The international Argo program,a global observational array of nearly 4000 autonomous profiling floats initiated in the late 1990s,which measures the water temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the global oc...The international Argo program,a global observational array of nearly 4000 autonomous profiling floats initiated in the late 1990s,which measures the water temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the global ocean,has revolutionized oceanography.It has been recognized one of the most successful ocean observation systems in the world.Today,the proposed decade action“OneArgo”for building an integrated global,full-depth,and multidisciplinary ocean observing array for beyond 2020 has been endorsed.In the past two decades since 2002,with more than 500 Argo deployments and 80 operational floats currently,China has become an important partner of the Argo program.Two DACs have been established to process the data reported from all Chinese floats and deliver these data to the GDACs in real time,adhering to the unified quality control procedures proposed by the Argo Data Management Team.Several Argo products have been developed and released,allowing accurate estimations of global ocean warming,sea level change and the hydrological cycle,at interannual to decadal scales.In addition,Deep and BGC-Argo floats have been deployed,and time series observations from these floats have proven to be extremely useful,particularly in the analysis of synoptic-scale to decadal-scale dynamics.The future aim of China Argo is to build and maintain a regional Argo fleet comprising approximately 400 floats in the northwestern Pacific,South China Sea,and Indian Ocean,accounting for 9%of the global fleet,in addition to maintaining 300 Deep Argo floats in the global ocean(25%of the global Deep Argo fleet).A regional BGC-Argo array in the western Pacific also needs to be established and maintained.展开更多
This paper reviews the current achievements of the China Argo project. It considers aspects of both the construction of the Argo observing array, float technology, and the quality control and sharing of its data. The ...This paper reviews the current achievements of the China Argo project. It considers aspects of both the construction of the Argo observing array, float technology, and the quality control and sharing of its data. The developments of associated data products and data applications for use in the fields of ocean, atmosphere, and climate research are discussed, particularly those related to tropical cyclones (typhoons), ocean circulation, mesoscale eddies, turbulence, oceanic heat/salt storage and transportation, water masses, and operational oceanic/atmospheric/climatic forecasts and predictions. Finaliy, the challenges and opportunities involved in the long-term maintenance and sustained development of the China Argo ocean observation network are outlined. Discussion also focuses on the necessity for increasing the number of floats in the Indian Ocean and for expanding the regional Argo observation network in the South China Sea, together with the importance of promoting the use of Argo data by the maritime countries of Southeast Asia and India.展开更多
The quality control(QC) of ocean observational data, essential to establish a high-quality global ocean database, is one of the basic data pre-processing steps in oceanography research, marine monitoring, and forecast...The quality control(QC) of ocean observational data, essential to establish a high-quality global ocean database, is one of the basic data pre-processing steps in oceanography research, marine monitoring, and forecasting. With the introduction of various advanced instruments in recent decades, oceanographic surveys have expanded from coastal regions to open oceans.However, as ocean in-situ observations are obtained using different instruments that offer heterogeneous data qualities, it is paramount that bad data could be accurately and efficiently identified via QC to provide a reliable global ocean database. In this review, we briefly summarize the latest progress of QC for oceanic in-situ observations, and mainly focus on temperature and salinity data. The similarities and differences between QC schemes developed by various ocean organizations are introduced. We also discuss the performances of the various QC schemes and identify the key challenges. Based on the discussions, several recommendations are proposed for future improvements in the QC for ocean observations.展开更多
1 Background and purpose of workshop The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in the function of the Earth System, influencing climate, sea level, biogeochemical cycles, and biological productivity on a variety of ...1 Background and purpose of workshop The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in the function of the Earth System, influencing climate, sea level, biogeochemical cycles, and biological productivity on a variety of scalesIll. Observations from the Southern Ocean suggest that dramatic changes are taking place, which are of global concern, yet because of its remote location, seasonal sea ice, and harsh environment, the Southern Ocean remains one of the least sampled zones in the world.展开更多
Covering about three quarters of the surface area of the earth,the ocean is a critical source of sustenance,medicine,and commerce.However,such vast expanse in both surface area and depth,presents myriad observing chal...Covering about three quarters of the surface area of the earth,the ocean is a critical source of sustenance,medicine,and commerce.However,such vast expanse in both surface area and depth,presents myriad observing challenges for researchers,such as corrosion,attenuation of electromagnetic waves,and high pressure.Ocean observation technologies are progressing from the conventional single node,static and short-term modalities to multiple nodes,dynamic and long-term modalities,to increase the density of both temporal and spatial samplings.Although people’s knowledge of the oceans has been still quite limited,the contributions of many nations cooperating to develop the Global Ocean Observing System(GOOS)have remarkably promoted the development of ocean observing technologies.This paper reviews the typical observing technologies deployed from the sea surface to the seafloor,and discusses the future trend of the ocean observation systems with the docking technology and sustained ocean energy.展开更多
A buoy of 10 m in diameter was used to record the current speed and direction in a vertical profile in the offshore area of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary(with an average water depth of 46.0 m) for one year...A buoy of 10 m in diameter was used to record the current speed and direction in a vertical profile in the offshore area of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary(with an average water depth of 46.0 m) for one year.The results include:(1) the currents rotate clockwise and the current direction is consistent in a vertical profile without clear seasonal variations.(2) The horizontal current speeds are generally high,with a maximum of 128.5 cm/s occurring in summer and 105.5 cm/s appearing in winter commonly close to the surface.The average current speeds in the vertical profile fall in the same range(the differences are less than 8.0 cm/s),with the maximum of47.0 cm/s occurring in summer and 40.8 cm/s in winter.The average current speed during spring tides is twice that during neap tides(26.5 cm/s).(3) Significant differences of speeds are observed in the vertical profile.The maximum current speed occurs at either surface(spring and winter) or sub-surface(summer and autumn),with the minimum current speed appearing at the bottom.The maximum average current speed of all layers is 57.9cm/s,which occurs in the 18-m layer during summer.(4) The average speed of the residual currents ranges from7.5 cm/s to 11.3 cm/s,with the strongest occurring in spring and weakest in winter.The residual currents of all layers are eastward during spring and winter,whereas northeastward or northward during summer and autumn.(5) The currents in the offshore of Changjiang Estuary are impacted collectively by diluted Changjiang River discharge,the Taiwan Warm Current,monsoon and tides.展开更多
In 2018,China successfully launched three new Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese,referred to as HY)satellites which are an ocean color observation satellite HY-1C(operational),an ocean dynamics environment satellite...In 2018,China successfully launched three new Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese,referred to as HY)satellites which are an ocean color observation satellite HY-1C(operational),an ocean dynamics environment satellite HY-2B(operational)and the China-France ocean satellite CFOSAT(experimental).In 2019,all the three satellites had finished their commissioning phases and were declared operational.HY-2A satellite continues to operate in-orbit,and its operational status is basically normal.So in 2020,China has 4 Haiyang satellites in-orbit,China’s ocean satellites enter into a new operational application phase.The operation of the ground application system of Chinese ocean satellites is stable.In 2019,Beijing,Hainan,Mudanjiang,and Hangzhou ocean satellite ground stations had received the data of HY-1C,HY-2A,HY-2B,and CFOSAT 5012 orbits and 26.46 TB data had been distributed to both domestic and international users.Chinese ocean satellite data has played an important role in marine disaster prevention and mitigation,development and management of marine resources,maintenance of marine rights and interests,marine environment protection,scientific researches,and blue economy development.展开更多
Environmental DNA(eDNA)monitoring,a rapidly advancing technique for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem health,offers a noninvasive approach for detecting and quantifying species from various environmental samples.In...Environmental DNA(eDNA)monitoring,a rapidly advancing technique for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem health,offers a noninvasive approach for detecting and quantifying species from various environmental samples.In this review,a comprehensive overview of current eDNA collection and detection technologies is provided,emphasizing the necessity for standardization and automation in aquatic ecological monitoring.Furthermore,the intricacies of water bodies,from streams to the deep sea,and the associated challenges they pose for eDNA capture and analysis are explored.The paper delineates three primary eDNA survey methods,namely,bringing back water,bringing back filters,and bringing back data,each with specific advantages and constraints in terms of labor,transport,and data acquisition.Additionally,innovations in eDNA sampling equipment,including autonomous drones,subsurface samplers,and in-situ filtration devices,and their applications in monitoring diverse taxa are discussed.Moreover,recent advancements in species-specific detection and eDNA metabarcoding are addressed,highlighting the integration of novel techniques such as CRISPR-Cas and nanopore sequencing that enable precise and rapid detection of biodiversity.The implications of environmental RNA and epigenetic modifications are considered for future applications in providing nuanced ecological data.Lastly,the review stresses the critical role of standardization and automation in enhancing data consistency and comparability for robust long-term biomonitoring.We propose that the amalgamation of these technologies represents a paradigm shift in ecological monitoring,aligning with the urgent call for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42122046,42076202,U1811464 and 4210060098the Project Supported by Laoshan Laboratory under contract No.LSKJ202201500the Project Supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)under contract No.SML2021SP102.
文摘The international Argo program,a global observational array of nearly 4000 autonomous profiling floats initiated in the late 1990s,which measures the water temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the global ocean,has revolutionized oceanography.It has been recognized one of the most successful ocean observation systems in the world.Today,the proposed decade action“OneArgo”for building an integrated global,full-depth,and multidisciplinary ocean observing array for beyond 2020 has been endorsed.In the past two decades since 2002,with more than 500 Argo deployments and 80 operational floats currently,China has become an important partner of the Argo program.Two DACs have been established to process the data reported from all Chinese floats and deliver these data to the GDACs in real time,adhering to the unified quality control procedures proposed by the Argo Data Management Team.Several Argo products have been developed and released,allowing accurate estimations of global ocean warming,sea level change and the hydrological cycle,at interannual to decadal scales.In addition,Deep and BGC-Argo floats have been deployed,and time series observations from these floats have proven to be extremely useful,particularly in the analysis of synoptic-scale to decadal-scale dynamics.The future aim of China Argo is to build and maintain a regional Argo fleet comprising approximately 400 floats in the northwestern Pacific,South China Sea,and Indian Ocean,accounting for 9%of the global fleet,in addition to maintaining 300 Deep Argo floats in the global ocean(25%of the global Deep Argo fleet).A regional BGC-Argo array in the western Pacific also needs to be established and maintained.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation under contract No.41621064the Science and Technology Basic Work of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China under contract No.2012FY112300the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No.201005033
文摘This paper reviews the current achievements of the China Argo project. It considers aspects of both the construction of the Argo observing array, float technology, and the quality control and sharing of its data. The developments of associated data products and data applications for use in the fields of ocean, atmosphere, and climate research are discussed, particularly those related to tropical cyclones (typhoons), ocean circulation, mesoscale eddies, turbulence, oceanic heat/salt storage and transportation, water masses, and operational oceanic/atmospheric/climatic forecasts and predictions. Finaliy, the challenges and opportunities involved in the long-term maintenance and sustained development of the China Argo ocean observation network are outlined. Discussion also focuses on the necessity for increasing the number of floats in the Indian Ocean and for expanding the regional Argo observation network in the South China Sea, together with the importance of promoting the use of Argo data by the maritime countries of Southeast Asia and India.
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB42040402)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics,Second Institute of Oceanography,MNR(Grant No.QNHX2133)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0603202)the Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean Mega-Research of Science,CAS(Grant No.COMS2019Q01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42076202).
文摘The quality control(QC) of ocean observational data, essential to establish a high-quality global ocean database, is one of the basic data pre-processing steps in oceanography research, marine monitoring, and forecasting. With the introduction of various advanced instruments in recent decades, oceanographic surveys have expanded from coastal regions to open oceans.However, as ocean in-situ observations are obtained using different instruments that offer heterogeneous data qualities, it is paramount that bad data could be accurately and efficiently identified via QC to provide a reliable global ocean database. In this review, we briefly summarize the latest progress of QC for oceanic in-situ observations, and mainly focus on temperature and salinity data. The similarities and differences between QC schemes developed by various ocean organizations are introduced. We also discuss the performances of the various QC schemes and identify the key challenges. Based on the discussions, several recommendations are proposed for future improvements in the QC for ocean observations.
基金hosted and sponsored by the Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC), with additional sponsorship by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP/CAS), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) "Climate and the Cryosphere" project (CliC), the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). SOOS acknowledges the support of its host institute, the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS, University of Tasmania, Australia), and sponsors, Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctica New Zealand, and the New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute.
文摘1 Background and purpose of workshop The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in the function of the Earth System, influencing climate, sea level, biogeochemical cycles, and biological productivity on a variety of scalesIll. Observations from the Southern Ocean suggest that dramatic changes are taking place, which are of global concern, yet because of its remote location, seasonal sea ice, and harsh environment, the Southern Ocean remains one of the least sampled zones in the world.
基金Supported in part by the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province (Grant No. 2018SDKJ0211)part by the Fund of Platform for Technical Innovation Ningbo Research Institute of Zhejiang University (Grant No. NRI-ZJU-2019001)part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2019XZZX003-07).
文摘Covering about three quarters of the surface area of the earth,the ocean is a critical source of sustenance,medicine,and commerce.However,such vast expanse in both surface area and depth,presents myriad observing challenges for researchers,such as corrosion,attenuation of electromagnetic waves,and high pressure.Ocean observation technologies are progressing from the conventional single node,static and short-term modalities to multiple nodes,dynamic and long-term modalities,to increase the density of both temporal and spatial samplings.Although people’s knowledge of the oceans has been still quite limited,the contributions of many nations cooperating to develop the Global Ocean Observing System(GOOS)have remarkably promoted the development of ocean observing technologies.This paper reviews the typical observing technologies deployed from the sea surface to the seafloor,and discusses the future trend of the ocean observation systems with the docking technology and sustained ocean energy.
基金The Major State Basic Research Development Program under contract No.2013CB956502the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research Funds under contract No.SKLEC200906the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41625021
文摘A buoy of 10 m in diameter was used to record the current speed and direction in a vertical profile in the offshore area of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary(with an average water depth of 46.0 m) for one year.The results include:(1) the currents rotate clockwise and the current direction is consistent in a vertical profile without clear seasonal variations.(2) The horizontal current speeds are generally high,with a maximum of 128.5 cm/s occurring in summer and 105.5 cm/s appearing in winter commonly close to the surface.The average current speeds in the vertical profile fall in the same range(the differences are less than 8.0 cm/s),with the maximum of47.0 cm/s occurring in summer and 40.8 cm/s in winter.The average current speed during spring tides is twice that during neap tides(26.5 cm/s).(3) Significant differences of speeds are observed in the vertical profile.The maximum current speed occurs at either surface(spring and winter) or sub-surface(summer and autumn),with the minimum current speed appearing at the bottom.The maximum average current speed of all layers is 57.9cm/s,which occurs in the 18-m layer during summer.(4) The average speed of the residual currents ranges from7.5 cm/s to 11.3 cm/s,with the strongest occurring in spring and weakest in winter.The residual currents of all layers are eastward during spring and winter,whereas northeastward or northward during summer and autumn.(5) The currents in the offshore of Changjiang Estuary are impacted collectively by diluted Changjiang River discharge,the Taiwan Warm Current,monsoon and tides.
文摘In 2018,China successfully launched three new Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese,referred to as HY)satellites which are an ocean color observation satellite HY-1C(operational),an ocean dynamics environment satellite HY-2B(operational)and the China-France ocean satellite CFOSAT(experimental).In 2019,all the three satellites had finished their commissioning phases and were declared operational.HY-2A satellite continues to operate in-orbit,and its operational status is basically normal.So in 2020,China has 4 Haiyang satellites in-orbit,China’s ocean satellites enter into a new operational application phase.The operation of the ground application system of Chinese ocean satellites is stable.In 2019,Beijing,Hainan,Mudanjiang,and Hangzhou ocean satellite ground stations had received the data of HY-1C,HY-2A,HY-2B,and CFOSAT 5012 orbits and 26.46 TB data had been distributed to both domestic and international users.Chinese ocean satellite data has played an important role in marine disaster prevention and mitigation,development and management of marine resources,maintenance of marine rights and interests,marine environment protection,scientific researches,and blue economy development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330405,32200367)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32325034,U2340216)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0608200)the Special Project for Social Development of Yunnan Province(202103AC100001)to Meng Yaothe Scientific Data Center,Institute of Hydrobiology,CASthe Wuhan Branch,Supercomputing Center of CAS for their support。
文摘Environmental DNA(eDNA)monitoring,a rapidly advancing technique for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem health,offers a noninvasive approach for detecting and quantifying species from various environmental samples.In this review,a comprehensive overview of current eDNA collection and detection technologies is provided,emphasizing the necessity for standardization and automation in aquatic ecological monitoring.Furthermore,the intricacies of water bodies,from streams to the deep sea,and the associated challenges they pose for eDNA capture and analysis are explored.The paper delineates three primary eDNA survey methods,namely,bringing back water,bringing back filters,and bringing back data,each with specific advantages and constraints in terms of labor,transport,and data acquisition.Additionally,innovations in eDNA sampling equipment,including autonomous drones,subsurface samplers,and in-situ filtration devices,and their applications in monitoring diverse taxa are discussed.Moreover,recent advancements in species-specific detection and eDNA metabarcoding are addressed,highlighting the integration of novel techniques such as CRISPR-Cas and nanopore sequencing that enable precise and rapid detection of biodiversity.The implications of environmental RNA and epigenetic modifications are considered for future applications in providing nuanced ecological data.Lastly,the review stresses the critical role of standardization and automation in enhancing data consistency and comparability for robust long-term biomonitoring.We propose that the amalgamation of these technologies represents a paradigm shift in ecological monitoring,aligning with the urgent call for biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.