Understanding Behavioral Manifestations of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in People with Intellectual Disabilities—A Qualitative Study

Background: There is limited knowledge about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). This paper describes the manifestation of compulsive behaviors associated with OCD at the behavioral level in people with ID in institutionalized settings. The aim was to gain nuanced insight into appropriate understanding and classification in this specific context, and derive implications for research and practice. Methods: Individual cases of people with ID (n = 7) were studied to assess compulsive symptoms through two days of on-site observation of the person with ID within the institution, guided group discussions (n = 28), and semi-structured interviews with key informants and caregivers of the person with ID (n = 20). Caregiver ratings of the compulsive behavior checklist were compiled. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: All forms of OCD were present. Characteristics of compulsive behaviors in people with ID at the behavioral level included less complex and more obvious compulsive acts, immediate responses, signs of tension, motor restlessness, facial expression changes, repetition, need for predictability, time-consuming behaviors, and aggressive reactions when these acts were interrupted. Some of the compulsive behaviors corresponded to the ICD-11 OCD code 6B20, and others to compulsions as a psychological symptom (MB23.4). Conclusions: OCD may manifest atypically at the behavioral level in people with ID, posing significant challenges for accurate classification due to symptom ambiguity. Follow-up differential diagnostic studies are needed to more accurately identify and differentiate OCD symptoms in people with ID. Further, disorder-specific guidelines for recognizing OCD in people with ID are needed for institutionalized settings without psychiatric-psychotherapeutic expertise.

Validation of a Classification System for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Based on DSM-5

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a broad?obsessive-compulsive and related disorders model, which consisted of obsessive-compulsive, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic, trichotillomania and pathological skin picking, displayed sufficient data fit. On the other hand, we examined whether a reduced obsessive-compulsive and related disorders symptoms model consisting of above mentioned disorders demonstrated superior fit or not. To test the factor structure validity of the classification system of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, we used Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA). Result of factor structure analysis revealed and supported an OCSD symptoms dimension that included obsessive-compulsive, hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic, trichotillomania, and pathological skin picking symptoms. Also, results of this study supported?the DSM-5 changes.

Epidemiological Patterns of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Healthcare Workers in Five Reference Hospitals in the City of Douala, Cameroon

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are a public health problem and have forced many workers to quit their jobs prematurely. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of WRMSDs among Healthcare workers in five reference hospitals in the City of Douala-Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 among 561 healthcare workers working in five reference hospitals in the city of Douala, Cameroon. Participants were selected using a convenient sampling technique. Data were collected with structured questionnaires;data on the demographics and risk factors were collected using a well-designed questionnaire, while estimation of the prevalence of WRMSDs was done using the Modified Nordic questionnaire. Results: The overall prevalence rate of WRMSDs among healthcare workers in Douala hospitals was 83.4% (468/561). The prevalence per professional groups was as follows: 88.8% (71) for Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS), 81.9% (289) for nurses, 21 (80.8%) for Physiotherapists (PTs) and 78.8% (41) for Medical Doctors (MDs). There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) in the prevalence of WRMSDs with respect to place of work where healthcare workers from HLD recorded the highest prevalence 89.9%, while Healthcare workers from NBDH were 2.91 times at risk (AOR = 2.91;95% CI: 1.32 - 6.41;p = 0.001) to develop WRMSDs than healthcare workers in the other hospitals. With respect to body region, the highest prevalence of WRMSDs was recorded on the lower back, 58.8% with the lowest at the elbows 11.2%. The age group 30 to 39 years was significantly associated with WRMSDs at level of the shoulder (p = 0.002), upper back (p = 0.019), elbows (p Conclusion: The overall prevalence rate of WRMSDs among healthcare workers in Douala hospitals was high. The prevalence of WRMSDs is highest among MLS and nurses and the most affected body parts are;lower back, neck and upper back. Working on the same posture, stressful job, and repetitive tasks were the major risk factors associated to WRMSDs among healthcare workers in Douala hospitals.

Therapeutic Effects of an Alpha-Casozepine and White Fish Muscle Hydrolyzed Complementary Feed on Canine Separation-Related Disorders and Quality of Life of Dogs and Their Pet Owners

Background: Separation-related disorders are prevalent in dogs and can result in problem behaviours such as inappropriate elimination, destructive behaviour, and distress vocalizations which occur when an owner is absent or perceived as absent. Numerous natural products are marketed for managing anxiety in dogs;however, few, if any, of these products have documented evidence of efficacy in veterinary behaviour. Purpose: This open, multicentric clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of a new supplement containing alpha-casozepine and fish muscle hydrolysate on the separation-related problem in dogs and the impact on the quality of life of dogs and their pet owners. Material and Methods: Fifty-one dogs with clinical signs compatible with separation-related problems were included. The dogs were treated with a complementary feed (Zylkene Plus, Vetoquinol, France) for 30 days. Separation-related behaviour assessment (SRP), emotional disorders assessment (EDED) and the quality of life (QoL) of the pets and their pet owner were assessed at baseline and the end of the study by the veterinarians. In addition, owners were asked to rate their dog’s SRP weekly after enrolment using the same questionnaire that the veterinarian used at the beginning of the study. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in the SRP, EDED, and QoL scores (P Conclusion: The results of this study support the hypothesis that the combination of alpha-casozepine and fish muscle hydrolysate is a promising and effective option to reduce the frequency and severity of separation-related behaviour in dogs and improve the quality of dogs and their owners.

Description of Post-Stroke Cognitive Disorders at Abidjan University Hospitals, Côte d’Ivoire

Stroke patients often experience motor deficits and cognitive problems after a stroke. Objective: To improve our understanding of the cognitive consequences of stroke. Method: a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted over 12-month period in the neurology departments of the Cocody and Treichville Hospitals in Côte d’Ivoire. Results: Out of 724 patients admitted to the neurology department, 415 (57.32%) were stroke patients, of which 145 (34.94%) were screened. The frequency of global cognitive functioning impairment was 86.21%, significantly higher than the frequency of patients without impairment, which was 13.79%. The study focused on detailing the cognitive status of stroke patients in neurology departments, assessing several cognitive functions during the subacute phase of stroke. These functions included global cognitive functioning, executive functions, language and memory. The frequency of post-stroke cognitive impairment is high among stroke patients in Abidjan. This frequency is comparable to figures found in Subsaharian stroke populations. Demographic and clinical characteristics studied included age, gender, education level, employment status, vascular diseases and cerebral affected area. Among these characteristics, only the education level and the cerebral affected area have been found significant. Conclusion: The incidence of cognitive impairment after a stroke is significantly high among stroke patients in Abidjan.

Development of a protocol for videoconferencing-based exposure and response prevention treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND The existing literature indicates that psychotherapeutic treatment,especially exposure and response prevention(ERP)is efficacious in treating obsessivecompulsive disorder(OCD).The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic adversely impacted many patients with OCD and disrupted their usual treatment.Moreover,the pandemic forced a global switch to telemental health(TMH)services to maintain the standards and continuity of care.Consequently,clinicians are increasingly using TMH-based psychotherapeutic treatments to treat OCD.However,several challenges have made it difficult for them to implement these treatments in the changed circumstances imposed by the pandemic.AIM To describe the formulation,implementation,feasibility,and usefulness of videoconferencing-based ERP(VC-ERP)treatment for OCD during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.METHODS This prospective,observational study was conducted in the psychiatric unit of a multi-specialty hospital in north India over 12 mo(July 2020-June 2021).All patients with OCD were assessed using the home-based TMH services of the department.The VC-ERP protocol for OCD was the outcome of weekly Zoom meetings with a group of clinicians involved in administering the treatment.After a systematic evaluation of the available treatment options,an initial protocol for delivering VC-ERP was developed.Guidelines for clinicians and educational materials for patients and their families were prepared.The protocol was implemented among patients with OCD attending the TMH services,and their progress was monitored.The weekly meetings were used to upgrade the protocol to meet the needs of all stakeholders.Feasibility and efficacy outcomes were examined.RESULTS All patients were diagnosed with OCD as a primary or a comorbid condition according to the International Classification of Diseases,10th version criteria.Out of 115 patients who attended the services during the study period,37 were excluded from the final analysis.Of the remaining 78 patients,VC-ERP was initiated in 43 patients.Six patients dropped out,and three were hospitalized for inpatient ERP.Eleven patients have completed the full VC-ERP treatment.One patient completed the psychoeducation part of the protocol.VC-ERP is ongoing in 22 patients.The protocol for VC-ERP treatment was developed and upgraded online.A large proportion of the eligible patients(n=34/43;79%)actively engaged in the VC-ERP treatment.Drop-out rates were low(n=6/43;14%).Satisfaction with the treatment was adequate among patients,caregivers,and clinicians.Apart from hospitalization in 3 patients,there were no other adverse events.Hybrid care and stepped care approaches could be incorporated into the VC-ERP protocol.Therefore,the feasibility of VC-ERP treatment in terms of operational viability,service utilization,service engagement,need for additional in-person services,frequency of adverse events,and user satisfaction was adequate.The VC-ERP treatment was found to be efficacious in the 11 patients who had completed the full treatment.Significant reductions in symptoms and maintenance of treatment gains on follow-up were observed.CONCLUSION This study provided preliminary evidence for the feasibility and usefulness of VC-ERP in the treatment of OCD.The results suggest that VC-ERP can be a useful option in resource-constrained settings.

Glucomannan for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children:A randomized trial

AIM:To assess the efficacy of glucomannan(GNN) as the sole treatment for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs).METHODS:We conducted a double-blind,placebocontrolled,randomized trial.Patients were recruited among children referred to the Department of Paediatrics,Medical University of Warsaw.Included in the study were children aged 7-17 years with abdominal pain-related FGIDs classified according to the Rome Ⅲ diagnostic criteria.The children were randomly assigned to receive GNN,a polysaccharide of 1,4-D-glucose and D-mannose,a soluble fiber from the Japanese Konjac plant,at a dosage of 2.52 g/d(1 sachet of 1.26 g 2 times a day),or a comparable placebo(maltodextrin) at the same dosage.The content of each sachet was dissolved in approximately 125 mL of fluid and was consumed twice daily for 4 wk.RESULTS:Of the 89 eligible children,84(94%) completed the study."No pain" and "treatment success"(defined as no pain or a decrease ≥ 2/6 points on the FACES Pain Scale Revised) were similar in the GNN(n = 41) and placebo(n = 43) groups [no pain(12/41 vs 6/43,respectively;RR = 2.1,95%CI:0.87-5.07) as well as treatment success(23/41 vs 20/43;RR = 1.2,95%CI:0.79-1.83)].No significant differences between the groups were observed in the secondary outcomes,such as abdominal cramps,abdominal bloating/gassiness,episodes of nausea or vomiting,or a changed in stool consistency.GNN demonstrated no significant influence on the number of children requiring rescue therapy,school absenteeism,or daily activities.CONCLUSION:In our setting,GNN,as dosed in this study,was no more effective than the placebo in achieving therapeutic success in the management of FGIDs in children.

Analysis of fluoxetine-induced plasticity mechanisms as a strategy for understanding plasticity related neural disorders

Fluoxetine hydrochloride,better known for its commercial name Prozac,is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressant drugs all over the world.This drug was considered a＂breakthrough drug＂for the treatment of depression because of its very high selectivity as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and because it presented a lower side-effectprofile than previous drugs （Wong et al., 2005）.

ⅩⅩ World Congress on Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders

Time:December 8-11,2013Venue:Palexpo Geneva Congress Center,Geneva,Switzerland Email:Parkinson@kenes.com Website:www2.kenes.com/parkinson/Pages/Home.aspxⅩⅩ World Congress on Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders will be held on December 8-11,2013 in Geneva,Switzerland.As the motto for this World Congress is'Integration by Translation',this Congress will deal in a most translational way with most recent research and updates on the etiology,pathogenesis,potential diagnostic markers and treatment modalities

Introduction of The Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Related Disorders

The Chinese Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease&Related Disorders, the first journal dedicated to Alzheimer’s disease and related neurodegenerative diseases in China, was founded by Chinese Association for Alzheimer’s disease (CAAD)(CN 10-1536/R, ISSN 2096—5516) in early 2018.

Influence of Metabolic Syndrome versus Musculoskeletal Disorders on Saudi Health-Related Quality of Life

Aim: This work aimed to study the influence of two chronic health conditions, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of Saudis. Method: The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) health status questionnaire was used to measure the HRQoL and compare the mean scores of the questionnaire subscales and physical and mental component summaries (PCS and MCS) of 33 patients with MetS, 18 patients with MSDs, and 30 apparently healthy (AH) subjects. Regression analysis was used to measure the prediction power of the study group, age and gender of the participants in estimating the HRQoL. Results: Results showed that the mean scores of the physical subscales, the PCS, the mental subscales and MCS were arranged in descending order from AH subjects, patients with MetS, to patients with MSDs. The mean scores difference among the 3 study groups were statistically significant with the only exception for the general mental health (GMH) subscale (P = 0.404). The study group and age accounted for 41.8% of the variability of PCS while the study group accounted for 19.6% of the variability in the MCS. The resulted equation to estimate the PCS score was as follows: PCS = 113.18 - 12.85 (Group: 0 for AH, 1 for MetS, and 2 for MSDs) - 0.67 age. On the other hand the resulted equation to estimate the MCS score was as follows: MCS = 76.203 - 10.426 (Group: 0 for AH, 1 for MetS, and 2 for MSDs). Conclusion: Patients with MetS and patients with MSDs had lower HRQoL than AH subjects. All the physical and mental dimensions of HRQoL are negatively influenced with MetS and with MSDs with the only exception for the GMH subscale. The physical and mental burden of MSDs is more dominant. The study group and age can be used to predict the PCS while the study group can be used to predict the MCS.

Vertebro-basilar ischemic attacks and sleep-related breathing disorders

Objective To study the relationship between vertebro basilar ischemic attacks (VBI) and sleep related breathing disorders (SRBD). Methods Polysomnographic examinations were performed on 45 VBI patients. The incidence and characteristics of SRBD, and its relationship with various clinical factors were analyzed. Results Eighteen cases (40%) were complicated with SRBD, among which 2/3 was obstructive and 1/3 was central types. They were correlated with obesity and prone to be suffered with cardiovascular disorders.Conclusions Brain stem dysfunction caused by long term repeated ischemias probably is the pathogenesis of SRBD, especially it’s central type, in VBI. The arrhythmia and hypertension secondary to SRBD may aggravate VBI. VBI and SRBD may be reciprocal and form a vicious circle which should draw attention in the prevention and treatment of SRBD in VBI.

Attribution retraining group therapy for outpatients with major depression disorder,generalized anxiety disorder,and obsessive-compulsive disorder:a pilot study

The aim of this present study is to examine the efficacy of attribution retraining group therapy （ARGT） and to compare the responses of outpatients with major depression disorder （MDD）, generalized anxiety disorder （GAD） and obsessive-compulsive disorder （OCD）. We carried out a prospective uncontrolled intervention study with a 8-weeks of ARGT on sixty three outpatients with MDD, GAD or OCD. Hamilton rating scale for depression, Hamilton rating scale for anxiety, Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale, attribution style questionnaire, self-esteem scale, index of well-being, and social disability screening schedule were administered before and after treatment. Significant improvement in symptoms and psychological and social functions from pre- to posttreatment occurred for all participants. The changes favored MDD patients. Our study suggested that ARGT may improve the symptoms and psychological-social functions of MDD, GAD, and OCD patients. MDD patients showed the best response.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder:Evidence-based treatments and future directions for research

Over the past three decades, obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) has moved from an almost untreatable,life-long psychiatric disorder to a highly manageable one. This is a very welcome change to the 1%-3% of children and adults with this disorder as, thanks to advances in both pharmacological and psychological therapies, prognosis for those afflicted with OCD is quite good in the long term, even though most have comorbid disorders that are also problematic. We still have far to go, however, until OCD can be described as either easily treatable or the effective treatments are widely known about among clinicians. This review focuses on the current state of the art in treatment for OCD and where we still are coming up short in our work as a scientific community. For example, while the impact of medications is quite strong for adults in reducing OCD symptoms, current drugs are only somewhat effective for children. In addition, there are unacceptably high relapse rates across both populations when treated with pharmacological alone. Even in the cognitive-behavioral treatments, which show higher effect sizes and lower relapse rates than drug therapies, drop-out rates are at a quarter of those who begin treatment. This means a sizable portion of the OCD population who do obtain effective treatments(which appears to be only a portion of the overall population) are not effectively treated.Suggestions for future avenues of research are also presented. These are primarily focused on(1) increased dissemination of effective therapies;(2) augmentation of treatments for those with residual symptoms, both for psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; and(3) the impact of comorbid disorders on treatment outcome.

Anterior limb lesions in bilateral internal capsules and memory function in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have shown that lesions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule contribute to obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder （OCD）. However, few reports have addressed the effects of lesions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule on cognition, learning, and memory functions in patients with refractory OCD. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the degree of damage to memory tasks in refractory OCD patients following lesions to the anterior limb of the internal capsule. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-controlled, observational study was performed at the Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, China from May 2007 to March 2008. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 10 refractory OCD patients were admitted to the Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, China from May 2007 to March 2008 and were recruited for this study. The OCD patients were of equal gender, with an average age of （25.1 ± 9.6） years. An additional 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled from a community of Shanghai City as controls; they were of equal gender and aged （25.1 ± 8.6） years. METHODS： A total of 10 refractory OCD patients were subjected to lesions in the anterior limbs of the bilateral internal capsules. Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revision （WMS-CR, as a task of explicit memory） and the Nissen Version （serial reaction time task） software （SRTT, as a task of implicit memory） were applied to determine memory functions and learning performance in pre- and post-operative OCD patients and controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： WMS scores, reaction time in SRTT, and Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale scores were measured in pre- and post-operative OCD patients and controls. RESULTS： Compared to controls, the pre-operative OCD patients exhibited reduced memory task scores （P = 0.005）, whereas scores for reciting numbers of backwards digits were greater （P = 0.000）. Figure recall and associative memory were less in OCD patients at 1 week following surgery than in the pre-operative OCD patients （P = 0.042, P = 0.002, respectively）. Reaction time in implicit SRTT was significantly longer in pre-operative OCD patients compared with controls and post-operative OCD patients （P = 0.01, P = 0.03, respectively）. These results suggested ameliorated SRTT following neurosurgery. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale results revealed significantly improved OCD following lesions in the internal capsule （P = 0.04）. Some post-operative OCD patients suffered from deficits in short-term memory and implicit memory. CONCLUSION： Lesions in anterior limbs of bilateral internal capsules improve obsessive- compulsive symptoms and implicit memory in OCD patients, but result in aggravated short-term memory deficits.

Characterization of event-related potentials in obsessive compulsive disorder patients: Comparison with depression and generalized anxiety disorder patients

BACKGROUND： Study results of event-refated potential in obsessive compulsive disorder （OCD） remain controversial, potentially as a result of different instruments utilized and their differing technical characteristics. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the differences in several common event-related potentials, Le. contingent negative variations, P300, and mismatch negativity （MMN）, in OCD patients, depression patients, generalized anxiety disorder （GAD） patients, and healthy controls. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control study was performed in the Department of Electrophysiology, Shanghai Mental Health Center from May 2002 to December 2005. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 38 OCD patients, 20 depression patients, and 18 GAD patients, who were diagnosed according to the criteria of Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders （Version 3）, formulated by the Chinese Psychiatry Association, were selected from the Outpatient Department of Shanghai Mental Health Center. Patients with two or more the above diseases were excluded. In addition, 28 healthy people, gender and age matched, were selected as controls. METHODS： Contingent negative variations, P300, and MMN were recorded by a Nicolet Spirit Instrument. All electrodes were attached at Cz according to the Intemationa11020 system, with the mastoid leads as reference and Fpz as ground. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Amplitude and latency of contingent negative variations, P300, and MMN. RESULTS： The contingent negative variations, P300, and MMN were different （P 〈 0.01）. OCD patients showed an increased MI amplitude compared with controls, depression, and GAD patients （P 〈 0.01）. Target P300 amplitudes were significantly lower in OCD, depression, and GAD patients compared with controls （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, N2 latency and latency of MMN were prolonged in OCD and depression groups compared with controls （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Event-related potentials were different in depression, GAD, and OCD patients and healthy controls. In particular, OCD patients exhibited unique characteristics.

Correlations between Event-related Potentials with Pictures Recognition and WMS-RC Scores in Patients with Memory Disorder Caused by Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

This study explored the possibility of using event-related potentials （ERP） for the measurement of picture-recognition memory and examined its correlation with the Chinese Wechsler Memory Scale-revised （WMS-RC） in patients with memory disorder caused by severe traumatic brain injury （sTBI）. The subjects included 20 sTBI patients with memory disorder and 22 healthy individuals. Memory function was measured by using WMS-RC. Behavioral and ERP responses were recorded on-line during performance on a battery of picture recognition and the responses were analyzed off-line for recognition memory effects. Mean memory quotient （MQ） of patients with sTBI was significantly lower than that of the control group. Mean reaction time （RT） was significantly longer and the mean correctness rate （CR） of picture recognition was significantly lower in sTBI group than that of the controls. In controls, the main components of average ERP of picture recognition includes two positive-going waves, designated as P170 and P500, that appear 170 ms and 500 ms after stimulation when the subject could later successfully recall and recognize the pictures. P500 amplitude of target stimulus was significantly higher than that of non-target stimulus. Compared to controls, P500 responses of sTBI group were significantly delayed in latency （P〈0.001） and lower in amplitude （P〈0.001）. P500 latency showed significant negative correlation with MQ and the scores of ＂addition＂, ＂visual recognition＂, ＂picture recall＂, ＂visual reproduction＂ and ＂tactile memory＂ in WMS-RC. ERP of picture recognition provides a neurophysiological approach to directly assess memory impairment, and P500 may serve as a helpful index for memory disorder caused by sTBI in forensic practice.

THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EVENT RELATED POTENTIALSIN PATIENTS WITH OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER,DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY

Objective:To investigate the variations of contingent negative varisations(CNV),P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN) in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD),depressiopn and anxiety.MEthods:Event-related potentials CNV,P300 and MMN were recorded in 31 patients with OCD by Nicolet SPirit Instrument,and were compared with that of 20 depression controls(DC) and 17 anxiety controls(AC)and 28 normal controls(NC),Results:A significant difference of CNV among 4 sulbject groups was found in both post-imperative negative variation(PINV) and amplitudes(M1)(P<0.01)(emergence of PINV were 45%),60%,35%,and 4% in OCD,DC,AC and NC groups respectively),Compared with NC group,DC and AC groups showed decreased M1 amplitude(P<0.01).A significant difference of P300 among 4 groups was found in both latencies(Cz/N2) and P3 and nontarget-P2 amplitudes(P<0.05-0.01),The delayed MMN latencies of OCD and DC were similar to that of P300 changes,Conclusions:CNV,P300 and MMN are useful tools for assessing the brain malfunction of OCD,DC and AC,and its clinical application are suggested.The characteristics ERPs of those patients might be useful indexes in distinguishing OCD from DC and AC patients.

WNT/β-catenin pathway and circadian rhythms in obsessive-compulsive disorder

The neuropsychiatric disease named obsessive-compulsive disorder is composed by obsessions and/or compulsions.Obsessive-compulsive disorder etiologies are undefined.However,numerous mechanisms in several localizations are implicated.Some studies showed that both glutamate,inflammatory factors and oxidative stress could have main functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Glycogen synthase kinase-3β,the major negative controller of the WNT/β-catenin pathway is upregulated in obsessive-compulsive disorder.In obsessive-compulsive disorder,some studies presented the actions of the different circadian clock genes.WNT/β-catenin pathway and circadian clock genes appear to be intricate.Thus,this review focuses on the interaction between circadian clock genes and the WNT/β-catenin pathway in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Woman diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder became delusional after childbirth:A case report

BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)is a common mental disorder that varies greatly in manifestation and causes much distress to individuals.We describe a case in which a Chinese woman with OCD became delusional after childbirth,and discuss the possible phenomenological and psychological alterations.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old woman presented to the Psychiatry Department of our hospital with obsessions and compulsions.After taking medication,her symptoms were alleviated.Three years later,during her pregnancy,the obsessions returned and even progressed into paranoid delusions after childbirth.After multiple adjustments of treatment along with several fluctuations,she finally achieved remission and gained reasonable insight.CONCLUSION This case suggests that the patient with OCD appeared to move along a continuum of beliefs,and highlights the importance of effective intervention during pregnancy,which would exert a significant impact on postpartum exacerbation outcomes.