The Late Carboniferous–Early Permian Ocean-Continent Transition in the West Junggar,Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Constraints from Columnar Jointed Rhyolite

The West Junggar of the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt is one of the typical regions in the term of ocean subduction, contraction and continental growth in the Late Paleozoic. However, it is still controversial on the exact time of ocean-continent transition so far. This study investigates rhyolites with columnar joint in the West Junggar for the first time.Based on zircon U-Pb dating, we determined that the ages of the newly-discovered rhyolites are between 303.6 and 294.5 Ma, belonging to Late Carboniferous–Early Permian, which is the oldest rhyolite with columnar joint preserved in the world at present. Geochemical results show that the characteristics of the major element compositions include a high content of SiO_2(75.78–79.20 wt%) and a moderate content of Al_2O_3(12.21–13.19 wt%). The total alkali content(K_2O +Na_2O) is 6.14–8.05 wt%, among which K_2O is 2.09–4.72 wt% and the rate of K_2O/Na_2O is 0.38–3.05. Over-based minerals such as Ne, Lc, and Ac do not appear. The contents of TiO_2(0.09–0.24 wt%), CaO(0.15–0.99 wt%) and MgO(0.06–0.18 wt%) are low. A/CNK=0.91–1.68, A/NK=1.06–1.76, and as such, these are associated with the quasi-aluminum-weak peraluminous high potassium calc-alkaline and some calc-alkaline magma series. These rhyolites show a significant negative Eu anomaly with relative enrichment of LREE and LILE(Rb, Ba, Th, U, K) and depletion of Sr, HREE and HFSE(Nb, Ta, Ti, P). These rhyolites also have the characteristics of an A2-type granite, similar to the Miaoergou batholith,which indicates they both were affected by post-orogenic extension. Combining petrological, zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical characteristics of the rhyolites, we conclude that the specific time of ocean-continent transition of the West Junggar is the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian.

West Pacific and North Indian Ocean Seafloor and Their Ocean-Continent Connection Zones: Evolution and Debates

The Indian Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean and their ocean-continent connection zones are the core area of ＂the Belt and Road＂. Scientific and in-depth recognition to the natural environment, disaster distribution, resources, energy potential of ＂the Belt and Road＂ development, is the cut-in point of the current Earth science community to serve urgent national needs. This paper mainly discusses the following key tectonic problems in the West Pacific and North Indian oceans and their ocean-continent connection zones （OCCZs）： 1. modern marine geodynamic problems related to the two oceans. Based on the research and development needs to the two oceans and the ocean-continent transition zones, this item includes the following questions. （1） Plate origin, growth, death and evolution in the two oceans, for example, 1） The initial origin and process of the triangle Pacific Plate including causes and difference of the Galapagos and West Shatsky microplates; 2） spatial and temporal process, present status and trends of the plates within the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific Ocean to the evolution of the East Asian Continental Domain; 3） origin and evolution of the Indian Ocean and assembly and dispersal of supercontinents. （2） Latest research progress and problems of mid-oceanic ridges： 1） the ridge-hot spot interaction and ridge accretion, how to think about the relationship between vertical accretion behavior of thousands years or tens of thousands years and lateral spreading of millions years at 0 Ma mid- oceanic ridges; 2） the difference of formation mechanisms between the back-arc basin extension and the normal mid-oceanic ridge spreading; 3） the differentials between ultra-slow Indian Ocean and the rapid Pacific spreading, whether there are active and passive spreading, and a push force in the mid-oceanic ridge; 4） mid-oceanic ridge jumping and termination： causes of the intra-oceanic plate reorganization, termination, and spatial jumps; 5） interaction of mantle plume and mid-oceanic ridge. （3） On the intra- oceanic subduetion and tectonics： 1） the origin ofintra-oceanic arc and subduction, ridge subduction and slab window on continental margins, transform faults and transform-type continental margin; 2） causes of the large igneous provinces, oceanic plateaus and seamount chains. （4） The oceanic core complex and rheology of oceanic crust in the Indian Ocean. （5） Advances on the driving force within oceanic plates, including mantle convection, negative buoyancy, trench suction and mid-oceanic ridge push, is reviewed and discussed. 2. The ocean-continent connection zones near the two oceans, including： （1） Property of continental margin basement： the crusts of the Okinawa Trough, the Okhotsk Sea, and east of New Zealand are the continental crusts or oceanic crusts, and origin of micro-continent within the oceans; （2） the ocean-continent transition and coupling process, revealing from the comparison of the major events between the West Pacific Ocean seamount chains and the continental margins, mantle exhumation and the ocean-continent transition zones, causes of transform fault within back-arc basin, formation and subduction of transform-type continental margin; （3） strike-slip faulting between the West Pacific Ocean and the East Asian Continent and its temporal and spatial range and scale; （4） connection between deep and surface processes within the two ocean and their connection zones, namely the assembly among the Eurasian, Pacific and India-Australia plates and the related effect from the deep mantle, lithosphere, to crust and surface Earth system, and some related issues within the connection zones of the two oceans under the super-convergent background. 3. On the relationship, especially their present relations and evolutionary trends, between the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific plates and the Tethyan Belt, the Eurasian Plate or the plates within the Indian Ocean. At last, this paper makes a perspective of the related marine geology, ocean-continent connection zone and in-depth geology for the two oceans and one zone.

Ocean-Continent Subduction within the Paleotethyan Archiopeligic Ocean from Mineralogical Evidence of Muztag Ophiolite, Eastern Kunlun Mountain, China

Former studies show that the Muztag ophiolite, outcropped in the East Kunlun area of Xinjiang, formed in a supra-subduction zone environment. This study is to gain more information about the type of subduetion zone. Through field work, thin section observation and microprobe analysis, petrological and mineralogical characteristics of the metamorphic peridotites of this ophiolite are obtained. Although the olivines of metamorphic peridotites appear in three textures of metamorphic relict, metamorphic recrystallizations and orthopyroxene-melting crystallizations by thin-section observations, they have stable and low Fo range of 87.8- 89.5 by microprobe analysis. The orthopyroxenes show metamorphic relict and melting relict textures, with a low En of 88-90 and a wide range of Al2O3 content, from 2.90 wt% to 5. 13 wt%. The spinels develop anhedral-subhedral textures, with Cr^# （=Cr/（Cr＋AI）） focusing on two ranges of 0. 508-0. 723 and 0. 100-0. 118, respectively. Based on these petrological and mineralogical observations, and combined with the era and tectonic setting for the Muztag ophiolite, it can be concluded that the ophiolite formed in a supra-subduction zone where the oceanic crust subducted down to the continental are with a thick continental crust, and resulted from ocean-continent subducion within the Paleotethyan arehiopelagic ocean in the East Kunlun area of Xinjiang.

India-Eurasian collision vs. ocean-continent collision

Ample observational evidence shows that there is a northward crustal subduction zone underneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture between India and Eurasia. It penetrates Moho to a depth of about 100 km. There are probably multiple such crustal subductions under the Himalayas. They are different from lithosphere subduction during oceanic collisions. The detected slabs in the upper mantle north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture can be interpreted as remains of the Indian Plate＇s mantle lithosphere. In contrary to ocean-continent subduction, the mantle lithosphere is de- laminated from the crust as the Indian Plate subducts underneath Eurasia. Existing structural images of the crust and upper mantle of the Tibetan Plateau reveal that there were both northward and southward subductions over different geological period, causing some seismic velocity annmalies around those subduction zones.

Ocean-continent Transition to Suprasubduction Zone Origin of the Western Yarlung Zangbo Ophiolites in SW Tibet, China: Multi-stage, Transient Evolution of the Neotethyan Oceanic Lithosphere

The ophiolites that crop out discontinuously along the;000 km Yarlung Zangbo Suture zone（YZSZ）between the Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwa syntaxes in southern Tibet represent the remnants of Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere（Fig.1a）.We have investigated the internal structure and the geochemical makeup of mafic-ultramafic rock assemblages that are exposed in the westernmost segment of the YZSZ where the suture zone architecture displays two distinct sub-belts of ophiolitic and mélange units separated by a continental Zhongba terrane（Fig.1b）.These two sub-belts include the Daba–Xiugugabu in the south（Southern sub-belt,SSB）and the Dajiweng–Saga in the north（Northern sub-belt,NSB）.We present new structural,geochemical,geochronological data from upper mantle peridotites and mafic dike intrusions occurring in these two sub-belts and discuss their tectonomagmatic origin.In-situ analysis of zircon grains obtained from mafic dikes within the Baer,Cuobuzha and Jianabeng massifs in the NSB,and within the Dongbo,Purang,Xiugugabu,Zhaga and Zhongba in the SSB have yielded crystallization ages ranging between130 and 122 Ma.Dike rocks in both sub-belts show N-MORB REE patterns and negative Nb,Ta and Ti anomalies,reminiscent of those documented from SSZ ophiolites.*Harzburgitic host rocks of the mafic dike intrusionsmainly display geochemical compositions of abyssal peridotites（Fig.2）,with the exception of the Dajiweng harzburgites,which show the geochemical signatures of forearc peridotites（Lian et al.,2016）.Extrusive rocks that are spatially associated with these peridotite massifs in both sub-belts also have varying compositional and geochemical features.Tithonian to Valanginian（150–135 Ma）basaltic rocks in the Dongbo massif have OIB-like geochemistry and 138 Ma basaltic lavas in the Purang massif have EMORB-like geochemistry（Liu et al.,2015）.Tuffaceous rocks in the Dajiweng massif are140 Ma in age and show OIB-like geochemistry.We interpret these age and geochemical data to reflect a rifted continental margin origin of the extrusive rock units in both sub-belts.These data and structural observations show that the western Yarluang Zangbo ophiolites represent fragments of an Ocean-Continent Transition（OCT）peridotites altered by fluids in an initial supersubduction setting.We infer that mafic-ultramafic rock assemblages exposed in the SSB and NSB initially formed in an ocean–continent transition zone（OCTZ）during the late Jurassic,and that they were subsequently emplaced in the forearc setting of an intraoceanic subduction zone within a Neotethyan seaway during 130 to 122 Ma.The NSB and SSB are hence part of a single,S-directed nappe sheet derived from a Neotethyan seaway located north of the Zhongba terrane.

Impact of Ocean-Continent Distribution over Southern Asia on the Formation of Summer Monsoon

Using the CCM3/NCAR, a series of numerical experiments are designed to explore the effect of ocean-land interlaced distributions of Africa-Arabian Sea-India Peninsula-Bay of Bengal （BOB）-Indo-China Peninsula- South China Sea on the formation of the Asian summer monsoon circulation （ASMC）. The results show that the thermal difference between African or Indian Subcontinent and nearby areas including the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and part of BOB is the primary mechanism that maintains the Indian monsoon circulation. In the experiment getting rid of these two continents, the Indian monsoon system （IMS） members, i.e., the Somali cross-equatorial jet （40°E） and the southwesterly monsoon over the Arabian Sea and BOB, almost disappear. Moreover, the Hadley circulation weakens dominantly. It also proves that Africa has greater effect than Indian Subcontinent on the IMS. However, the existence of Indo-China Peninsula and Australia strengthens the East Asian monsoon system （EAMS）. The thermal contrast between Indo-China Peninsula and SCS, Australia and western Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the formation of the tropical monsoon to the south of the EAMS. When the Indo-China Peninsula is masked in the experiment, the cross-equatorial flow （105°E and 125°E） vanishes, so does the southwesterly monsoon usually found over East Asia, and EAMS is enfeebled significantly. In addition, the impacts of these thermal contrasts on the distribution of the summer precipitation and surface temperature are investigated.

Zircon Record of Ocean-Continent Subduction Transition Process of Dulan UHPM Belt, North Qaidam

The North Qaidam UHPM（ultra-high pressure metamorphism） belt is a typical continental subduction-collision belt containing continental crust deep subduction metamorphic products and oceanic crust relics, And it is an ideal region to study the ocean-continent transition and exhumation mechanism of oceanic UHP rocks during continental deep subduction process. In this paper, we report integrated in situ U-Pb, Lu-Hf and O isotope analyses of zircons from a serpentinized harzburgite as well as U-Pb dating for zircons from a kyanite eclogite from the North Qaidam Dulan UHPM terrane, and use these data to discuss the ocean-continent transition and exhumation mechanisms of oceanic UHP rocks during continental deep subduction. The serpentinized harzburgite was dated at 448±9 Ma, consistent with 455±5 Ma age for the kyanite eclogite within analytical errors. Zircons from the serpentinized harzburgite have uniform 176Hf/177 Hf values ranging from 0.282 842 to 0.282 883 and εHf（t） values from 11.6 to 13.3. Zircon δ^18O values of the serpentinized harzburgite vary from 4.47‰ to 5.29‰, slightly lower than the value of 5.3‰±0.6‰ for the normal mantle zircon. These Hf-O isotopic features indicate that the protolith of the serpentinized harzburgite was derived from depleted-mantle source, and might have experienced high-temperature rock-water interaction. Therefore, the serpentinized harzburgite was possibly located in the lower part of an oceanic section. The serpentinized harzburgite and kyanite eclogite were both formed due to the subduction of oceanic crust. The UHP metamorphism occurred successively from the oceanic crust to continental crust rocks of the North Qaidam UHP terrane. Low-density serpentinized peridotite and continental rocks possibly have negative buoyancy and play a key effect on preservation and exhumation of high-density oceanic eclogite.

The Dynamic Impact of Ocean on Continent

Around 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans with depths that exceed several kilometers, while continents are geographically enclosed by these vast bodies of water. The principle of fluid mechanics stipulates that water yields pressure everywhere in the container that holds it, and the water pressure against the wall of container generates force. Ocean basins are naturally gigantic containers of water, in which continents form the walls of the containers. In this study, we present that the ocean water pressure against the walls of continents generates enormous force, and determine the distribution of this force around continents and estimate its amplitude to be of the order of 1017 N per kilometer of continent width. Our modelling suggests that the stresses yielded by this force are mostly concentrated on the upper part of the continental crust, and their magnitudes reach up to 2.0 - 6.0 MPa. Our results suggest that the force may have significantly impacted the dynamics of continent (lithospheric plate) and its evolution.

A Dynamic Coupling of Ocean and Plate Motion

Plate motion representing a remarkable Earth process is widely attributed to several primary forces such as ridge push and slab pull. Recently, we have presented that the ocean water pressure against the wall of continents may generate enormous force on continents. Continents are physically fixed on the top of the lithosphere that has been already broken into individual plates, this attachment enables the force to be laterally transferred to the lithospheric plates. In this study, we combine the force and the existing plate driving forces (i.e., ridge push, slab pull, collisional, and shearing) to account for plate motion. We show that the modelled movements for the South American, African, North American, Eurasian, Australian, Pacific plates are well agreement with the observed movements in both speed and azimuth, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the modelled speed against the observed speed of 0.91, 3.76, 2.77, 2.31, 7.43, and 1.95 mm/yr, respectively.

内蒙古锡林浩特小乌兰沟地区晚石炭世二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

笔者以锡林浩特小乌兰沟地区发育的晚石炭世二长花岗岩为研究对象,开展了岩石学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学、岩石地球化学等研究,讨论其构造环境,为进一步研究古亚洲洋闭合时限提供新的依据。LA-ICP-MS锆石同位素U-Pb测年结果显示,该花岗岩的侵位年龄为(319.5±1.2)Ma,相当于晚石炭世。岩石地球化学研究表明,该岩石具有高Si、富K、贫Mg、贫Ca、低P和Ti的特征,属于高钾钙碱性、过铝质系列岩石;岩石富含大离子亲石元素Rb和高场强元素Th、Ta、Hf,亏损Sr、Ba、Nb;稀土元素以略富集轻稀土、Eu亏损为特征。地球化学特征反映其为I型花岗岩,来源于下地壳的部分熔融。构造环境判别图解显示该岩体形成于活动大陆边缘环境,表明研究区在晚石炭世期间仍存在洋壳的俯冲作用,暗示古亚洲洋此时尚未闭合。

扬子陆块西北缘早新元古代俯冲增生过程的岩浆记录

华南早新元古代俯冲相关岩浆作用记录为揭示罗迪尼亚超大陆边缘陆块的聚合及增生过程提供了重要制约。本文聚焦华南扬子陆块西北缘出露的早新元古代岩浆作用记录,总结梳理了其年代学框架、地球化学特征以及同位素特征,查明了其源区性质和岩石学成因、并探讨了不同阶段岩浆记录所对应的构造环境。结果表明,扬子陆块西北缘约1.0~0.9 Ga岩石具有与新生岛弧岩浆类似的微量元素特征,强不相容元素的含量略低于大陆弧,并且具有亏损的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成和略低于地幔值的锆石δ~(18)O值,这些特征指示约1.0~0.9 Ga岩浆岩最有可能形成于洋内弧环境。相比之下,约0.9~0.83 Ga岩浆岩具有与平均上地壳类似的微量元素特征,富集强不相容元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,并且具有富集的SrNd-Hf同位素组成,锆石δ^(18)O值与地幔值相当或略高,指示其可能形成于大陆弧环境。此外,镁铁质岩石全岩Nd和锆石Hf同位素随年龄的长期变化趋势揭示了地幔源区性质周期性地富集和亏损,这可能是由于俯冲带间歇性地前进和后撤引起的挤压–伸展构造体制的不断交替所致。本文结果为扬子陆块西北缘新元古代早期的构造演化历史和俯冲增生动力学机制提供了制约。

大同煤田石炭—二叠纪优质煤系高岭岩的成矿机制

以山西省大同煤田小峪煤矿的石炭—二叠系太原组优质煤系高岭岩为研究对象,开展了岩相学、矿物学、全岩地球化学、锆石U–Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素研究,旨在揭示优质煤系高岭岩的物源和成因机制。研究发现优质煤系高岭岩的矿物成分以高有序度高岭石为主,不含碎屑矿物石英、长石和白云母。部分样品含有勃姆石,是高岭石脱硅蚀变的产物。高岭岩中的锆石是典型的岩浆锆石,且年龄均一,集中在300 Ma左右,与煤层的沉积年龄一致,证实它们由火山灰蚀变形成。此外,高岭岩中普遍含有板/柱状和蠕虫状高岭石,也是火山灰蚀变的典型特征。这些粗晶高岭石认为是由火山灰中的晶屑,例如斜长石和黑云母等,蚀变形成的假象高岭石。锆石的εHf(t)以变化范围较大的负值为主,指示产出锆石的岩浆主要来源于古老大陆地壳物质的重熔,与华北北缘内蒙古隆起上同期大陆弧火山作用形成的岩浆岩锆石εHf(t)一致,说明它们之间存在同源关系。锆石的微量元素地球化学指纹也指示锆石的产出岩浆来源于大陆弧构造背景。华北克拉通北缘在晚古生代时期是安第斯型大陆边缘,在晚石炭—早二叠纪的聚煤时期,其北部的古亚洲洋板片在华北克拉通之下持续南向俯冲,诱发了频繁的大陆弧火山作用。喷发的火山灰降落在华北海陆过渡的泥炭沼泽中,经淋滤蚀变形成煤系高岭岩。

南海大陆坡海底对海洋环境噪声的影响

通过位于大陆坡上和深海处的两站点相同深度噪声实验数据,分析了大陆坡海域不同海底环境对海洋环境噪声的影响,并利用三维射线模型计算了不同海底条件下的噪声谱级和垂直指向性,进而研究了海底环境对环境噪声场的影响规律,数值仿真的噪声谱级和实验结果在绝对幅值和随频率变化趋势方面均符合较好。实验和仿真结果表明,由于大陆坡上坡方向的浅海环境不利于航船噪声远距离传播,因此大陆坡上站点的低频(300 Hz以下)噪声谱级较深海处更低;由于大陆坡海底底质较硬,海面高频风生噪声除了直达接收器外还可经海底反射后到达,因此大陆坡上站点的高频(1 kHz以上)噪声谱级较深海处高且随频率下降缓慢,导致大陆坡上和深海处的环境噪声谱级曲线随着频率增加会存在交叉现象。

地堑型盆地陆棚三角洲全息地层学

地堑型盆地陆棚三角洲全息地层学研究需要进一步深入,以国外典型陆棚三角洲为例,基于经典层序地层学理论,结合地震反射终止关系识别和划分三级层序和体系域,建立层序地层格架;基于旋回地层学理论,利用小波变换、频谱分析和反傅里叶变换滤波等方法识别钻井自然伽马曲线蕴含的米兰科维奇旋回,结合地质年代基准点,建立绝对天文年代标尺;综合年代地层、岩石地层、磁性地层、层序地层、旋回地层和地震地层共同建立全息地层格架,提出地堑型盆地陆棚三角洲层序界面定年方法和建议。结果表明:新近系可以划分为5个三级层序和15个体系域。以23.03 Ma为基准点,CS1、CS2和CS3层序的顶界面绝对地质年龄分别为13.93、9.13和2.13 Ma,其最大海泛面对应的绝对地质年龄分别为20.03、12.13和6.13 Ma。针对地堑型盆地热坳陷期陆棚三角洲向海进积并横向生长的特点,全息地层学研究建议结合磁性地层定年和全球海平面曲线,在层序格架的约束下利用钻井的旋回地层计算削截顶面的地质年龄,如果与磁性地层年龄基本相符,则与钻井削截顶面最近的斜交层序界面便代表着真实的等时界面。

环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地构造沉积演化及其对成藏要素的控制作用

环印度洋周缘被动陆缘盆地油气资源潜力巨大,是当前世界油气勘探的热点地区之一。本文基于IHS商业数据库和前人研究成果等资料,厘定了环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地构造演化史,分析了构造演化对盆地充填结构和成藏要素的影响,并利用蒙特卡洛模拟法评估了盆地油气资源潜力,优选了有利勘探区带。研究结果表明,环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地经历了3期构造演化阶段,依次为裂前期、同裂谷期和被动陆缘期。根据盆地演化的主导阶段,研究区内被动陆缘盆地可分为拉张边缘裂前发育型、拉张边缘断坳叠置型、拉张边缘坳陷发育型和转换边缘断坳叠置型。盆地内烃源岩主要发育于裂前期—被动陆缘早期,不同地区的主力烃源岩层系不同;储集岩主要发育于裂前期—被动陆缘晚期;区域盖层则主要发育于被动陆缘期。资源评价结果显示,研究区内重点被动陆缘盆地待发现石油、天然气和凝析油可采资源量(均值)分别为4.49×10^(8) t,15.86×10^(12) m^(3)和5.23×10^(8) t,折合成油当量137.69×10^(8) t。澳大利亚西北陆架北卡那封盆地裂前中—上三叠统区带、东非地区鲁伍马盆地北部和坦桑尼亚盆地南部中白垩统—新近系三角洲-深水扇区带是最有潜力的勘探区带。

内蒙古阿如罕敖包花岗闪长岩年代学和地球化学及其对古亚洲洋演化的启示

内蒙古西乌旗阿如罕敖包花岗闪长岩体出露于贺根山缝合带中东段南侧。阿如罕敖包花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为332±3~327±1 Ma,显示其形成于早石炭世;岩石具有高硅(SiO2含量为65.20%~68.27%)、富钠(Na_(2)O/K_(2)O值为2.56~4.35)、高铝(Al_(2)O_(3)含量为15.61%~17.35%,A/CNK值为1.02~1.17)、低镁(MgO含量为1.16%~1.61%,Mg^(#)值为29.54~41.75)等特征;稀土元素总量较低(ΣREE=44.73×10^(-6)~88.11×10^(-6))、轻重稀土元素分馏明显[LREE/HREE=6.75~10.18,(La/Yb)N=6.65~13.85]、铕无明显异常(δEu=0.79~1.07);高Sr(Sr含量为472×10^(-6)~552×10^(-6))、低Yb(Yb含量为0.86×10^(-6)~1.13×10^(-6))、低Y(Y含量为7.29×10^(-6)~11.42×10^(-6))、高Sr/Y值(Sr/Y=43.45~75.68)。岩石地球化学特征显示阿如罕敖包花岗闪长岩具有典型高Si岛弧型埃达克岩(O型)的特征,形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,其源岩可能是俯冲洋壳+大洋沉积物的部分熔融与上覆地幔橄榄岩发生反应的产物,在形成过程中发生了结晶分异和壳源物质的混染。本次发现可能佐证了古亚洲洋贺根山洋盆中东段在早石炭世尚未闭合。结合区域研究成果,本文初步认为古亚洲洋贺根山洋盆在早石炭世可能存在双向俯冲消减,这与前人认为古亚洲洋贺根山洋盆向北单向俯冲消减的观点不同。

冀北梁头岩体年代学和地球化学特征及对古亚洲洋闭合时限的启示

华北板块北缘古亚洲洋闭合时间一直存在较大分歧,冀北张北梁头二长花岗岩体位于华北克拉通北缘中段,毗邻古亚洲洋构造域东南缘,对揭示古亚洲洋闭合时限具有重要启示。笔者等以梁头岩体为研究对象,开展了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,探讨了其形成时代、岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年表明,梁头岩体的侵位年龄为262.5±2.6 Ma,形成时代为晚二叠世。岩石学和岩石地球化学研究表明,梁头岩体具有较高的SiO_(2)(70.27%~73.89%),Na_(2)O(4.2%~4.55%),K_(2)O(3.87%~4.64%),Sr(417×10^(-6)~827×10^(-6))含量,较低的Yb(0.286×10^(-6)~0.518×10^(-6)),Y(2.74×10^(-6)~6.98×10^(-6))含量。岩石富集Sr等大离子亲石元素和LREE,亏损Ti、P、Nb、Ta等高场强元素和HREE,轻重稀土分馏明显(LaN/YbN=15.6~67.3),具有弱的正Eu异常。该岩石显示高锶低钇中酸性岩(Adakite,埃达克质岩)的地球化学特征,形成于陆缘弧环境,为陆弧岩浆岩。锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值为-17.50~-11.12,模式年龄tDM2为1989~2390 Ma。结合华北克拉通北缘晚石炭世—早二叠世陆弧岩浆岩的时空分布与演化特征,梁头陆缘弧二长花岗岩体的存在表明古亚洲洋在晚二叠世(262.5±2.6 Ma)可能仍处于向华北克拉通北缘的俯冲消减过程中,古亚洲洋闭合时间可能应在晚二叠世末。

南极罗斯海陆架区冰川-海洋-海底多圈层相互作用的探测研究现状

罗斯海陆架位于全球最大冰架——罗斯冰架与南太平洋之间,有着南极最为活跃的冰川-海洋相互作用、冰川地质作用和海底构造岩浆活动,对其进行冰川-海洋-海底多圈层相互作用的多学科探测研究可为南极,乃至全球气候环境变化历史及其趋势的模拟研究提供有力的支持。本文围绕罗斯海冰盖历史和罗斯冰架现状,分析总结了相关方面的探测研究现状和认识:(1)已有科学计划开展了陆架裂谷构造、火山岩浆活动和天然气水合物分布以及冰盖及冰架进退历史的探测研究,但冰川进退与海底构造活动之间关系还鲜有研究;(2)陆架沉积层序、向外生长、内倾超深和三大冰蚀槽显示了强大的冰川地质作用,但这种地形地貌的重塑作用模式还没有构建,尤其是冰盖接地线控制陆架生长的机理有待解剖;(3)在陆架和海槽两个不同尺度上,模拟显示存在西部冰融水净输出、东部绕极流暖水净输入的特点,但这种流系的时空分布规律及其与冰架不稳定性之间的关系缺少观测研究;(4)已有冰架上地震仪和近岸水听器监测显示,来自太平洋方向的地震、火山、海啸和风暴的机械作用不利于罗斯冰架的稳定性,但缺乏展示动力传递和衰减规律的沿冰蚀槽、乃至陆架范围的声景监测。为此,建议布设地学和海洋学综合观测断面,开展宽频带地震和水听器的监测以深刻把握冰盖/冰架进退与裂谷构造活动、海气相互作用之间的关系,并力求在底栖生物群落的发现和哺乳动物活动的监测上有所作为。

略论海陆成矿问题

地壳通过不均一性分异形成大陆型地壳和大洋型地壳,陆核及地块的形成、大陆裂解与增生、洋壳的新生与消减、陆-陆碰撞拼接形成具有不同构造特征的海陆构造区。中国海陆构造演化经历了太古宙陆核形成、元古宙陆块形成、震旦纪至三叠纪联合大陆形成、中新生代联合大陆解体4个阶段,形成北方(准噶尔-大兴安岭)、北部(塔里木-华北)、南部(扬子-华南)、南方(冈底斯-喜马拉雅),东部(滨西太平洋)5个大陆及陆缘构造区。太古宙花岗绿岩带、元古宙裂谷(裂陷)带、显生宙大陆边缘是最重要的海陆成矿环境。海陆成矿有利因素的耦合对成矿至关重要,而最佳耦合的机制及其发生在海陆构造区的时空位置是圈定有利成矿靶区、引导找矿突破的关键科学问题。

海底反风化作用与关键元素循环

海洋环境中的反风化作用是指硅与可溶性阳离子结合形成自生铝硅酸盐矿物(黏土),同时消耗海洋碱度并释放CO_(2)的过程。反风化假说提出半个多世纪以来,作为全球海洋碳、硅和关键元素循环以及海洋碱度的重要调控机制,越来越受到学术界的关注。反风化作用可发生在河口三角洲与边缘海、热液或深埋藏的成岩环境以及深海远洋等环境,但不同海洋环境中的反风化反应从发生时间尺度到反应限制因素都具有差异。反风化作用研究的主要方法包括自生硅酸盐矿物的直接观测、孔隙水与沉积物的化学分析、实验模拟和模型研究等,而反风化作用的程度量化、限制因子解析和对海洋关键元素循环的影响一直是反风化研究的关键问题。当前快速发展的非传统稳定(金属)同位素技术为反风化研究带来了新机遇。东亚大陆边缘发育世界特大河口三角洲、宽广陆架以及特色热液活动区,泥质沉积体系发育,界面交换活跃,是开展大陆边缘反风化研究的天然实验室。