Effect of low-degree astigmatism on the objective visual quality

AIM:To evaluate the effect of low-degree astigmatism on objective visual quality through the Optical Quality Analysis System(OQAS).METHODS:This study enrolled 46 participants(aged 23 to 30y,90 eyes)with normal or corrected-to-normal vision.The cylindrical lenses(0,0.5,0.75,1.0,and 1.25 D)were placed at the axial direction(180°,45°,90°,and 135°)in front of the eyes with the best correction to form 16 types of regular low-degree astigmatism.OQAS was used to detect the objective visual quality,recorded as the objective scattering index(OSI),OQAS values at contrasts of 100%,20%,and 9%predictive visual acuity(OV100%,OV20%,and OV9%),modulation transfer function cut-off(MTFcut-off)and Strehl ratio(SR).The mixed effect linear model was used to compare objective visual quality differences between groups and examine associations between astigmatic magnitude and objective visual quality parameters.RESULTS:Apparent negative relationships between the magnitude of low astigmatism and objective visual quality were observed.The increase of OSI per degree of astigmatism at 180°,45°,90°,and 135°axis were 0.38(95%CI:0.35,0.42),0.50(95%CI:0.46,0.53),0.49(95%CI:0.45,0.54)and 0.37(95%CI:0.34,0.41),respectively.The decrease of MTFcut-off per degree of astigmatism at 180°,45°,90°,and 135°axis were-10.30(95%CI:-11.43,-9.16),-12.73(95%CI:-13.62,-11.86),-12.75(95%CI:-13.79,-11.70),and-9.97(95%CI:-10.92,-9.03),respectively.At the same astigmatism degree,OSI at 45°and 90°axis were higher than that at 0°and 135°axis,while MTFcut-off were lower.CONCLUSION:Low astigmatism of only 0.50 D can significantly reduce the objective visual quality.

Distributed Stochastic Optimization with Compression for Non-Strongly Convex Objectives

We are investigating the distributed optimization problem,where a network of nodes works together to minimize a global objective that is a finite sum of their stored local functions.Since nodes exchange optimization parameters through the wireless network,large-scale training models can create communication bottlenecks,resulting in slower training times.To address this issue,CHOCO-SGD was proposed,which allows compressing information with arbitrary precision without reducing the convergence rate for strongly convex objective functions.Nevertheless,most convex functions are not strongly convex(such as logistic regression or Lasso),which raises the question of whether this algorithm can be applied to non-strongly convex functions.In this paper,we provide the first theoretical analysis of the convergence rate of CHOCO-SGD on non-strongly convex objectives.We derive a sufficient condition,which limits the fidelity of compression,to guarantee convergence.Moreover,our analysis demonstrates that within the fidelity threshold,this algorithm can significantly reduce transmission burden while maintaining the same convergence rate order as its no-compression equivalent.Numerical experiments further validate the theoretical findings by demonstrating that CHOCO-SGD improves communication efficiency and keeps the same convergence rate order simultaneously.And experiments also show that the algorithm fails to converge with low compression fidelity and in time-varying topologies.Overall,our study offers valuable insights into the potential applicability of CHOCO-SGD for non-strongly convex objectives.Additionally,we provide practical guidelines for researchers seeking to utilize this algorithm in real-world scenarios.

Objective Model Selection in Physics: Exploring the Finite Information Quantity Approach

Traditional methods for selecting models in experimental data analysis are susceptible to researcher bias, hindering exploration of alternative explanations and potentially leading to overfitting. The Finite Information Quantity (FIQ) approach offers a novel solution by acknowledging the inherent limitations in information processing capacity of physical systems. This framework facilitates the development of objective criteria for model selection (comparative uncertainty) and paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of phenomena through exploring diverse explanations. This work presents a detailed comparison of the FIQ approach with ten established model selection methods, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each. We demonstrate the potential of FIQ to enhance the objectivity and robustness of scientific inquiry through three practical examples: selecting appropriate models for measuring fundamental constants, sound velocity, and underwater electrical discharges. Further research is warranted to explore the full applicability of FIQ across various scientific disciplines.

Eclipse计划系统MU Objective工具在鼻咽癌容积调强放射治疗计划中的应用研究

目的:探讨Varian Eclipse计划系统MU Objective工具在鼻咽癌容积调强放射治疗(VMAT)计划中的应用,旨在保证治疗计划质量的同时降低治疗计划的机器跳数(MU)。方法:选取已接受容积调强放射治疗技术的21例鼻咽癌患者,在未使用MU Objective工具的情况下给每例患者设计治疗参考计划(MU_(ref));将使用MU Objective工具对MU_(ref)进行重新优化,分别设置MU_(ref)的MU的30%、50%、70%、90%和120%,分别命名为MU_(30%)、MU_(50%)、MU_(70%)、MU_(90%)和MU_(120%)。将治疗计划MU_(30%)、MU_(50%)、MU_(70%)、MU_(90%)和MU_(120%)分别与MU_(ref)进行配对t检验统计分析,比较两种治疗计划的靶区、危及器官(OAR)剂量分布和计划的MU。结果:使用MU Objective工具对参考计划优化MU后,与参考计划相比部分靶区和OAR剂量体积参数差异虽有统计学意义,但无临床意义。治疗计划参数为MU_(30%)、MU_(50%)、MU_(70%)和MU_(90%)时,与MU_(ref)比较计划MU平均分别减少21.5%、19.5%、16.6%和8%,差异有统计学意义(t=9.652,t=8.843,t=8.963,t=11.323;P<0.05)。在MU_(120%)时,治疗计划MU平均增加1.7%,但未显著提高靶区剂量覆盖。结论:对于鼻咽癌VMAT计划,使用Eclipse计划系统的MU Objective工具在减少计划MU的同时可获得与参考计划相似的剂量分布。MU Objective工具可作为鼻咽癌或其他部位VMAT计划的常规使用工具,以保证计划质量同时减少放射治疗计划的MU。

Objective Identification and Climatic Characteristics of Heavy-Precipitation Northeastern China Cold Vortexes

The northeastern China cold vortex(NCCV)plays an important role in regional rainstorms over East Asia.Using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Final reanalysis dataset and the Global Precipitation Measurement product,an objective algorithm for identifying heavy-precipitation NCCV(HPCV)events was designed,and the climatological features of 164 HPCV events from 2001 to 2019 were investigated.The number of HPCV events showed an upward linear trend,with the highest frequency of occurrence in summer.The most active region of HPCV samples was the Northeast China Plain between 40°–55°N.Most HPCV events lasted 3–5 days and had radii ranging from 250 to 1000 km.The duration of HPCV events with larger sizes was longer.About half of the HPCV events moved into(moved out of)the definition region(35°–60°N,115°–145°E),and half initiated(dissipated)within the region.The initial position was close to the western boundary of the definition region,and the final position was mainly near the eastern boundary.The locations associated with the precipitation were mostly concentrated within 2000 km southeast of the HPCV systems,and they were farther from the center in the cold season than in the warm season.

Multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation of complex product change plan considering service performance

Design change is an inevitable part of the product development process.This study proposes an improved binary multi‐objective PSO algorithm guided by problem char-acteristics(P‐BMOPSO)to solve the optimisation problem of complex product change plan considering service performance.Firstly,a complex product multi‐layer network with service performance is established for the first time to reveal the impact of change effect propagation on the product service performance.Secondly,the concept of service performance impact(SPI)is defined by decoupling the impact of strongly associated nodes on the service performance in the process of change affect propagation.Then,a triple‐objective selection model of change nodes is established,which includes the three indicators:SPI degree,change cost,and change time.Furthermore,an integer multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm guided by problem characteristics is developed to solve the model above.Experimental results on the design change problem of a certain type of Skyworth TV verify the effectiveness of the established optimisation model and the proposed P‐BMOPSO algorithm.

Multi-Objective Optimization with Artificial Neural Network Based Robust Paddy Yield Prediction Model

Agriculture plays a vital role in the food production process that occupies nearly one-third of the total surface of the earth.Rice is propagated from the seeds of paddy and it is a stable food almost used byfifty percent of the total world population.The extensive growth of the human population alarms us to ensure food security and the country should take proper food steps to improve the yield of food grains.This paper concentrates on improving the yield of paddy by predicting the factors that influence the growth of paddy with the help of Evolutionary Computation Techniques.Most of the researchers used to relay on historical records of meteorological parameters to predict the yield of paddy.There is a lack in analyzing the day to day impact of meteorological parameters such as direction of wind,relative humidity,Instant Wind Speed in paddy cultivation.The real time meteorological data collected and analysis the impact of weather parameters from the day of paddy sowing to till the last day of paddy harvesting with regular time series.A Robust Optimized Artificial Neural Network(ROANN)Algorithm with Genetic Algorithm(GA)and Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm(MOPSO)proposed to predict the factors that to be concentrated by farmers to improve the paddy yield in cultivation.A real time paddy data collected from farmers of Tamilnadu and the meteorological parameters were matched with the cropping pattern of the farmers to construct the database.The input parameters were optimized either by using GA or MOPSO optimization algorithms to reconstruct the database.Reconstructed database optimized by using Artificial Neural Network Back Propagation Algorithm.The reason for improving the growth of paddy was identified using the output of the Neural Network.Performance metrics such as Accuracy,Error Rate etc were used to measure the performance of the proposed algorithm.Comparative analysis made between ANN with GA and ANN with MOPSO to identify the recommendations for improving the paddy yield.

Salient Object Detection Based on a Novel Combination Framework Using the Perceptual Matching and Subjective-Objective Mapping Technologies

The integrity and fineness characterization of non-connected regions and contours is a major challenge for existing salient object detection.The key to address is how to make full use of the subjective and objective structural information obtained in different steps.Therefore,by simulating the human visual mechanism,this paper proposes a novel multi-decoder matching correction network and subjective structural loss.Specifically,the loss pays different attentions to the foreground,boundary,and background of ground truth map in a top-down structure.And the perceived saliency is mapped to the corresponding objective structure of the prediction map,which is extracted in a bottom-up manner.Thus,multi-level salient features can be effectively detected with the loss as constraint.And then,through the mapping of improved binary cross entropy loss,the differences between salient regions and objects are checked to pay attention to the error prone region to achieve excellent error sensitivity.Finally,through tracking the identifying feature horizontally and vertically,the subjective and objective interaction is maximized.Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets demonstrate that compared with 12 state-of-the-art methods,the algorithm has higher recall and precision,less error and strong robustness and generalization ability,and can predict complete and refined saliency maps.

图像引导和点云空间约束的公路洒落物检测定位方法

公路洒落物是影响交通安全的重要因素之一,为了解决中小尺度公路洒落物检测中的漏检、误检以及难以定位等问题,本文提出了一种图像引导和点云空间约束的公路洒落物检测定位方法。该方法使用改进的YOLOv7-OD网络处理图像数据获取二维目标预测框信息,将目标预测框投影到激光雷达坐标系下得到锥形感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)。在ROI区域内的点云空间约束下,联合点云聚类和点云生成算法获得不同尺度的洒落物在三维空间中的检测定位结果。实验表明:改进的YOLOv7-OD网络在中尺度目标上的召回率和平均精度分别为85.4%和82.0%,相比YOLOv7网络分别提升6.6和8.0个百分点;在小尺度目标上的召回率和平均精度分别为66.8%和57.3%,均提升5.3个百分点;洒落物定位方面,对于距离检测车辆30~40 m处的目标,深度定位误差为0.19 m,角度定位误差为0.082°,实现了多尺度公路洒落物的检测和定位。

基于改进YOLOX与多级数据关联的行人多目标跟踪算法研究

目标跟踪是计算机视觉领域的基本问题,行人多目标跟踪在智能监控、智慧交通等多个领域有着广泛的应用前景。然而实际跟踪场景中存在频繁遮挡、尺度变化等情况,给多目标跟踪算法带来了极大的挑战。为了进一步提升跟踪精度,在DeepSORT的基础上,提出一种基于改进YOLOX与多级数据关联的行人多目标跟踪算法。对于检测器,为了增强网络的特征表达能力,提高检测精度,在YOLOX骨架网络与颈部网络分别引入ECA通道注意力模块与ASFF自适应特征融合模块。对于身份识别特征,为了减少数据关联步骤的错误匹配数量,提高跟踪效率,使用轻量的OSNet重识别网络与NSA卡尔曼滤波获取目标特征。对于数据关联,为了减少身份切换次数,避免目标丢失,将检测与跟踪都进行分类处理,使用不同的相似性计算方法,实现基于检测置信度与轨迹状态的多级数据关联。实验结果表明:与改进前YOLOX与DeepSORT简单结合的算法相比,在YOLOX中引入ECA模块与ASFF模块使误检数量大幅降低,使用YOLOX-s模型时降幅可达17%;结合OSNet模型与NSA卡尔曼滤波的特征提取方法能提高跟踪稳定性,IDF1指标提高0.77%,IDSW减少947;基于检测置信度与轨迹状态的多级数据关联算法可以明显改善跟踪性能,MOTA指标提升3.36%。算法最终在MOT17与MOT20测试集上的MOTA达80.4%与77.7%,IDF1达78.4%与76.7%。提出的行人多目标跟踪方法相较于其他先进算法在跟踪精度与跟踪速度上达到更好的平衡,可为工业上在线行人多目标跟踪应用提供参考。

基于LMIENet图像增强的矿井下低光环境目标检测方法

煤矿井下工作环境复杂,存在人造光源亮度低、粉尘多和水气密度大等不利因素,导致现有的目标检测算法在应用到煤矿井下时,存在提取特征困难、目标识别和定位精度低等问题。提出一种煤矿井下低照度环境目标检测算法,由矿井低光图像增强模块LMIENet和目标检测模块组成,使用图像增强模块对原始图像进行画质提升,恢复各类图像信息,再使用目标检测网络对增强图像进行特定目标检测,有效提高检测的精确度。在图像增强模块中,改进Zero-DCE算法设计轻量级增强参数预测网络,计算像素级增强参数矩阵,用于低光照图像的亮度调整和画质增强,该网络通过设计的非参考损失函数隐性衡量图像的增强效果,引导网络进行无监督学习,使网络能够不依赖配对数据集对原始图像进行自适应的画质增强。目标检测模块中,采用YOLO v8n目标检测模型,其轻量化的模型尺寸和高灵活性可避免模型整体复杂度过高;采用Focal-EIoU Loss改进回归损失函数,有效加速模型收敛并提升模型检测精度。实验结果显示:与经典目标检测算法Faster R–CNN,SSD,RetinaNet,FCOS等相比,提出算法在自建矿井人员数据集上表现出色,低光照环境下目标检测的mAP@0.5达到98.0%,mAP@0.5∶0.95达64.8%,在实验环境中单帧图像推理时间仅11 ms,优于其他对比方法,证明提出算法能够有效实现在煤矿井下低照度复杂环境下的目标检测,且耗时短、计算效率高。

边缘信息增强的显著性目标检测网络

针对显著性目标检测任务中识别结果边缘模糊的问题,提出了一种能够充分利用边缘信息增强边缘像素置信度的新模型。该网络主要有两个创新点:设计三重注意力模块,利用预测图的特点直接生成前景、背景和边缘注意力,并且生成注意力权重的过程不增加任何参数;设计边缘预测模块,在分辨率较高的网络浅层进行有监督的边缘预测,并与网络深层的显著图预测融合,细化了边缘。在6种常用公开数据集上用定性和定量的方法评估了该模型,并且与其他模型进行充分对比,证明设计的新模型能够取得最优的效果。此外,该模型参数量为30.28 M,可以在GTX 1080 Ti显卡上达到31帧·s^(-1)的预测速度。

多/单目标优化转换下的作战任务重分配

协同作战任务分配技术是近年来军事领域的研究热点之一,以往的研究一般将任务分配划分为预分配和动态分配2个阶段并独立进行研究,但是这种做法忽略了2个阶段之间的内在联系。针对这一问题,以多目标优化下的任务预分配和单目标优化下的任务动态分配为切入点,提出一种多/单目标优化转换思想。在动态任务分配阶段,通过决策者在预分配阶段的选择获取其主观偏好,基于获取的主观偏好将多目标优化转化为单目标优化后,使用合同网协议完成单目标任务重分配。仿真结果证明了所提出的多/单目标优化转换思想的正确性及其在动态任务分配问题中的适用性。

基于路侧摄像头的多目标跟踪算法优化设计

针对当前多目标追踪算法应对路侧交通场景的缺陷,提出一种基于路侧摄像头的多目标追踪算法。选择one‐shot追踪算法路线,基于FairMOT设计神经网络,使单个网络同时生成目标检测结果与外观特征结果,增强实时性效果;采用新的数据关联方式,减少遮挡对追踪器的影响;引入新的运动相似度度量方式——缓冲交并比,弥补线性运动预测模型产生的误差;提出基于速度判别的丢失轨迹移除算法和基于历史位置匹配算法,实现长时间遮挡轨迹的身份恢复。在UA‐DETRAC公开多目标追踪数据集上进行实验,验证该算法有效性。为证明该算法在真实路侧环境的适用性,在国家智能网联汽车(上海)试点示范区开放道路采集真实路侧场景数据。最后,将该算法和SORT、DeepSORT、ByteTrack、FairMOT算法在真实路侧场景数据上进行对比实验。实验结果表明,本算法在identification F‐Score、ID switch、fragmentation、mostly tracked、mostly lost、multiple object tracking accuracy等评估指标上优于其他算法。

OBE理念下自动化一流本科专业课程教学改革与实践

成果导向教育(OBE)的课程教学是一流专业建设和人才培养改革的本质。针对自动化专业课程教学改革的需求,该文通过修订课程教学大纲,明确课程目标、课程资源、教学内容和考核评价等,并采取“导、学、教、练、思、考、评”的多元化教学过程,提升学生解决复杂工程问题的能力。自动控制原理课程教学改革与实践表明,OBE理念是提升学生学习效果的有效途径,取得显著效果。

基于改进YOLOv8的无人机航拍图像目标检测算法

针对现存无人机航拍图像目标检测算法检测精度较低、模型较为复杂的问题,提出一种改进YOLOv8的目标检测算法。在骨干网络引入多尺度注意力EMA,捕捉细节信息,以提高模型的特征提取能力;改进C2f模块,减小模型的计算量。提出了轻量级的Bi-YOLOv8特征金字塔网络结构改进YOLOv8的颈部,增强了模型多尺度特征融合能力,改善网络对小目标的检测精度。使用WIoU Loss优化原网络损失函数,引入一种动态非单调聚焦机制,提高模型的泛化能力。在无人机航拍数据集VisDrone2019上的实验表明,提出算法的mAP50为40.7%,较YOLOv8s提升了1.5%,参数量降低了42%,同时相比于其他先进的目标检测算法在精度和速度上均有提升,证明了改进算法的有效性和先进性。

基于二阶段目标增强网络的低照度复杂环境下绝缘子故障检测方法

从低照度户外环境中航拍采集的绝缘子影像,存在照度低、背景复杂、绝缘子故障目标小等缺陷,严重影响低照度环境下绝缘子故障检测准确性。为解决上述问题,文章提出一种基于TOE-Net的低照度复杂环境下绝缘子故障检测方法,提出TOE-Net进行图像预处理方法,再使用YOLOv7-OL作为故障检测模块检测小目标绝缘子故障。在二阶段目标增强网络(two-stage object enhancement network,TOE-Net)中,设计零目标图像增强损失函数实现预增强网络(preparation enhancement network,PreEnNet)和深度增强网络(deep enhancement network,DeepEnNet)的无监督学习;使用信道级注意力模块跳跃式通道注意力机制(skip squeeze excitation networt,Skip_SENet)和跳跃式通道注意力机制(skip convolutional block attention module,Skip_CBAM)模块改进原始小目标特征增强单次多框检测算法(small object detection enhancement single shot multiBox detector,SDE-SSD),从而提升定位网络的小目标检测能力;设计弱监督机制使预增强网络根据小目标特征增强SSD的要求来提升图像增强能力,直到小目标特征增强SSD能够从增强图像中准确定位绝缘子串位置;使用深度增强网络深度增强绝缘子串区域,提升各类故障的特征显著性。故障检测模块中,将YOLOv7目标检测算法改进为面向小目标YOLOv7,在原模型中添加结合多尺度特征自适应融合网络的小目标检测通道,并将原始损失函数的CIOU改进为BIOU,从而提高模型的小目标检测性能。在低照度环境绝缘子故障检测实验中,该算法与5种目前常用目标检测算法相比具有较大优势,并且相较于低光目标检测算法IA-YOLO、GenISP with RetinaNet,m AP提升9.77%、10.35%,检测速度提升7.23%、10.16%,证明该算法适用于低照度复杂环境下小目标绝缘子故障检测任务;在正常光照绝缘子故障检测实验中该算法仍保持出色性能,证明该算法能够实现常规光照条件下绝缘子小目标故障检测。

一种基于多尺度的目标检测锚点构造方法

目标检测是计算机视觉领域的研究热点和基础任务,其中基于锚点(Anchor)的目标检测已在众多领域得到广泛应用。当前锚点选取方法主要面临两个问题:基于特定数据集的先验取值尺寸固定、面对不同场景泛化能力弱。计算锚框的无监督K-means算法,受初始值影响较大,对目标尺寸较单一的数据集聚类产生的锚点差异较小,无法充分体现网络多尺度输出的特点。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于多尺度的目标检测锚点构造方法(multi-scale-anchor,MSA),将聚类产生的锚点根据数据集本身的特性进行尺度的缩放和拉伸,优化的锚点即保留原数据集的特点也体现了模型多尺度的优势。另外,本方法应用在训练的预处理阶段,不增加模型推理时间。最后,选取单阶段主流算法YOLO(You Only Look Once),在多个不同场景的红外或工业场景数据集上进行丰富的实验。结果表明,多尺度锚点优化方法MSA能显著提高小样本场景的检测精度。

“数据”可否纳入知识产权客体范畴?

《民法总则》(草案)第108条将“数据信息”纳入知识产权客体范畴,虽然该规定最终未获通过,但却引发了学界和业界的热议,数据可否纳入知识产权客体范畴的讨论方兴未艾。根据“信息链”理论,事实、数据、信息、知识和情报之间是呈现一种由下至上逐步提炼加工的链式关系,数据与信息、知识、情报之间依次包含。但数据并不符合知识产权客体的一般特征,若将“数据”整体直接纳入知识产权客体的范畴,会冲击已有的权能和体系,影响知识产权客体家族的统一性和协调性。应对数据进行分类保护,在现有知识产权保护基础之上,增设数据产权保护模式,数据主体就个人原始数据享有数据人格权和数据财产权;企业就其加工处理取得的衍生数据享有数据财产权,企业这种财产权利取得的门槛低于知识产权取得,不必要求独创性、创造性或显著性等知识产权客体的一般特征,宜采取弱保护模式。

基于深度学习的无锚框目标检测算法综述

近年来,基于深度学习的无锚框目标检测算法备受关注。为了深入理解无锚框检测算法,对比分析了基于深度学习的无锚框检测算法的原理机制、网络结构、核心特性以及优缺点,归纳总结了无锚框检测算法的核心技术,并在同一数据集上通过性能实验研究上述算法的性能,总结提出基于深度学习的目标检测算法未来的研究方向。