It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality ...It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.展开更多
1 Introduction and Main Results Two-species Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system(in brief,VMB)describes the evolution of a gas of two species of oppositely charged particles(the positively charged ions,i.e.,cations of char...1 Introduction and Main Results Two-species Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system(in brief,VMB)describes the evolution of a gas of two species of oppositely charged particles(the positively charged ions,i.e.,cations of charge q^+>0 and mass m^+>0,and the negatively charged ions,i.e.anions of charge-q^-<0 and mass m^->0),subject to auto-induced electromagnetic forces.Such a gas of charged particles,under a global neutrality condition,is called a plasma.The particle number densities F^+(t,x,v)≥0 and F^-(t,x,v)≥0 represent the distributions of cations.展开更多
由于光网络中的路径跳数过多或距离偏大,使寻找可用的频谱资源难度增加,导致光网络动态频谱利用率降低、网络效益较少且阻塞率较高,为此,提出基于蛙跳博弈优化算法的光网络动态频谱分配方法。采用OHM(Optimized Link State Routing Prot...由于光网络中的路径跳数过多或距离偏大,使寻找可用的频谱资源难度增加,导致光网络动态频谱利用率降低、网络效益较少且阻塞率较高,为此,提出基于蛙跳博弈优化算法的光网络动态频谱分配方法。采用OHM(Optimized Link State Routing Protocol using the Highway Model)路由算法,选择与业务请求对应,且满足跳数最小、调制等级最高的候选路径,找到可用的频谱资源。根据获取的频谱资源,在光网络中将最大频隙号在所有链路中最小作为目标,构建光网络动态频谱分配的目标函数。并在约束条件下,采用蛙跳博弈优化算法对目标函数求解,获取的解即为光网络动态频谱分配最优结果。实验结果表明,该方法的阻塞率低、频谱利用率高、网络收益高,具有实用性。展开更多
The classical minimization of power losses in transmission lines is dominated by artificial intelligence techniques, which do not guarantee global optimum amidst local minima. Revolutionary and evolutionary techniques...The classical minimization of power losses in transmission lines is dominated by artificial intelligence techniques, which do not guarantee global optimum amidst local minima. Revolutionary and evolutionary techniques are encumbered with sophisticated transformations, which weaken the techniques. Power loss minimization is crucial to the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines. Minimization of losses is one way to meet steady grid supply, especially at peak demand. Thus, this paper has presented a gradient technique to obtain optimal variables and values from the power loss model, which efficiently minimizes power losses by modifying the traditional power loss model that combines Ohm and Corona losses. Optimality tests showed that the unmodified model does not support the minimization of power losses on transmission lines as the Hessian matrix portrayed the maximization of power losses. However, the modified model is consistent with the gradient method of optimization, which yielded optimum variables and values from the power loss model developed in this study. The unmodified (modified) models for Bujagali-Kawanda 220 kV and Masaka West-Mbarara North 132 kV transmission lines in Uganda showed maximum power losses of 0.406 (0.391) and 0.452 (0.446) kW/km/phase respectively. These results indicate that the modified model is superior to the unmodified model in minimizing power losses in the transmission lines and should be implemented for the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines within and outside Uganda for the same transmission voltages.展开更多
The in-situ instrumentation technique for measuring mercury and itsspeciation downstream a utility 100 MW pulverized coal (PC) fired boiler system was developed andconducted by the use of the Ontario hydro method (OHM...The in-situ instrumentation technique for measuring mercury and itsspeciation downstream a utility 100 MW pulverized coal (PC) fired boiler system was developed andconducted by the use of the Ontario hydro method (OHM) consistent with American standard test methodtogether with the semi-continuous emissions monitoring (SCEM) system as well as a mobile laboratoryfor mercury monitoring. The mercury and its speciation concentrations including participate mercuryat three locations of before air preheater, before electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and after ESPwere measured using the OHM and SCEM methods under normal operation conditions of the boiler systemas a result of firing a bituminous coal. The vapor-phase total mercury Hg(VT) concentration declinedwith the decrease of flue gas temperature because of mercury species transformation from oxidizedmercury to particulate mercury as the flue gas moved downstream from the air preheater to the ESPand after the ESP. A good agreement for Hg°, Hg^(2+) and Hg( VT) was obtained between the twomethods in the ash-free area. But in the dense particle-laden flue gas area, there appeared to be abig bias for mercury speciation owing to dust cake formed in the filter of OHM sampling probe. Theparticulateaffinity to the flue gas mercury and the impacts of sampling condition to accuracy ofmeasure were discussed.展开更多
文摘It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.
文摘1 Introduction and Main Results Two-species Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system(in brief,VMB)describes the evolution of a gas of two species of oppositely charged particles(the positively charged ions,i.e.,cations of charge q^+>0 and mass m^+>0,and the negatively charged ions,i.e.anions of charge-q^-<0 and mass m^->0),subject to auto-induced electromagnetic forces.Such a gas of charged particles,under a global neutrality condition,is called a plasma.The particle number densities F^+(t,x,v)≥0 and F^-(t,x,v)≥0 represent the distributions of cations.
文摘由于光网络中的路径跳数过多或距离偏大,使寻找可用的频谱资源难度增加,导致光网络动态频谱利用率降低、网络效益较少且阻塞率较高,为此,提出基于蛙跳博弈优化算法的光网络动态频谱分配方法。采用OHM(Optimized Link State Routing Protocol using the Highway Model)路由算法,选择与业务请求对应,且满足跳数最小、调制等级最高的候选路径,找到可用的频谱资源。根据获取的频谱资源,在光网络中将最大频隙号在所有链路中最小作为目标,构建光网络动态频谱分配的目标函数。并在约束条件下,采用蛙跳博弈优化算法对目标函数求解,获取的解即为光网络动态频谱分配最优结果。实验结果表明,该方法的阻塞率低、频谱利用率高、网络收益高,具有实用性。
文摘The classical minimization of power losses in transmission lines is dominated by artificial intelligence techniques, which do not guarantee global optimum amidst local minima. Revolutionary and evolutionary techniques are encumbered with sophisticated transformations, which weaken the techniques. Power loss minimization is crucial to the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines. Minimization of losses is one way to meet steady grid supply, especially at peak demand. Thus, this paper has presented a gradient technique to obtain optimal variables and values from the power loss model, which efficiently minimizes power losses by modifying the traditional power loss model that combines Ohm and Corona losses. Optimality tests showed that the unmodified model does not support the minimization of power losses on transmission lines as the Hessian matrix portrayed the maximization of power losses. However, the modified model is consistent with the gradient method of optimization, which yielded optimum variables and values from the power loss model developed in this study. The unmodified (modified) models for Bujagali-Kawanda 220 kV and Masaka West-Mbarara North 132 kV transmission lines in Uganda showed maximum power losses of 0.406 (0.391) and 0.452 (0.446) kW/km/phase respectively. These results indicate that the modified model is superior to the unmodified model in minimizing power losses in the transmission lines and should be implemented for the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines within and outside Uganda for the same transmission voltages.
文摘The in-situ instrumentation technique for measuring mercury and itsspeciation downstream a utility 100 MW pulverized coal (PC) fired boiler system was developed andconducted by the use of the Ontario hydro method (OHM) consistent with American standard test methodtogether with the semi-continuous emissions monitoring (SCEM) system as well as a mobile laboratoryfor mercury monitoring. The mercury and its speciation concentrations including participate mercuryat three locations of before air preheater, before electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and after ESPwere measured using the OHM and SCEM methods under normal operation conditions of the boiler systemas a result of firing a bituminous coal. The vapor-phase total mercury Hg(VT) concentration declinedwith the decrease of flue gas temperature because of mercury species transformation from oxidizedmercury to particulate mercury as the flue gas moved downstream from the air preheater to the ESPand after the ESP. A good agreement for Hg°, Hg^(2+) and Hg( VT) was obtained between the twomethods in the ash-free area. But in the dense particle-laden flue gas area, there appeared to be abig bias for mercury speciation owing to dust cake formed in the filter of OHM sampling probe. Theparticulateaffinity to the flue gas mercury and the impacts of sampling condition to accuracy ofmeasure were discussed.
