Ocean tide loading correction for InSAR measurements: Comparison of different ocean tide models

With the rapid development of modern Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR)missions,SAR instruments with wider coverage can be used to monitor the ground surface deformation from regional to global scale.However,the ocean tide loading(OTL)displacement is becoming a primary source of errors.It contributes to a long-wavelength signal in InSAR interferograms,leading to errors from millimeter to centimeter-level in InSAR deformation monitoring,especially over coastal areas.Although the state-of-the-art has applied ocean tide models to mitigate the errors,the difference between them and their impact on InSAR measurements are rarely discussed.In this paper,we compare representative ocean tide models and investigate their effects in the correction of OTL errors.We found that(i)the modeled OTL displacements from different models show little difference over interiors far from the ocean,while disagreement becomes larger over coastal areas;(ii)the magnitude of OTL artifacts may be greater than the atmospheric delays in some coastal areas,and the correction using ocean tide models can effectively attenuate the OTL effects for large-scale InSAR measurements;(iii)when correcting the OTL errors for InSAR measurements,the global model TPXO and FES are recommended because of their better overall performance,while the NAO model performs the worst.The local models with high spatial resolution can help improve the capability of coarse global models in complex topographic areas.

Influence of the modified global ocean tide model with local tides of East and South China Seas on load gravity in China and its neighbor area

By using 11 global ocean tide models and tidal gauge data obtained in the East China Sea and South China Sea, the influence of the ocean loading on gravity field in China and its neighbor area is calculated in this paper. Furthermore, the differences between the results from original global models and modified models with local tides are discussed based on above calculation. The comparison shows that the differences at the position near the sea are so large that the local tides must be taken into account in the calculation. When the global ocean tide models of CSR4.0, FES02, GOT00, NAO99 and ORI96 are chosen, the local effect for M2 is less than 0.10 × 10-8 m·s-2 over the area far away from sea. And the local effect for O1 is less than 0.05 × 10-8 m·s-2 over that area when choosing AG95 or CSR3.0 models. This numerical result demonstrates that the choice of model is a complex problem because of the inconsistent accuracy of the models over the areas of East and South China Seas.

Evaluation of global ocean tide models based on tidal gravity observations in China

Previous studies show that the calculated loading effects from global ocean tide models do not match actual measurements of gravity attraction and loading effects in Southeast Asia.In this paper,taking advantage of a unique network of gravity tidal stations all over the Chinese mainland,we compare the observed and modeled tidal loading effects on the basis of the most recent global ocean tide models.The results show that the average efficiencies of the ocean tidal loading correction for O_(1),K_(1),M_(2) are 77%,7 s3%and 59%,respectively.The loading correction efficiencies using recent ocean tidal models are better than the 40 years old Schwiderskis model at coastal stations,but relative worse at stations far from ocean.

Feasibility study on application of satellite formations for eliminating the influence from aliasing error of ocean tide model

Currently,aliasing error of temporal signal model becomes the main factor constraining the accuracy of temporal gravity field.In provision of three types of satellite formations,i.e.,GRACE-type,Pendulum-type and n-s-Cartwheel-type,which are suitable for gravity mission and composed of observation in different directions,here we design two cases and conduct a simulation experiment on the feasibility to apply satellite formations for eliminating the influence from the aliasing error of ocean tide models.The result of our experiment shows that,when the aliasing error is disregarded,n-s-Cartwheel formation can provide the best conditions for gravity field determination,which,compared with GRACE-type,can improve the accuracy by 43%.When aliasing error of the ocean tide model acts as the main source of error,the satellite formation applied in dynamic method for gravity field inversion cannot eliminate aliasing or improve the accuracy of gravity field.And due to its higher sensitivity to the high-degree variation of gravity field,the Cartwheel-type formation,which includes the radial observation,can result in the gravity field containing more high-frequency signals for the ocean tide model error,and lead to a dramatically larger error.

The performance of a z-level ocean model in modeling the global tide

The performance of a z-level ocean model, the Modular Ocean Model Version 4（MOM4）, is evaluated in terms of simulating the global tide with different horizontal resolutions commonly used by climate models. The performance using various sets of model topography is evaluated. The results show that the optimum filter radius can improve the simulated co-tidal phase and that better topography quality can lead to smaller rootmean square（RMS） error in simulated tides. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to test the impact of spatial resolutions. It is shown that the model results are sensitive to horizontal resolutions. The calculated absolute mean errors of the co-tidal phase show that simulations with horizontal resolutions of 0.5° and 0.25° have about 35.5% higher performance compared that with 1° model resolution. An internal tide drag parameterization is adopted to reduce large system errors in the tidal amplitude. The RMS error of the best tuned 0.25° model compared with the satellite-altimetry-constrained model TPXO7.2 is 8.5 cm for M_2. The tidal energy fluxes of M_2 and K_1 are calculated and their patterns are in good agreement with those from the TPXO7.2. The correlation coefficients of the tidal energy fluxes can be used as an important index to evaluate a model skill.

A harmonic analyzed parameterization of tide-induced mixing for ocean models

The tide-induced mixing plays an important role in the regulation of ocean circulation.Numerical simulation of continental shelf circulation is found to exhibit an unreasonable vertical thermohaline structure without consideration of tide effects.In this study,we establish a harmonic analyzed parameterization of tide-induced（HAT） mixing,by which means to derive time-depended function of mixing coefficient based on harmonic analysis of the vertical mixing coefficient.By employing HAT mixing parameterization scheme,a series of numerical experiments are conducted for the Yellow Sea.Numerical results show that an ocean circulation model with the HAT mixing involved is capable of reproducing the reasonable thermohaline structure of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass,similar to structures produced by explicit tidal forcing on the open boundary.The advantage of the HAT method is its faster computation time,compared with models that directly resolve explicit tidal motion.The HAT parameterization for the tide-induced mixing has potential to improve both the accuracy and efficiency of ocean circulation and climate models.

Ocean Loading Tides Corrections of GPS Stations in Antarctica

This paper describes the ocean loading tides corrections of GPS stations in Antarctica, such as the Great Wall station and Zhongshan station. Based on the theory of ocean loading tides, the displacement corrections of ocean loading tides on GPS stations in Antarctica are calculated by using the CRS4.0 ocean loading tides model. These corrections are also applied to GPS data proc-essing. The GPS data are analyzed by the GAMIT software with and without these corrections. We compared and analyzed the GPS baseline components to get the differences. The results show that the ocean tidal displacement corrections have obvious effects upon GPS baseline components. Therefore, we should not ignore the ocean loading tides corrections of GPS stations in Antarctica to obtain precise and reliable results.

Estimation of free core nutation parameters and availability of computing options

The Earth’s Free Core Nutation(FCN) causes Earth tides and forced nutation with frequencies close to the FCN that exhibit resonance effects.High-precision superconducting gravimeter(SG) and very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) provide good observation techniques for detecting the FCN parameters.However,some choices in data processing and solution procedures increase the uncertainty of the FCN parameters.In this study,we analyzed the differences and the effectiveness of weight function and ocean tide corrections in the FCN parameter detection using synthetic data,SG data from thirty-one stations,and the 10 celestial pole offset(CPO) series.The results show that significant discrepancies are caused by different computing options for a single SG station.The stacking method,which results in a variation of0.24-5 sidereal days(SDs) in the FCN period(T) and 10^(3)-10^(4) in the quality factor(Q) due to the selection of the weighting function and the ocean tide model(OTM),can effectively suppress this influence.The statistical analysis results of synthetic data shows that although different weight choices,while adjusting the proportion of diurnal tidal waves involved,do not significantly improve the accuracy of fitted FCN parameters from gravity observations.The study evaluated a series of OTMs using the loading correction efficiency.The fitting of FCN parameters can be improved by selecting the mean of appropriate OTMs based on the evaluation results.Through the estimation of the FCN parameters based on the forced nutation,it was found that the weight function P_(1) is more suitable than others,and different CPO series(after 2009) resulted in a difference of 0.4 SDs in the T and of 103 in the Q.We estimated the FCN parameters for SG(T=430.4±1.5 SDs and Q=1.52×10^(4)±2.5×10^(3)) and for VLBI(T=429.8±0.7 SDs,Q=1.88×10^(4)±2.1×10^(3)).

利用GPS观测中国大陆固体地球潮汐形变

利用中国陆态网242个GPS连续观测站超过10年的观测数据,采用精密单点定位静态方法获得了八个主要潮波的三维潮汐位移.与建模值对比结果表明,GPS观测潮汐位移的精度可达亚毫米级.进一步将GPS观测值与OTL(Ocean Tide Loading)建模值对比,除DTU10外其他七种海潮模型与GPS观测值之间一致性较好.综合考虑验潮站观测结果,最适合中国大陆M2、O1潮波OTL建模的海潮模型是TPXO9-Atlas,地球模型为PREM.本研究还发现,M2、O1潮波GPS观测值与建模值之间的残差存在明显的大尺度空间相关性,表明中国地区存在固体潮建模误差等系统误差.本文对198个离海岸线距离超过200 km的内陆站点的系统误差进行分析,改正系统误差后内陆站点东、北和垂直方向加权均方根误差(Weighted Root Mean Square,简称WRMS)分别为:0.04 mm、0.07 mm和0.11 mm(M2),0.05 mm、0.07 mm和0.11 mm(O1);44个沿海站点WRMS分别为:0.18 mm、0.27 mm和0.59 mm(M2),0.10 mm、0.16 mm和0.30 mm(O1).部分沿海站点仍存在较大残差,主要源于海潮负荷位移建模误差,除海潮模型外还包括海水密度、地球模型、上地幔和地壳模型等因素影响.本文首先使用最新WOA(World Ocean Atlas)18海洋数据集计算海水密度和可压缩性的影响,结果表明中国内地OTL建模对海水密度变化和可压缩性并不敏感.其次,软流圈滞弹性散耗效应可使半日潮软流圈的剪切模量降低约8.5%,周日潮软流圈的剪切模量降低约9.1%,考虑滞弹性散耗效应,M2、O1潮波垂直方向上残差最大可分别减小0.50 mm、0.25 mm.最后,本文利用GPS实测数据对四种三维地球模型进行了适用性评价,结果表明除USTC地球模型受沉积层影响外,其他三种地球模型都能有效提高GPS观测结果与理论建模结果的一致性;另外全球地壳模型CRUST1.0与GPS观测值之间的残差最小,说明中国大陆海潮负荷建模精度受地壳结构精度影响较大.本文研究结果证明现今中国大陆GPS观测潮汐位移的结果已经具有足够的精度用于约束该区域地球内部结构.

三种最新全球海潮模型在中国沿海的精度评估

海潮负荷形变是我国沿海GNSS实时观测的重要误差源之一,分析和确定最优海潮模型进行负荷改正,有助于提高GNSS解算精度和可靠性。利用沿海33个验潮站连续3 a的实测潮位资料,以8个主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1和Q1)的潮高和方根(Root Sum Squares,RSS)为评价指标,对最新全球海潮模型FES2014、EOT20和TPXO9在中国沿海的模型精度进行评估。结果表明:3种最新海潮模型相比其前期版本(FES2004、EOT11a和TPXO7.2),在中国沿海的模型精度整体改进幅度分别为72.39%、67.73%和31.37%;3种最新海潮模型中,FES2014在中国沿海的RSS均值和标准差分别为7.91和7.75 cm,模型精度相对最高,EOT20的模型精度略低于FES2014,二者精度均显著优于模型NAO.99jb和NAO.99b(后两处模型在先前研究中被认为在中国沿海精度较优),TPXO9的模型精度则相对较差,仅略优于NAO.99b。同时,分析结果也显示FES2014、EOT20和TPXO9等模型均有其最佳适用区域或地点,在中国沿海GNSS数据精细批处理中,可根据需求选用合适的海潮模型。

海潮模型对陆态网络GNSS观测的影响

选取FES2004、NAO.99b、FES2014b、EOT20、GOT4.10c、TPXO9.5a海潮模型分别对253个陆态网络GNSS测站进行海潮负荷位移(ocean tide loading displacement, OTLD)改正,分析未模型化或模型不准确的OTLD对陆态网络GNSS高程时间序列和天顶对流层延迟(zenith tropospheric delay, ZTD)估计的影响。结果表明,OTLD影响越大,不同海潮模型改正对GNSS高程时间序列的w_(RMS)改善效果和差异越明显,改善效果最高可达52%以上,最大差异可达11%;海潮模型差异造成的GNSS最大混叠信号振幅约为4 mm,对应周期主要为14.8 d、365 d;OTLD与ZTD偏差存在准线性关系,使用的海潮模型实用性越好,两者线性关系越明显;FES2014b模型对GNSS高程时间序列的w_(RMS)、混叠周期、ZTD估计的OTLD改正效果均最优。

中国沿海海洋站GNSS坐标时间序列噪声模型的建立与分析

选取中国沿海海洋站中与验潮室并址的22个GNSS基准站近9a的观测资料,利用最大似然估计法分析各站时间序列的噪声特性,建立最优噪声模型;然后顾及有色噪声,利用最优噪声模型估计测站速度,并与纯白噪声模型和GLOBK获取的速度及误差进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)沿海海洋站的GNSS时间序列均含有有色噪声,各分量的噪声特性不完全一致,E方向和U分量均以白噪声+闪烁噪声为主,N分量以白噪声+闪烁噪声和白噪声+一阶马尔科夫噪声+随机漫步噪声为主。(2)全国沿海3个海区N、E分量的白噪声和闪烁噪声基本呈现越往南噪声越大的规律,南海海区U分量的白噪声和闪烁声最大。(3)顾及有色噪声的速度中误差是仅考虑白噪声和GLOBK估计的速度中误差估计值的5-10倍,这种差异比内陆观测站的要大。(4)在对海洋站GNSS时间序列进行速度分析时,为获取正确的速度值,应该先准确判断噪声的类型,再顾及有色噪声的影响估计测站速度。

海潮负荷模型在不同地理区域精度对比分析

针对海潮负荷模型在不同地理区域(海岛、沿海、内陆)对定位精度的影响,本文基于中国大陆构造环境监测网络的监测数据,借助GAMIT/GLOBK 10.7软件使用FES2004、CRS4.0海潮模型分别对数据进行解算,对不同地理区域定位结果进行分析。实验结果表明,海潮负荷模型在高精度GNSS定位数据处理中对海岛地区的测站影响最大,对沿海地区的影响次之,对内陆地区的影响可以忽略不计。FES2004模型和CRS4.0模型对海岛、沿海和内陆解算结果较为一致,在海岛地区N、E方向上的偏差为毫米级,在U方向上的偏差为厘米级,在沿海地区N、E、U方向上的偏差均为毫米级,但U方向上影响程度基本是N、E方向上的3倍左右。

北部湾三维潮汐潮流数值模拟

潮汐潮流变化对海洋建设、民生、国防等方面都有重大意义,深入了解北部湾潮汐潮流变化可为北部湾沿海港口航道建设等提供重要的参考依据。本文基于有限体积海岸海洋模型(Finite-volume coastal ocean model,FVCOM)建立了一个三维潮汐潮流数值模型,对北部湾的潮汐潮流进行数值模拟分析,同时收集了历史潮位站、2个实测潮位站以及4个海流实测站点数据对模型结果进行对比验证。结果表明,北部湾湾内以规则全日潮为主,湾内同时存在规则全日潮流、不规则全日潮流以及不规则半日潮流,潮流运动形式主要以往复式潮流为主。在涨落急流场中,最大流速点位于琼州海峡口处,流速达到157 cm/s,计算得到的最大可能流速也位于琼州海峡内。北部湾内余流平均流速为2 cm/s,余流通过琼州海峡从外海进入北部湾,并沿着广西近岸流动,在湾内形成一个气旋式环流。通过与实测资料对比,本研究所进行的数值模拟结果与实测资料基本吻合,能够反应出近年来北部湾水动力状况,为北部湾海洋工程建设以及环境保护提供了重要的科学依据。

佘山地震监测中心站重力固体潮海潮负荷效应分析

佘山地震监测中心站重力固体潮汐观测受海潮负荷影响较大,选取2020年1月-2021年10月重力整点值数据,采用Eterna3.30标准潮汐分析软件获得重力潮汐参数,8个主波振幅因子中误差均在1%以内。选择8个全球海潮模型,对振幅较大的O_(1)、K_(1)和M_(2)波进行海潮负荷改正效应分析。结果表明,O_(1)、K_(1)和M_(2)波的重力海潮负荷振幅分布在4.6-5.4μGal,在经全球海潮模型负荷改正后,周日波O_(1)、K_(1)残差振幅大幅减小,其残差负荷改正平均有效性分别为55.90%和71.27%;而半日波M2振幅未得到有效改正,可能与未考虑区域海潮模型有关。

利用验潮站资料评估全球海潮模型的精度

利用传统验潮站数据对5个全球海洋潮汐模型NAO99b、FES2004、GOT4.7、TPXO7.2和EOT10a进行精度评估,结果表明:现在的全球海洋潮汐模型相比早期的海潮模型均取得了较大进步,在深海海域,模型精度达到了2 cm,空间分辨率为50 km。在中国海域,NAO99b的精度最高,RSS为14.86cm。EOT10a在全球海洋范围综合指标最优,能较好地反映全球海洋潮汐的分布。

高精度大地测量中的海潮位移改正

鉴于目前 IERS规范中缺乏海潮对多数中国测站位移的改正 ,基于表面负荷形变理论 ,本文采用 CSR3 .0全球海潮模型和 Farrell的格林函数结果 ,计算了中国测站的海潮位移改正。部分结果同 IERS公布结果相比 ,符合很好 ,可以用于高精度大地测量 ,对中国地壳形变监测特别是沿海地区地壳形变监测具有重要的实用价值。

基于不同海潮模型研究海潮负荷对GPS精密定位的影响

为研究海潮负荷在不同区域对GPS定位影响的规律,推导分析了海潮负荷对GPS测站定位影响的计算公式,并基于此,以江苏、西安区域GPS测站为例,用卫星测高数据反演获得的NAO99b海潮模型及FES2004海潮模型计算了海潮负荷对GPS定位以及对GPS基线的影响,结果表明海潮负荷对GPS沿海测站定位的影响达厘米量级,为内陆地区的4～5倍,而且海潮负荷对测站U方向的影响远大于对E、N方向的影响,海潮负荷对不同区域的GPS基线长度的影响均小于1 cm;结果比较表明NAO99b和FES2004海潮模型在内陆的差异很小,在沿海处差异较大(达1厘米以上)。

全球大洋潮汐模式在南海的准确度评估

采用南海海域60个验潮站和22个TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计轨道交叉点的调和常数资料,对比了TPXO7.2、GOT00.2、NAO.99b和DTU10四种全球大洋潮汐模式M2、S2、K1、O1四个主要分潮调和常数在南海的准确度。为了准确评估这四种大洋潮汐模式在南海不同区域的准确度,本研究将南海分成了8个区分别进行了对比。结果表明,南海北部和东部区域,4个分潮都是DTU10准确度最高;南部区域,M2和O1分潮GOT00.2的偏差最小,S2和K1分潮DTU10的偏差最小。总体而言,在进行南海潮汐数值模拟选择开边界条件时,建议以DTU10模式为主,并利用GOT00.2模式作适当调整。还简单分析了南海M2、S2、K1、O1四个主要分潮的潮汐分布特征。

GPS精密定位中的海潮位移改正

根据海洋负荷潮理论 ,利用NAO99b全球海潮模型 ,计算了中国部分IGS站的海潮位移改正 ,并将海潮位移改正应用到GPS数据处理当中。在GAMIT软件的解算过程中 ,分别按加入和不加入海潮位移改正 ,对GPS基线分量和测站坐标分别进行了计算和比较分析。结果表明 ,海潮位移改正无论是对GPS基线分量还是对测站坐标 。