampled using only increment cores. Cumulative diameter increments from the cores were used in the polynomial models to compare tree volume growth changes during and after defoliation among the thinning treatments. Even though there was no significant difference in estimated volume lost during defoliation among treatments, post-defoliation growth was enhanced by thinning. Total volume reduction from defoliation ranged from 28,049 (±17,462) cm3 to 25,993 (±16,251) cm3 per tree. The stand receiving the thinning treatment with the lowest residual stocking produced significantly more volume (P = 0.002) after defoliation than the other treatments.

Ecological-Genetic Studies and Conservation of Endemic <i>Quercus sideroxyla</i>(Trel.) in Central Mexico

This study examines the distribution, ecology and genetic diversity of Quercus sideroxyla Humb. Bonpl, with an emphasis on its conservation on the Natural Protected Area of Sierra Fría in North Central Mexico. Twenty-nine locations were selected, and in each location, one plot of 1500 m2 was established. At every location, we obtained an abundance of Q. sideroxyla and a basal area for each individual tree, including geographical and climatological data. We used the Outlying Mean Index (OMI) to examine whether environmental conditions had a distributional effect on Q. sideroxyla populations and to obtain the static size population structure of the species. For the genetic analysis, we collected 18 adult individuals from each population, four polymorphic loci were used to estimate genetic diversity. Q. sideroxyla abundance was associated with narrow environmental conditions, especially when considering the topographical and meteorological environmental variables. The allelic richness value was 84 alleles (21 privatealleles), and the expected mean heterozygosity was 0.855 ± 0.009. The high vulnerability of the species to changes in the land use at the local scale and to global climatic changes increases the species’ susceptibility to local disappearance.

Effect of fire severity on physical and biochemical soil properties in Zagros oak(Quercus brantii Lindl.)forests in Iran

Fire affects the physical and chemical properties and soil biological activity of natural ecosystems. This study was conducted in the Miyan Tang region, Ilam Province in western Iran. The study site was 110 hectares, where we sampled soils in areas that were classified by fire severity： low （LS）, high （HS） and medium severity （MS）, and unburned （UB）, which served as the control. In each severity class, 25 transect points were randomly selected for measurement. Around each transect plot center, 3 soil samples were selected randomly and soils collected from the 0 to 20 cm depth were combined into a composite sample that was used in laboratory analysis to represent conditions at that point. Plots in the UB and LS fire classes had similar soil conditions and had higher values of factors such as saturated moisture, organic carbon, carbon dioxide, and silt and clay content. In contrast, plots in the HS and MS fire severity classes were clustered in the positive direction along the first axis that represented gradients in soil acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, accessible phosphorus, accessible potassium, bulk density, and sand. Soil attributes were similar in areas of HS and MS fire severity classes, whereas soil conditions in the LS class and UB controls were most similar. Fire in the LS areas either did not significantly alter the physicalchemical soil properties and microbial basal respiration, or soils were able to recover quickly after being burned.

Effects of Chinese Fir，Loblolly Pine and Deciduous Oak Forests on Nutrient States of Soils in Northern Subtro－pics of China

This paper deals with a study on the effects of Chinese fir, loblolly pine and deciduous oak forests on thenutrient status of soils in northern subtropics of China, adopting the principle of forest ecology in the caseof similar climate and soil type. The experimental area was situated in the Xiashu Experimental Centre ofForest, where the soil is yellow-brown soil derived from siliceous slope wash. Sample plots of these 3 standswere established to study the nutrient status in litter, the amount of nutrient uptake by roots, the quantityof nutrient output by percolating water outside the deep layer of soil, and the seasonal dynamics of availablenutrient in surface soil. It was shown that the intensity of nutrient cycling in soil under deciduous oak wasthe highest, and the effect of oak in improving soil fertility was the best. The result of improving soil fertilityby Chinese fir was the most inferior, though the intensity of nutrient cycling under that stand was higherthan that under loblolly pine stand. The influence of loblolly pine on the improvement of soil fertility wasbetter than that of Chinese fir, in spite of its lowest intensity of nutrient cycling.