A Review of Interaction Between Neon Flying Squid(Ommastrephes bartramii) and Oceanographic Variability in the North Pacific Ocean

The neon flying squid （Ommastrephes bartramii） is a short-lived opporttmistic species widely distributed in subtropical and temperate waters in the North Pacific Ocean. The life cycle of O. bartramii from planktonic eggs to nektonic adults is closely linked to oceanographic conditions. The fluctuations in O. bartramii abundance and distribution tend to increase and widen continu- ously due to the heavy influences of ocean-climate events on various spatio-temporal scales. In this study, we reviewed the interac- tion between O. bartramii and oceanography variability in the North Pacific with respect to large-scale climatic-oceanic phenomena including E1 Nifio, La Nifia, Kuroshio, Oyashio and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）, as well as regional environmental variables such as sea surface temperature （SST）, sea surface height （SSH）, sea surface salinity （SSS）, chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentration, and plankton density. The population dynamics of O. bartramii is mediated mainly by meso- and large-scale climatic-oceanic events （e.g., Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents） rather than other local environmental conditions （e.g., SST and Chl-a concentration）, because all of the oceanographic influences are imposed on the context of large-scale climate changes （e.g., PDO）. An unstructured-grid finite- volume coastal ocean model coupled with an individual-based model is proposed to simulate relevant physical-biological oceano- graphic processes for identifying ocean-climate influence and predicting O. bartramii distribution and abundance in the North Pacific. Future research needs to be focused on improving the knowledge about early life history of O. bartramii and evaluating the relation- ship between marine physical environment and two separate passive drifting life stages of O. bartramii including free-floating eggs and planktonic paralarvae.

Field Experiments of Multi-Channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar for Oil Spill and Chlorophyll-a Detection

A Multi-channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar(MOFL), with a UV excitation at 355 nm and multiple receiving channels at typical wavelengths of fluorescence from oil spills and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), has been developed using the Laser- induced Fluorescence(LIF) technique. The sketch of the MOFL system equipped with a compact multi-channel photomultiplier tube(MPMT) is introduced in the paper. The methods of differentiating the oil fluorescence from the background water fluorescence and evaluating the Chl-a concentration are described. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the field performance of the system, i.e., an experiment in coastal areas for oil pollution detection and an experiment over the Yellow Sea for Chl-a monitoring. In the coastal experiment, several oil samples and other fluorescence substances were used to analyze the fluorescence spectral characteristics for oil identification, and to estimate the thickness of oil films at the water surface. The experiment shows that both the spectral shape of fluorescence induced from surface water and the intensity ratio of two channels(I495/I405) are essential to determine oil-spill occurrence. In the airborne experiment, MOFL was applied to measure relative Chl-a concentrations in the upper layer of the ocean. A comparison of relative Chl-a concentration measurements by MOFL and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) indicates that the two datasets are in good agreement. The results show that the MOFL system is capable of monitoring oil spills and Chl-a in the upper layer of ocean water.

Field Detection of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Sea Surface Layer by an Airborne Oceanographic Lidar

An airborne oceanographic lidar, with a frequency-tripled Q-switched Nd： YAG laser of 355 nm, has been designed to measure chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentration in the sea surface layer by the Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, OUC. The field experiment was carried out in the bay which is located south of the Liaodong Peninsula on the 10th of September 2005. After the flight, the raw data were processed and analyzed by the fluorescence-to-Raman ratio method with seawater attenuation coefficients calculated from signal profiles. The results of Chl-a concentration sea water were also compared with those of Chl-a concentration by measurements by lidar are shown. The measurements in clear a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS）.

Research and Design of Drop Keel System for Multi-purpose Oceanographic Vessel

When an oceanographic vessel is sailing, the currents near the surface of ship hull are rapid, making it hard to meet the environmental requirements of scientific observation equipment. To guarantee the installation space and environmental requirements of the observation equipment, the drop keel system was proposed for the first time for ocean-graphic ships at China, to avoid the traditional ＂rudder-shaft＂ type fin keel＇s disadvantage. The research study will examine the operational mechanism and functions of the drop keel system, the operating conditions of the fin keel to determine the driver method and its arrangement, and the locking method of the fin keel underwater. The research wilI also provide some general designs for analyzing the best plan for the drop keel system.

Oceanographic ontology-based spatial knowledge query

The construction of oceanographic ontologies is fundamental to the ＂digital ocean＂. Therefore, on the basis of introduction of new concept of oceanographic ontology, an oceanographic ontology-based spatial knowledge query （OOBSKQ） method was proposed and developed. Because the method uses a natural language to describe query conditions and the query result is highly integrated knowledge, it can provide users with direct answers while hiding the complicated computation and reasoning processes, and achieves intelligent, automatic oceanographic spatial information query on the level of knowledge and semantics. A case study of resource and environmental application in bay has shown the implementation process of the method and its feasibility and usefulness.

Development of a skill assessment tool for the Korea operational oceanographic system

A standard skill assessment （SA） tool was developed and implemented to evaluate the performance of op- erational forecast models in the Korea operational oceanographic system. The SA tool provided a robust way to assess model skill in the system by comparing predictions and observations, and involved the com- putation of multiple skill metrics including correlation and error skills. User- and system-based acceptance criteria of skill metrics were applied to determine whether predictions were acceptable for the system. To achieve this, the tool produced a time series comparison plot, a skill score table, and an advanced sum- marized diagram to effectively demonstrate the multiple skill scores. Moreover, the SA was conducted to evaluate both atmospheric and hydrodynamic forecast variables. For the atmospheric variables, acceptable error criteria were preferable to acceptable correlation criteria over short timescales, since the mean square error overwhelmed the observation variance. Conversely, for the hydrodynamic variables, acceptable root mean square percentage error （e.g., perms） criteria were preferable to acceptable error （e.g., erms） criteria owing to the spatially variable tidal intensity around the Korean Peninsula. Furthermore, the SA indicated that predetermined acceptance error criteria were appropriate to satisfy a target central frequency （fc） for which errors fell within the specified limits （i.e., the .fc equals 70%）.

Oceanographic Condition in the Distribution Areas of Anchovy Engraulis Japonicus in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Based on the data obtained from the cooperative surveys by China and Norway from 1984 to 1994, this paper deals with the hydrographic characteristics of didribution areas of anchovy in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea from November to May. The relationships between distribution of anchovy and hydro-graphic environment are also analysed in this paper. The main research findings are briefly given below. (1) From November to March, the water temperature continually decreases and meanwhile the dense areas of anchovy move from north to south. The high schooling areas of anchovy are mainly distributed in the warm of cold front areas with temperature of 11-13℃. (2) In November and December, the Yellw Sea cold water-mass exists roughly between 50m depth and sea bottom. The thermo-balocline is approximately located at the 30 ~ 50m depth and the anchovy is usually distributed above the thermo-halocline In January and March, the Yellow Sea cold watermass disappears and the fish schools are distributed at the

Oceanographic Survey of Nansha Islands Completed

A research project on the Nansha Islands and adja-cent seas was checked andaccepted by a panel organized by theMinistry of Science and Technology(MOST) in Beijing January 18. Nansha Islands, the southern-

TWO PROPOSALS CONCERNING ENHANCEMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH IN CHINA

Contemporary sciences are characterized by disciplinary diversity,so we cannot attend necessarily to each and every aspect of them.The development of oceanic sciences involves the exploration of marine resources,state sovereignty,national interests and the future of our motherland.Therefore,its actual significance,

Application of GIS to Supporting Atmospheric and Oceanographic Data Management and Visualization

A GIS for ocean applications called ＂the Xiamen Atmospheric and Oceanographic Data Management and Display System （AODMDS）＂ has been designed and developed. The system is based on ArcObjects （AO）, a component-based GIS de- velopment tool. The paper discusses in detail the storage and organization of the atmospheric and oceanographic data, the strategy and methods for the visualization and mapping of oceanographic and atmospheric data, and the implementation of the methods in AODMDS. It also discusses some advanced display control techniques that expand the functions of ArcObjects One of the techniques is ＂gradient-fill-style color-map control,＂ which provides a feasible color-rich display control for all types of raster maps. As a stand-alone desktop GIS system built on AO, AODMDS provides effective data management and powerful mapping and visualization functions for atmospheric and oceanographic data.

Geographical Information Visualization on a Panoramic Sphere in an Immersive Environment

In this paper,we propose a novel approach to visualizing global geographical information:a panoramic sphere in an immersive environment.The whole geographical surface can be observed through the rotating of heads as the viewpoint of the panoramic sphere is inside the sphere.We compared three approaches to visualizing the earth for rendering the geographical information in a virtual reality environment.On the tasks of terrestrial and marine geographical information,we compare the visualization effects on a)a globe,b)a flat map and c)a panoramic sphere.Terrestrial geographical information tasks include the area comparison and direction determination.Marine geographical information tasks contain the visualization of sea surface temperature and sea surface currents.For terrestrial geographical information tasks,the experimental results show that the panoramic sphere outperforms the globe and the flat map,with a higher average accuracy and a shorter time.On marine geographical information task,the panoramic sphere visualization is also superior to the flat map and the globe in an immersive environment for the sea surface temperature data and the sea surface current fields.In all three visualization experiments,the panoramic sphere is most preferred by the participants,particularly for global,transcontinental and transoceanic needs.

中国近海海面高度异常资料再处理

卫星海面高度异常产品再处理的研究多集中在欧洲和美国近海,中国近海尚未有过。在产生AVISO(Archiving Validation and Interpolation of Satellite Oceanographic Data)全球0.25°多颗卫星海面高度异常产品时,只用了1/3~1/2的部分沿轨资料,给区域海洋动力学研究造成了一定的限制。本研究尝试利用多颗卫星的所有沿轨资料及25个测潮站的观测资料,通过最优插值方法产生一份新的中国近海海面高度异常资料。新资料的空间分辨率仍为0.25°,但使用了来自3颗卫星(Jason-1、Jason-2、Cryo Sat-2)的所有沿轨资料及25个测潮站的观测资料。新资料的范围为10°S^50°N、90°~160°E。新资料与AVISO资料的对比分析表明新资料更接近沿轨海面高度异常观测,同时也更接近测潮站资料。与AVISO资料相比,新资料与沿轨海面高度异常观测的均方根误差降低了10.03%,与测潮站资料的均方根误差降低了9.6%。

Modeling Monthly Spatial Distribution of Ommastrephes bartramii CPUE in the Northwest Pacific and Its Spatially Nonstationary Relationships with the Marine Environment

There are substantial spatial variations in the relationships between catch-per-unit-effort(CPUE) and oceanographic conditions with respect to pelagic species. This study examines the monthly spatiotemporal distribution of CPUE of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, in the Northwest Pacific from July to November during 2004–2013, and analyzes the relationships with oceanographic conditions using a generalized additive model(GAM) and geographically weighted regression(GWR) model. The results show that most of the squids were harvested in waters with sea surface temperature(SST) between 7.6 and 24.6℃, chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration below 1.0 mgm^(-3), sea surface salinity(SSS) between 32.7 and 34.6, and sea surface height(SSH) between-12.8 and 28.4 cm. The monthly spatial distribution patterns of O. bartramii predicted using GAM and GWR models are similar to observed patterns for all months. There are notable variations in the local coefficients of GWR, indicating the presence of spatial non-stationarity in the relationship between O. bartramii CPUE and oceanographic conditions. The statistical results show that there were nearly equal positive and negative coefficients for Chl-a, more positive than negative coefficients for SST, and more negative than positive coefficients for SSS and SSH. The overall accuracies of the hot spots predicted by GWR exceed 60%(except for October), indicating a good performance of this model and its improvement over GAM. Our study provides a better understanding of the ecological dynamics of O. bartramii CPUE and makes it possible to use GWR to study the spatially nonstationary characteristics of other pelagic species.

ASAR波模式数据反演参数误差与海浪条纹清晰度的相关性分析

欧洲环境卫星-高级合成孔径雷达(Environmental Satellite-Advanced Synthetic ApertureRadar,Envisat-ASAR)波模式数据提供了全球风、浪要素信息,在海浪模式预报与同化方面有重要作用。该数据合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像普遍存在海浪条纹清晰度不同的现象,但是否影响数据精度尚无定论。本文通过比较2010年NODC(the National Oceanographic Date Center)浮标观测数据和波模式数据,发现经过官方修正后的海浪参数反而具有更大误差。进而通过对比不同条纹清晰度的SAR图像反演参数误差,揭示了ASAR产品海浪参数与浮标测量值之间的误差与海浪条纹清晰度的关系。结果表明:海浪条纹清晰的SAR图像的主波波长和主波周期的反演误差更小,而条纹不清晰SAR图像的有效波高和风速的反演误差更小。通过分析海浪参数对海浪条纹清晰度的敏感性,证实了有效波高和方位向截断波长对SAR图像条纹清晰度的响应最好,波陡次之,与卫星飞行方位角和入射角无关。因此,在反演和修正SAR波模式数据时,考虑图像的条纹清晰度,将会有效提高反演数据的精度。该研究可为高分三号等卫星的波模式数据波浪要素反演精度的提升提供有价值的参考。

Down-scaled regional ocean modeling system (ROMS) for high-resolution coastal hydrodynamics in Korea

A down-scaled operational oceanographic system is developed for the coastal waters of Korea using a re- gional ocean modeling system （ROMS）. The operational oceanographic modeling system consists of at- mospheric and hydrodynamic models. The hydrodynamic model, ROMS, is coupled with wave, sediment transport, and water quality modules. The system forecasts the predicted results twice a day on a 72 h basis, including sea surface elevation, currents, temperature, salinity, storm surge height, and wave information for the coastal waters of Korea. The predicted results are exported to the web-GIS-based coastal informa- tion system for real-time dissemination to the public and validation with real-time monitoring data using visualization technologies. The ROMS is two-way coupled with a simulating waves nearshore model, SWAN, for the hydrodynamics and waves, nested with the meteorological model, WRE for the atmospheric surface forcing, and externally nested with the eutrophication model, CE-QUAL-ICM, for the water quality. The op- erational model, ROMS, was calibrated with the tidal surface observed with a tide-gage and verified with current data observed by bottom-mounted ADCP or AWAC near the coastal waters of Korea. To validate the predicted results, we used real-time monitoring data derived from remote buoy system, HF-radar, and geostationary ocean color imager （GOCI）. This down-scaled operational coastal forecasting system will be used as a part of the Korea operational oceanographic system （KOOS） with other operational oceanographic systems.

IAP's Solar-Powered Unmanned Surface Vehicle Actively Passes through the Center of typhoon Sinlaku(2020)

The solar-powered marine unmanned surface vehicle(USV) developed by the USV team of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics is a rugged, long-duration, and autonomous navigation vessel designed for the collection of longrange, continuous, real-time, meteorological and oceanographic measurements, especially under extreme sea conditions(sea state 6–7). These solar-powered USVs completed a long-term continuous navigation observation test over 26 days.During this time, they coordinated double-USV observations and actively navigated into the path of Typhoon Sinlaku(2020) before collecting data very close to its center during the 2020 USV South China Sea Typhoon Observation Experiment. Detailed high temporal resolution(1 min) real-time observations collected by the USV on the typhoon were used for operational typhoon forecasting and warning for the first time. As a mobile meteorological and oceanographic observation station capable of reliable, automated deployment, data collection, and transmission, such solar-powered USVs can replace traditional observation platforms to provide valuable real-time data for research, forecasting, and early warnings for potential marine meteorological disasters.

Effects of spatio-temporal and environmental factors on distribution and abundance of wintering anchovy Engraulis japonicus in central and southern Yellow Sea

We investigated the spatio-temporal and environmental factors that affect the distribution and abundance of wintering anchovy and quantifi es the infl uences of these factors. Generalized additive models(GAMs) were developed to examine the variation in species distribution and abundance with a set of spatiotemporal and oceanographic factors, using data collected by bottom trawl surveys and remote sensing in the central and southern Yellow Sea during 2000–2011. The fi nal model accounted for 28.21% and 41.03% of the variance in anchovy distribution and abundance, respectively. The results of a two-step GAM showed that hour, longitude, latitude, temperature gradient(TGR), and chlorophyll a(Chl- a) concentration best explained the anchovy distribution(presence/absence) and that a model including year, longitude, latitude, depth, sea surface temperature(SST), and TGR best described anchovy abundance(given presence). Longitude and latitude were the most important factors affecting both distribution and abundance, but the area of high abundance tended to be east and south of the area where anchovy were most likely to be present. Hour had a signifi cant effect on distribution, but year was more important for anchovy abundance, indicating that the anchovy catch ratio varied across the day but abundance had an apparent interannual variation. With respect to environmental factors, TGR and Chl- a concentration had effects on distribution, while depth, SST, and TGR affected abundance. Changes in SST between two successive years or between any year and the 2000–2011 mean were not associated with changes in anchovy distribution or abundance. This fi nding indicated that short- and long-term water temperature changes during 2000–2011 were not of suffi cient magnitude to give rise to variation in wintering anchovy distribution or abundance in the study area. The results of this study have important implications for fi sheries management.

Impacts of climatic and marine environmental variations on the spatial distribution of Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

Ommastrephes bartramii is an ecologically dependent species and has great commercial values among the AsiaPacific countries. This squid widely inhabits the North Pacific, one of the most dynamic marine environments in the world, subjecting to multi-scale climatic events such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation（PDO）. Commercial fishery data from the Chinese squid-jigging fleets during 1995-2011 are used to evaluate the influences of climatic and oceanic environmental variations on the spatial distribution of O. bartramii. Significant interannual and seasonal variability are observed in the longitudinal and latitudinal gravity centers（LONG and LATG） of fishing ground of O. bartramii. The LATG mainly occurred in the waters with the suitable ranges of environmental variables estimated by the generalized additive model. The apparent north-south spatial shift in the annual LATG appeares to be associated with the PDO phenomenon and is closely related to the sea surface temperature（SST）and sea surface height（SSH） on the fishing ground, whereas the mixed layer depth（MLD） might contribute limited impacts to the distribution pattern of O. bartramii. The warm PDO regimes tend to yield cold SST and low SSH, resulting in a southward shift of LATG, while the cold PDO phases provid warm SST and elevated SSH,resulting in a northward shift of LATG. A regression model is developed to help understand and predict the fishing ground distributions of O. bartramii and improve the fishery management.

Research progress of micro(nano)plastics in marine survey in China

The extensive existence of microplastics in the marine environment and the various definite and indefinite harm to the living creatures have been paid much attention.In this paper,the definition,source and pollution of micro(Nano)plastics in marine environment are reviewed.The related literatures are retrieved by using big data platform,the distribution characteristics of micro(Nano)plastics in the marine environment,control measures and so on,and the characteristics of key words making,resource distribution and contribution rate of research institutions are comprehensively analyzed.It provides the technical support for the scientific management of micro(Nano)plastics in the future.

The GeoLink knowledge graph

GeoLink has leveraged linked data principles to create a dataset that allows users to seamlessly query and reason over some of the most prominent geoscience metadata repositories in the United States.The GeoLink dataset includes such diverse information as port calls made by oceanographic cruises,physical sample meta-data,research project funding and staffing,and authorship of technical reports.The data has been published according to best practices for linked data and is publicly available via a SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language(SPARQL)end point that at present contains more than 45 million Resource Description Framework(RDF)triples together with a collection of ontologies and geo-visualization tools.This article describes the geoscience datasets,the modeling and publication process,and current uses of the dataset.The focus is on providing enough detail to enable researchers,application developers and others who wish to lever-age the GeoLink data in their own work to do so.