Three-dimensional dynamic sea surface modeling based on ocean wave spectrum

In conventional marine seismic exploration data processing,the sea surface is usually treated as a horizontal free boundary.However,the sea surface is affected by wind and waves and there often exists dynamic small-range fluctuations.These dynamic fluctuations will change the energy propagation path and affect the final imaging results.In theoretical research,different sea surface conditions need to be described,so it is necessary to study the modeling method of dynamic undulating sea surface.Starting from the commonly used sea surface mathematical simulation methods,this paper mainly studies the realization process of simple harmonic wave and Gerstner wave sea surface simulation methods based on ocean wave spectrum,and compares their advantages and disadvantages.Aiming at the shortcomings of the simple harmonic method and Gerstner method in calculational speed and sea surface simulation effect,a method based on wave equation and using dynamic boundary conditions for sea surface simulation is proposed.The calculational speed of this method is much faster than the commonly used simple harmonic method and Gerstner wave method.In addition,this paper also compares the new method with the more commonly used higher-order spectral methods to show the characteristics of the improved wave equation method.

Parameterized first-guess spectrum method for retrieving directional spectrum of swell-dominated waves and huge waves from SAR images

A method to retrieve ocean wave spectra from SAR images, named Parameterized First-guess Spectrum Method （PFSM）, was proposed after interpretation of the theory to ocean wave imaging and analysis of the drawbacks of the retrieving model generally used. In this method, with additional information and satellite parameters, the separating wave-number is first calculated to determine the maximum wave-number beyond which the linear relation can be used. The separating wave-number can be calculated using the additional information on wind velocity and parameters of SAR satellite. And then the SAR spectrum can be divided into SAR spectrum of wind wave and of swell according to the result of separating wave-number. The portion of SAR spectrum generated by wind wave, is used to search for the most suitable parameters of ocean wind wave spectrum, including propagation direction of ocean wave, phase speed of dominating wave and the angle spreading coefficient. The swell spectrum is acquired by directly inversing the linear relation of ocean wave spectrum to SAR spectrum given the portion of SAR spectrum generated by swell. We used the proposed method to retrieve the ocean wave spectrum from ERS-SAR data from the South China Sea and compared the result with altimeter data. The agreement indicates that the PFSM is reliable.

A joint method to retrieve directional ocean wave spectra from SAR and wave spectrometer data

This paper proposes a joint method to simultaneously retrieve wave spectra at dif ferent scales from spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) and wave spectrometer data. The method combines the output from the two dif ferent sensors to overcome retrieval limitations that occur in some sea states. The wave spectrometer sensitivity coeffi cient is estimated using an ef fective signifi cant wave height(SWH), which is an average of SAR-derived and wave spectrometer-derived SWH. This averaging extends the area of the sea surface sampled by the nadir beam of the wave spectrometer to improve the accuracy of the estimated sensitivity coeffi cient in inhomogeneous sea states. Wave spectra are then retrieved from SAR data using wave spectrometer-derived spectra as fi rst guess spectra to complement the short waves lost in SAR data retrieval. In addition, the problem of 180° ambiguity in retrieved spectra is overcome using SAR imaginary cross spectra. Simulated data were used to validate the joint method. The simulations demonstrated that retrieved wave parameters, including SWH, peak wave length(PWL), and peak wave direction(PWD), agree well with reference parameters. Collocated data from ENVISAT advanced SAR(ASAR), the airborne wave spectrometer STORM, the PHAROS buoy, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF) were then used to verify the proposed method. Wave parameters retrieved from STORM and two ASAR images were compared to buoy and ECMWF wave data. Most of the retrieved parameters were comparable to reference parameters. The results of this study show that the proposed joint retrieval method could be a valuable complement to traditional methods used to retrieve directional ocean wave spectra, particularly in inhomogeneous sea states.

Ocean wave diffraction in near-shore regions observed by Synthetic Aperture Radar

Observation and analysis of ocean wave diffraction in near-shore and near-island region was performed with Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） data, using an optimized retrieval method named parameterized first-guess spectrum retrieval method. The results retrieved from ERS-SAR and ENVISAT-ASAR images showed that, in the region sheltered by land jut, the energy of long waves is reduced by 10%-20% and that the propagation direction of long waves is changed due to the effect of topography. In the shadow zone behind the island, ocean wave can propagate along the seashore instead of perpendicular to the coastline, as shown by SAR images.

Theory and Analysis for First-Order Interaction Between HF Radio Waves and Ocean Waves

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Polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface with a two-scale scattering model

The relationships among an ocean wave spectrum,a fully polarimetric coherence matrix,and radar parameters are deduced with an electromagnetic wave theory.Furthermore,the relationship between the polarimetric entropy and ocean wave spectrum is established based on the definition of entropy and a twoscale scattering model of the ocean surface.It is the first time that the polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface is presented in theory.Meanwhile,the relationships among the fully polarimetric entropy and the parameters related to radar and ocean are discussed.The study is the basis of further monitoring targets on the ocean surface and deriving oceanic information with the entropy from the ocean surface.The contrast enhancement between human-made targets and the ocean surface with the entropy is presented with quad-pol airborne synthetic aperture radar（AIRSAR） data.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Risers Subjected to Combined Wave and Current Loading

A dynamic response analysis in the frequency domain is presented for risers subjected to combined wave and current loading. Considering the effects of current, a modified wave spectrum is adopted to compute the linearized drag force. An additional drag force convolution term is added to the linearized drag force spectrum, therefore the error is reduced which arises from the truncation of higher order terms in the drag force auto-correlation function. An expression of linearized drag force spectrum is given taking the relative velocity into account. It is found that the additional term is a fold convolution integral. In this paper dynamic responses of risers are investigated, while the influence of floater motion on risers is considered. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the present method reaches the degree required in time domain analysis.

目标海域中航行船舶横摇谱密度值的预报策略

横摇功率谱密度的预报是船舶耐波性分析的重要环节。本文以带有舭龙骨的船舶模型DTMB 5512为研究对象,采用CFD方法对船舶横摇频率响应进行计算。首先利用重叠网格法建立船舶在自由液面中横摇运动的数值模型,进而在可靠验证的基础上,数值研究航速、遭遇频率和波浪方向对船舶横摇响应的影响;接着,基于P-M波谱公式推导出海浪自相关函数表达式,结合目标海域的海浪数据对其进行参数修正,获取该目标海域的自相关函数,从而得到目标海域海浪谱;最后,将频率响应谱与该目标海浪谱相结合,得到横摇谱密度。

基于二维海浪谱的风涌浪分离方法研究

海浪通常以风浪和涌浪混合的形式存在。二者的成长、消衰、传播和破坏机制各不相同,实现风涌浪分离对海洋研究和工程应用具有重要意义。基于斯里兰卡汉班托塔海域的实测数据,讨论了传统波龄法中波龄阈值的选取问题,并对汉班托塔海域的海浪特征进行分析,最后利用波龄法对新提出的不依赖风速风向信息的超射法进行了研究。结果表明,波龄阈值取1.7时最为合理。汉班托塔海域为外海涌浪主导。超射法对外海涌浪的识别结果与波龄法一致,而对高频位置的风浪和局地涌浪给出了不同的结果,这主要是由海浪物理特性的改变慢于风速风向的变化引起。

基于中法海洋卫星波谱仪观测的一维海浪谱模型对比

海浪谱模型不仅能表征粗糙海表面,还能揭示海浪能量随波数和方向的分布,为海洋探测等研究和应用提供必要信息。中法海洋卫星搭载的波谱仪可实现全球海浪方向谱的空间观测。根据现有海浪谱模型和海浪谱观测的发展现状,对波谱仪观测的海浪参数进行统计特征分析,在波谱仪观测的波数范围内(0.01~0.25rad·m^(–1)),进行不同海态下实测海浪谱与以Apel谱、Elfouhaily谱和Goda谱为代表的波高谱和曲率谱模型的比较,得到现有海浪谱观测与上述三种谱模型的差异,并结合海浪参数统计特征,对产生差异的原因进行讨论分析。结果表明,现有谱与波谱仪观测的差异来自于其对海态的不完全表达,且所表示的海态在自然状态中仅占有限比例。研究结论可以为海浪谱模型和观测的后续研究提供支持。

Retrieving capillary-gravity wave spectrum from polarimetric microwave radiation of ocean surface

A new simple two-scale model on the polarimetric microwave emission of ocean surface is derived at first, which can be ex-pressed as an integral of weighting functions (M0 and M2) and ocean surface curvature spectrum coefficients (C0 and C2). This provides a simple way to investigate the effect of curvature spectrum on ocean emission. It is found that ocean waves with wavelengths both comparable to and much greater than the electromagnetic wavelength can contribute to the harmonics of ocean surface microwave emission, depending on the magnitude of the ocean surface spectrum in these length scales. Bright-ness temperature predictions differ significantly due to present diverse spectrum models, and thus a study on wave spectrum obtained inversely from brightness temperature measurements is necessary. From the ocean surface radiation data measured by polarimetric microwave radiometer, we derived an ocean wave spectrum with a wider wave number range, using the proposed two-scale model and constrained linear least-squares method. The derived ocean wave spectrum is useful for comparing with present diverse models.

基于线性海浪理论的海浪数值模拟

概述了海浪理论发展的历史和现状,对几种海浪研究方法进行了简要说明。详细论述了基于线性海浪理论进行海浪数值模拟的线性叠加法和线性过滤法,给出了具体的数值算法,讨论了工程应用数值模拟与视觉效果模拟之间的区别及各自的处理方法。并分析了工程应用领域内进行海浪数值模拟所采用的其他一些理论和方法,指出了现有海浪数值模拟方法存在的局限性。最后,对海浪数值模拟研究的发展趋势进行了展望。

基于海浪谱的波浪模拟

近年来,自然景物的模拟一直是计算机图形学中最具挑战性的问题之一。作为自然景物模拟的重要内容,对流水、波浪的模拟正日益引起人们的关注。现有的模拟方法要么从流体力学方程组出发,去求解复杂的Navier-Stokes方程,要么根据波浪的形状,去构造具体的波形函数。本文从海洋学现有的观测和研究成果出发,利用海浪频谱和方向谱的相关公式,实现了基于海浪谱的波浪造型及显示。实践证明该方法可以快速有效的模拟波浪。

基于方向谱的海浪合成方法

研究海浪对反舰导弹的控制系统与飞行弹道的影响,需要对海浪进行逼真模拟。在分析随机三角函数叠加产生海浪及反演海浪频谱模拟海浪不足的基础上,提出基于方向谱的海浪合成方法:采用Gerstner波形描述海面,通过对方向谱进行四叉树采样,提取组成波振幅、频率、传播方向等参数合成海浪。该方法能够模拟远离海岸的任意大小、任意精度的连续海洋表面,效果逼真,可用于海浪的数值仿真与视景仿真中,能够为反舰导弹控制系统仿真及三维弹道仿真提供连续海洋波面数据。

海浪产生磁场的能量分布计算

结合前人在海浪功率谱研究以及海浪产生磁场两方面的研究 ,求出了海浪 -磁场系统的传递函数 ,计算了传递函数的峰值、对应的峰值频率 ,分析了这些指标随高度的变化 .根据理论分析 ,给出了感应磁场总功率的表达式和峰值频率满足的方程 ,指出海浪感应磁场是一个窄带随机过程 .最后选择几种典型的海浪谱 ,计算了它们感应的磁场功率谱以及总功率、功率谱峰值。

Envisat ASAR海浪谱资料的最优插值同化试验

基于第三代海浪数值模式LAGFD-WAM,分别利用4种不同形式的各向同性背景误差相关函数进行了Envisat高级合成孔径雷达(ASAR)海浪谱资料的最优插值同化试验。与4个浮标实测数据的比较验证表明,ASAR海浪谱资料的最优插值能够有效地改进海浪模式有效波高的模拟。4种不同形式的各向同性背景误差相关函数的同化结果相差不大,决定同化效果好坏的关键是对相关距离尺度的选取。针对自回归形式的背景误差相关函数的试验结果表明,相关距离尺度的量级在400—500km时同化效果最好,此时同化后的模式有效波高均方根误差比未同化时相对减小了26%。

基于谱分析的实时波浪模拟

海洋表面有各种各样的波浪,作为一种自然现象,其模拟已成为计算机图形学中最具挑战性的问题之一。风浪是最主要的一种波浪,其模拟在工程及影视中的应用已日益引起人们的关注。本文从海洋学已有的统计观测结果出发,利用海浪频谱与方向谱的相关公式,对开阔海面深水域的风成波浪进行了模拟。实践证明,该方法对波浪的模拟在实时性与真实感方面均取得了不错的效果。

三维随机海浪实时模拟方法研究

分析比较了当前两种比较完备的线性海浪理论,在随机海浪模型基础上设计了一种三维海浪实时模拟方法。利用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)算法进行数值加速计算,完成了海浪的三维造型;研究了基于OpenGL的图形绘制原理,引入顶点数组渲染图形的方法完成了海浪波面的绘制;采用多线程机制使得海浪的数值计算和三维显示能够同步进行。在此基础上对天空以及海浪表面光反射效果进行了模拟,提高了视觉逼真度。通过测试发现,图像刷新频率达到30帧/秒,模拟效果良好。

三维海浪场的数值模拟及其动态仿真

根据研究线性海浪理论、海浪谱反演海浪数据的线性叠加法,反演出三维海浪场数据并进行多角度分析。结合飞行器掠海飞行仿真的实际需要,深入研究了PC机平台上大量三维海浪场数据的产生方法和显示方法。大量的仿真实验结果表明,本文所提方法是可行且有效的,对实际海浪场具有良好的模拟,可广泛应用于动态仿真、虚拟现实及相关领域。

基于FFT的海浪实时仿真方法

针对虚拟海战场仿真需求,提出一种真实感海浪的实时仿真方法。在改进Gerstner波形的基础上,构建海浪的基本模型,推导出海浪的离散FFT模型,并通过采样波数谱提取FFT模型所需参数。仿真结果表明,该方法用于大面积海浪的实时仿真时,能获得高度逼真的动画效果。