Studies on Silicon-Containing Fragrance Raw Materials( Ⅱ )——Syntheses and Odors of 4-Trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-Trimethylsilylcyclohexanol Derivatives

1-Substituted- 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex- 3-enol and 1-substituted- 4-trimetnylsilyl-cyclohexanol, 4-trimethylsilylcyclohex-3-enol and 4-trimethylsilylcyclohexanol, and some of their esters and carbon counterparts were synthesized. Structures of the nineteen new compounds were determined by 1H NMR, IR and MS. Their odors are evaluated.

Sustainable Recycling of Livestock Wastes by Composting and Environmentally Friendly Control of Wastewater and Odors

Excess amounts of livestock wastes are excreted in limited area and cause pollution problems in Japan.Comparative studies on livestock waste management among EU(European Union),US(the United States of America)and Asia including Japan are surveyed.In Japan,livestock wastes are mostly separated into solid and liquid matter.Solid matter is converted into organic fertilizer by means of composting.Composting should be developed into the technology that has low emission,high-quality and low cost.Various odorous compounds are emitted from the process of livestock waste management.Odor emission from livestock farms should be mitigated to protect the local community.High-quality compost can be widely distributed to cropland to decrease expenditure of chemical fertilizer.Although liquid matter,namely wastewater or slurry,could be applied to cropland of livestock farms such as EU countries,most of Japanese farms do not have enough cropland to use liquid matter.Particularly pig farms have no area to spread wastewater,which should be purified to clean water in accordance with the criteria of water quality and could be discharged into public water area.The most desirable management of livestock wastes should involve sustainable recycling as compost and environmentally friendly control of odors and wastewater.

Effect of conspecific and heterospecific urine odors on the foraging behavior of the golden spiny mouse

The common spiny mouse(Acomys cahirinus)inhibits the foraging activity of the golden spiny mouse(A.russatus).These two sympatric species of spiny mice,which are considered habitat competitors,occur in extreme arid environments.To test this theory of competition,the influence of urinary odors of both conspecific and heterospecific mice on the foraging behavior of A.russatus was studied under controlled laboratory conditions.Twenty adult males,born in captivity and unfamiliar to the odors of the donor mice,were tested in 3 experimental conditions choosing between 2 seed patches that were scented with urine of either heterospecifics(A.cahirinus),conspecifics(A.russatus)or controls(odors of the tested individual).Of the 20 males,12 were also tested with urine of unfamiliar gerbils,bushy-tailed jird,considered as competitors in the field.Both conspecific and heterospecific urine samples from Acomys significantly reduced foraging behavior of A.russatus when compared to the control odor.The inhibitory effect of the Acomys urine does not result from the novelty of chemical stimuli of the urine because no effect was shown with unfamiliar gerbil urine.The findings are in accordance with the general theory that A.cahirinus dominates the foraging activity of A.russatus.We hypothesize that chemical cues in the urine of Acomys spp.might induce a negative effect on the foraging behavior of A.russatus.

No evidence of predator odor avoidance in a North American bird community

Recent advances in our understanding of avian chemical communication have highlighted the importance of olfaction in many aspects of avian life.Prior studies investigating predator avoidance behaviors in response to predator odor cues have produced mixed results across species and contexts.Here we assess if a community of birds in eastern Pennsylvania displays avoidance behaviors towards predator odor cues in a natural foraging setting.We use clay caterpillars to measure foraging activity by birds in the presence of predator(bobcat)urine,non-predator(rabbit)urine,and water controls in two different environmental contexts(field vs.forest).Although we detected a weak trend for birds to forage less at predator urine-treated sites,we found no significant difference in avian foraging between the site types.We did find that foraging rates between environmental contexts changed significantly over the course of the experiment,with forest sites showing decreasing foraging rates and field sites showing increasing foraging rates.Our results reinforce the published literature that avoidance of predator odors by birds may not be ubiquitous across contexts and species.

Progress in Research on Insect Olfactory Perception of Habitat Odor Molecules

A highly sensitive olfactory system allows insects to precisely identify and position volatile compounds from different sources in their habitats,and plays a crucial role in their foraging,mating,and oviposition activities.During evolution,insects have successfully developed a large and complex olfactory system to adapt to heterogeneous environments,enabling the maintenance of inset population.A comprehensive examination of the olfactory system of insects may therefore yield novel insights into the development of innovative pest control and prevention strategies,as well as the study of olfactory mechanisms in vertebrates and even humans.This paper outlines the current state of research into the signal transduction mechanism by which insects perceive the olfactory molecules of their habitats.The aim of this review is to provide a reference point for future studies into the olfactory perception mechanism and its potential applications in pest management.

Volatile Solid and Bury Period Influence on Odorous Material Production in Simulating Landfill Treatment

Odor pollution in landfill area has attracted more social attention in China. It is very important to control the generation of odor pollutants in situ. Analyzing odorous materials production form buried waste, simulated columns of different volatile solid (VS) content and different buried period waste were designed. Gas compounds produced from the columns were collected and analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) method. It has remarkable relationship between VS content and concentrations of odorous material. When VS content more than 40%, the total amount of odorous compounds increases remarkably. It can be inferred that reduced VS content of original waste may effective decreasing odorous materials production in landfill area. The old rubbish produced more odorous compounds than that of fresh one in simulated columns.

Odors Best at Evoking Emotionally Charged Memories

西方富国的科研人员进行了一些在我们看来多少有些“荒诞”的实验。本文就是一例。但是,细读之下,你不仅为其认真的实验态度所感动,而且,也会觉得“荒诞”之中也有不少“正经”因素。说不准,一项“荒诞”的实验引发了震惊世界的科研成果!本文的标题理解起来不易,弄懂了标题,文章的中心思想也就在其中了。Odors Best at Evoking Emotionally Charged Memories可以完整地表达为:Odors are best at evoking memories which are emotionally charged.可译:气味最能激活与情感相连的记忆。本文的首句和标题呼应,值得玩味。

Olfactory responses of Aphidius gifuensis to odors of host plants and aphid-plant complexes

The olfactory responses ofAphidius gifuensis to odors from two host plants （Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus ssp.） and their complexes with different infestation levels of two host aphids （Myzuspersicae and Lipaphis erysimi） were respectively examined in an olfactometer. The results showed that female A. gifuensis did not respond to odors of undamaged or mechanically damaged host plants, but significantly responded to odors of aphid/plant complexes. Moreover, A. gifuensis responded significantly to odors of both M. persicae and L. erysimi/plant complexes when host plants were infested by high levels of aphids, suggesting that quantity of aphid-induced volatiles could be important for attracting A. gifuensis. When tested between aphid/plant complexes, .4. gifuensis did not show its preference for either complex. The efficiency of.4. gifuensis against aphids in open fields potentially could be improved by using its olfactory response to aphid/plant complexes.

Effects of maternal stress induced by predator odors during gestation on behavioral and physiological responses of offspring in Brandt’s vole(Lasiopodomys brandtii)

Maternal effects play a crucial role in regulating populations of small mammals and anti-predator behaviors of offspring.The present study investigated the effects of maternal stress induced by exposure to predator odors during gestation on the behavioral and physiological responses of offspring in Brandt’s vole(Lasiopodomys brandtii).Effects included changes in growth,behaviors,hormone levels in serum,and fosB/ΔfosB mRNA and FosB/ΔFosB protein expression in the hypothalamus.Our results showed that when pregnant voles were exposed to cat and rabbit urine odors for 18 days(1 h/day),the weight of the female offspring decreased;however,the thymus and ovary indices increased,compared with the control group.Male offspring of voles exposed to cat odor spent more time exploring and foraging,and showed a decrease in corticosterone(CORT)compared with voles in the control group.Both fosB/ΔfosB mRNA and FosB/ΔFosB protein expressions were downregulated in the hypothalamus of male offspring in the cat odor-exposed group compared to that in offspring in the control group.However,the mRNA levels of fosB/ΔfosB in the hypothalamus of female offspring did not decrease in response to cat urine odor.Our findings suggested that maternal stress induced by predator odors during gestation restrained the growth of female offspring and increased the duration of exploring and foraging behaviors of male offspring by regulating the HPA axis,which,in turn,reduced the sensitivity of offspring to unfamiliar environments and increased their probability of becoming prey.

Characterization of the key aroma compounds in four varieties of pomegranate juice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),gas chromatography-olfactometry(GC-O),odor activity value(OAV),aroma recombination,and omission tests

P omegranate(Punica granatum L.)has attracted considerable attention in world markets due to its valuable nutrients and highly appreciated sensory properties.The aroma profiles of 4 varieties of pomegranate juice,including Dahongtian(DP),Jingpitian(JP),Luyudan(LP),and Tianhonngdan(TP),were investigated via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and gas chromatography-olfactometry(GC-O)analyses.A total of 43 volatile compounds were identified by using GC-MS.Among these compounds,16 were considered as potential aroma-active compounds as detected by GC-O.These compounds belonged to the classes of terpinenes,alcohols,and aldehydes.Eleven volatile compounds were defined as the main contributors to the overall aroma of pomegranate juice due to their high odor activity values(OAVs≥1).Aroma recombination and omission tests confirmed thatβ-myrcene,1-hexanol,and(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol were the key aroma compounds,and limonene,1-octen-3-ol,linalool,and hexanal were important aroma-active compounds in DP samples.

Sensory-directed flavor analysis of key odorants compounds development of French fries and oils in the break-in,optimum and degrading frying stage

The flavor is a decisive sensory characteristic that determines the popularity of French fries(FFs).During high-oleic rapeseed oil(RO)frying,the flavor development of FFs showed three noticeable stages including break-in(3.5%-7.5%of total polar compounds(TPC)),optimum(7.5%-22.18%of TPC),and degrading stages(above 22.18%of TPC).Further,in order to distinguish the key aroma compounds in each stage,the FFs prepared in RO at TPC of 3.5%(FF4),14.5%(FF15),and 26.96%(FF27)and their relevant oils(RO4,RO15,RO27)were selected for sensory-directed analysis.The results revealed that the FF4 had low contents of(E,E)-2,4-decadienal(deep-fried odor)which also caused lower sensory score in FF4 sample.The higher contents of(E,E)-2,4-decadienal in FF15 induced its higher deep-fried odor.The FF27 had higher hexanoic acid(sweaty odor),heptanoic acid,nonanoic acid,benzene acetaldehyde(stale odor),and trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal(metallic odor)compared with FF4 and FF15,thus leading to the undesirable flavor of FF27.Moreover,the decrease of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-pyrazine in FF27 induced the lower roasty flavor,which may also lead to the decline of the sensory score.Similarly,the higher contents of(E)-2-undecenal,hexanoic acid,heptanoic acid,and nonanoic acid in RO27 lead to increase its rancid score and thus lower the sensory score.

20 ppm Anhydrous Ammonia Odor Agent Proposed for Hydrogen Fuel for Safe Detection of Leaks

Preferably 20 ppm anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is proposed to be added to hydrogen fuel (H) made from renewable energy sources (green hydrogen), so that H leaks may be easily detectable by smell, but not dangerously toxic. Including this odor agent, would allow H to be distributed safely in pipes, as required by law, and it would allow H to be safely stored, transported, and exported for sale, and widely commercialized. Further research is suggested to identify optimum pressure, temperature, and automated technique for injecting NH3 into H, and to chart the minimum concentration needed, as a function of temperature and humidity. An application to make hypersonic H burning aircraft safer for ground maintenance crews is proposed. An ability to make, store and distribute H, made from local sources of renewable energy, would reduce a need for fossil fuels, especially in poor, remote communities, where it could improve their economy by creating an export product for sale, while reducing pollution.

Study on the Antibacterial and Deodorization Effect of 4,4-Dichloro-2-Hydroxydiphenyl Ether in Laundry Gel Beads

In the formulation development of laundry gel beads,4,4-dichloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether(HP-100)was used as a bacteriostatic agent,and the effect of HP-100 dosage on the bacteriostatic rate of laundry gel bead samples with different formulation systems was examined by the suspension quantification method;the long-lasting bacteriostatic performance of laundry gel bead samples added with HP-100 was investigated by the absorption method for evaluating the antimicrobial performance of textiles;the effect of HP-100 on the odor control of laundry gel bead samples was investigated by filling out surveys and questionnaires using the actual measurement method.Questionnaire was used to investigate the effect of HP-100 on odor control.The test results showed that the antibacterial rate of the two laundry gel samples against S.aureus increased with the increase of HP-100 dosage,and the antibacterial rate of Formula 1 reached 99.9%when the dosage of HP-100 was 0.3%;the antibacterial rate of cotton cloth washed with the laundry gel sample of Formula 1+0.3%HP-100 was more than 50%after 24 h,and still had the antibacterial effect;the antibacterial rate of cotton cloth washed with the sample of laundry gel with HP-100 was more than 50%after 24 h,and still had the antibacterial effect;the antibacterial effect of the sample with HP-100 was more than 50%after 24 h,and still had the antibacterial effect.The fabrics washed with HP-100 added laundry gel beads had better odor control than those treated with laundry gel beads without HP-100,and the addition of HP-100 to laundry gel beads could have antibacterial and deodorizing effects.

非接触式人体气味标志化合物的定性研究

As a base research on intelligentized search technique in seismic ruins,we study on human odor by a portable GC-MS.Qualitative analysis experiment demonstrate that isoprene,acetone and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one are symbol of human odor.This research give important data to search survival base on artificial olfaction technique in seismic ruins.

Release of volatile organic compounds during bio-drying of municipal solid waste

Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste （MSW） by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes.Results showed that VOCs were largely released in the first 4 days of bio-drying and the dominant components were：dimethyl disulfide,dimethyl sulfide,benzene,2-butanone,limonene and methylene chloride.Thus,the combined hydrolytic-aerobic process was suggested for MSW bio-drying due to fewer aeration quantities in this phase when compared with the aerobic process,and the treatment strategies should base on the key properties of these prominent components.Malodorous sulfur compounds and terpenes were mainly released in the early phase of bio-drying,whereas,two peaks of release concentrations appeared for aromatics and ketones during bio-drying.Notably,for the combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes there were also high concentrations of released aromatics in the shift from hydrolytic to aerobic stages.High concentrations of released chlorinateds were observed in the later phase.For the VOCs produced during MSW bio-drying,i.e.,malodorous sulfur compounds,terpenes and chlorinateds,their release concentrations were mainly determined by production rates;for the VOCs presented initially in MSW,such as aromatics,their transfer and transport in MSW mainly determined the release concentrations.

Diagnosing gastrointestinal illnesses using fecal headspacevolatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from stool are the components of the smell of stool representing the end products of microbial activity and metabolism that can be used to diagnose disease. Despite the abundance of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane that have already been identified in human flatus, the small portion of trace gases making up the VOCs emitted from stool include organic acids, alcohols, esters, heterocyclic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, and alkanes, among others. These are the gases that vary among individuals in sickness and in health, in dietary changes, and in gut microbial activity. Electronic nose devices are analytical and pattern recognition platforms that can utilize mass spectrometry or electrochemical sensors to detect these VOCs in gas samples. When paired with machine-learning and pattern recognition algorithms, this can identify patterns of VOCs, and thus patterns of smell, that can be used to identify disease states. In this review, we provide a clinical background of VOC identification, electronic nose development, and review gastroenterology applications toward diagnosing disease by the volatile headspace analysis of stool.

Performance of two biofilters with neutral and low pH treating off-gases

Two different functional biofilters were carried out and compared for the treatment of off-gas containing multicomponent odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this study. The effects of pH values and the empty bed retention time (EBRT) on the performance of the bioreactors were studied; and the characteristics of microbial populations in the two biofilters were also determined. The experimental results indicated that the removal effciencies of hydrophilic compounds such as butyric acid and ammonia ...

“朱门酒肉臭”之“臭”字解——兼谈“臭”字解法的应用

"朱门酒肉臭"之"臭"的理解曾有分歧,今天从普方古及跨语言的角度观察能够对"臭"的理解提供新的证据。汉语史上"臭"并无专指"香气"义,"臭"的演变路线应是从统指一切气味到专指不好气味义。从气味义上位词到专指不好气味义的演变有语言的共性,不仅汉语中如此,英语中"stink、Smell、odor"的演变也如此。梳理"臭"及"stink、smell、odor"的演变对应关系对汉语古语词的教学亦有裨益。

Comparative study on the organoleptic quality of wild and farmed large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

To fill the blank in systematic study on the organoleptic quality of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea,we analyzed the organoleptic quality of the fish meat of wild,trash-fish-fed,and compound-feed-fed large yellow croaker.Six fish(weight:500 g)per group were sampled in the same period,and 89 indices of fish organoleptic quality were measured and analyzed.Results reveal significant differences in the body condition factor,skin/muscle color,flesh texture,odor,and taste aspects between wild and farmed fish.Compared with the wild fish,farmed fish showed fatter body shape,whiter skin or muscle color,tender muscle,higher level of fishy odor or volatile intensity,but lower delicious taste.In addition,compared with trash-fish feeding,compound-feed feeding could improve the body shape,skin color,flesh texture,and fish taste of large yellow croaker,but it also increased the fishy odor.In principle component analysis and cluster analysis,the present study preliminarily established the systematic evaluation with multiple indices to the quality of large yellow croaker.It shall be helpful for the evaluation or improvement of the quality of farmed large yellow croaker.

Structure,Binding Characteristics,and 3D Model Prediction of a Newly Identified Odorant-Binding Protein from the Cotton Bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

The full-length sequence of the odorant binding protein 5 gene,HarmOBP5,was obtained from an antennae cDNA library of cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera （Hübner）.The cDNA contains a 444 bp open reading frame,encoding a protein with 147 amino acids,namely HarmOBP5.HarmOBP5 was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography.SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the purified protein can be used for further investigation of its binding characteristics.Competitive binding assays with 113 odorant chemicals indicated that HarmOBP5 has strong affinity to some special plant volatiles,including （E）-β-farnesene,ethyl butyrate,ethyl heptanoate,and acetic acid 2-methylbutyl ester.Based on three-dimensional （3D） model of AaegOBP1 from Aedes aegypti,a 3D model of HarmOBP5 was predicted.The model revealed that some key binding residues in HarmOBP5 may play important roles in odorant perception of H.armigera.This study provides clues for better understanding physiological functions of OBPs in H.armigera and other insects.