Inheritance,Innovation and High-quality Development of Herbaceous Edible Oils in Hubei Province under the Strategy of Strengthening the Country with Intellectual Property

Only by improving the production capacity of domestic herbal edible oil can China ensure the safety of the supply chain of the important industrial chain of vegetable edible oil in China and practice the big food concept.In addition to rice,maize,and soybean for using as grain and oil,there are eight kinds of herbaceous edible oil crops in Hubei Province,including rape,peanut,sesame,sunflower,perilla(perilla seed),cotton,linen and tiger nut(Cyperus esculentus).This paper studies the main industries of herbaceous edible oil crops and their intellectual property resources in Hubei Province,and analyzes the main problems of its inheritance,innovation and high-quality development under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property.Finally,it proposes the countermeasures of carrying forward and inheriting traditional knowledge and traditional culture,maintaining the biodiversity of crops,strengthening the creation of new plant varieties and breeding patents,and opening up the whole chain of intellectual property rights.

Intellectual Property Protection,Inheritance,Innovation and Development of Woody Edible Oilseeds in Hubei Province

Only by developing woody edible oilseeds industry can we ensure the safety of the important industrial chain and supply chain of vegetable edible oil in China.There are 13 kinds of woody edible oil plants in Hubei,including Camellia oleifera Abel(oil tea),Juglans regia L.(walnut),Olea europaea L.(olive)and Paeonia suffruticosa(oil peony).This paper studies the main industries of woody edible oilseeds in Hubei Province and their intellectual property resources,and analyzes the main problems in their intellectual property protection,inheritance,innovation and development.Finally,it proposes some strategies,including carrying forward the traditional knowledge related to woody edible oilseeds,innovating the"agricultural chip",creating key counties of national woody edible oil seeds,and developing industrial clusters with national advantages and characteristics.

Rape Breeding and Its Intellectual Property Protection in China

Rape is the third largest oil crop in the world and the first one in China.The national average rapeseed yield is only 2077.5 kg/hm^(2),and the rapeseed oil yield is 894 kg/hm^(2).This paper introduced the main types,germplasm resources,breeding bases and breeding progress of Chinese rape,and studied its high-quality varieties,breeding patents and new varieties of agricultural plants.We analyzed the main problems such as serious loss of germplasm resources in Brassica campestris L.and Brassica juncea(L.)Czern.et Coss and weak"agricultural chip"in rape field,and put forward strategies such as strengthening the protection of rape germplasm resources,encouraging the development of"agricultural chip"in rape industry clusters with national advantages and characteristics,and strengthening the protection of agricultural intellectual property rights.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LONGITUDINAL SUBMERGED ARC WELDED STEEL PIPES USED FOR GAS PIPELINE OF OFFSHORE OIL

Since the development of offshore oil and gas, increased submarine oil and gas pipelines were installed. All the early steel pipes of submarine pipelines depended on importing because of the strict requirements of comprehensive properties, such as, anti-corrosion, resistance to pressure and so on. To research and develop domes- tic steel pipes used for the submarine pipeline, the Longitudinal-seam Submerged Arc Welded （LSAW） pipes were made of steel plates cut from leveled hot rolled coils by both the JCOE and UOE （the forming process in which the plate like the letter “J”, “C”, “0” or “U” shape, then expansion） forming processes. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the pipe base metal and weld metal were tested, and the results were in accordance with the corresponding pipe specification API SPEC 5L or DNV- OS-FI01, which showed that domestic LSAW pipes could be used for submarine oil and gas pipelines.

Formation mechanism,experimental method,and property characterization of graindisplacing methane hydrates in marine sediment:A review

Grain-displacing hydrate deposits exist at many marine sites,which constitute an important part of methane hydrate resources worldwide.Attributed to the difficulties in acquiring field data and synthesizing experimental samples,the formation and property characterization of grain-displacing hydrate remains less understood and characterized than the pore-filling hydrate in current literature.This study reviews the formation mechanisms of grain-displacing hydrate from the perspective of geological accumulation and microscale sedimentary property.The experimental methods of synthesizing grain-displacing hydrate in the laboratory and the current knowledge on the property of grain-displacing hydrate sediment are also introduced.Shortcomings in current theories and suggestions for future study are proposed.The work is hoped to provide valuable insights for the research into the hydrate accumulation,geophysics,and hydrate exploitation targeted at the grain-displacing hydrate in the marine sediments.

Synthesis and characterization of poppy seed oil methyl esters

Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to determine the optimum conditions of the methanolysis of crude poppy seed oil using Na OCH3 as catalyst. The experiments were run according to five levels, four variable central composite rotatable design(CCRD) using RSM. The reaction variables, i.e., molar ratio of methanol/oil(3:1–9:1), catalyst concentration(0.5 wt%–1.25 wt% Na OCH3), reaction temperature(25–65 °C), and reaction time(20–90 min) were studied. We demonstrated that the molar ratio of methanol/oil, catalyst concentration,and reaction temperature were the significant parameters affecting the yield of poppy seed oil methyl esters(PSOMEs). The optimum transesterification reaction conditions, established using the RSM, which offered a89.35% PSOME yield, were found to be 7.5:1 molar ratio of methanol/oil, 0.75% catalyst concentration, 45 °C reaction temperature, and 90 min reaction time. The proposed process provided an average biodiesel yield of more than 85%. A linear correlation was constructed between the observed and predicted values of the yield.The gas chromatography(GC) analyses have shown that PSOMEs contain linoleic-, oleic-, palmitic-, and stearic-acids as main fatty acids. The FTIR spectrum of the PSOMEs was also analyzed to confirm the completion of the transesterification reaction. The fuel properties of the PSOMEs were discussed in light of biodiesel standards(ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214).

Nanoscale mechanical property variations concerning mineral composition and contact of marine shale

Mechanical properties of shales are key parameters influencing hydrocarbon production – impacting borehole stability, hydraulic fracture extension and microscale variations in in situ stress. We use Ordovician shale(Sichuan Basin, China) as a type-example to characterize variations in mineral particle properties at microscale including particle morphology, form of contact and spatial distribution via mineral liberation analysis(MLA) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Deformation-based constitutive models are then built using finite element methods to define the impact of various architectures of fracture and mineral distributions at nanometer scale on the deformation characteristics at macroscale.Relative compositions of siliceous, calcareous and clay mineral particles are shown to be the key factors influencing brittleness. Shales with similar mineral composition show a spectrum of equivalent medium mechanical properties due to differing particle morphology and mineral heterogeneity. The predominance of small particles and/or point-point contacts are conducive to brittle failure, in general, and especially so when quartz-rich. Fracture morphology, length and extent of filling all influence shale deformability. High aspect-ratio fractures concentrate stress at fracture tips and are conducive to extension, as when part-filled by carbonate minerals. As fracture spacing increases, stress transfer between adjacent fractures weakens, stress concentrations are amplified and fracture extension is favored. The higher the fractal dimension of the fracture and heterogeneity of the host the more pervasive the fractures. Moreover, when fractures extend, their potential for intersection and interconnection contributes to a reduction in strength and the promotion of brittle failure. Thus, these results provide important theoretical insights into the role of heterogeneity on the deformability and strength of shale reservoirs with practical implications for their stimulation and in the recovery of hydrocarbons from them.

Effect of Cassava Starch and Sodium Carbonate on the Properties of Local Drilling Mud: Beneficiation to Improve the Rheological and Flow Properties of Locally Formulated Mud

Drilling mud is a key component in drilling operations and in accessing oil and gas reservoirs. Bentonite is applied as a viscosifier, fluid loss control agent, and as a weighting material in water-based drilling mud. The type of bentonite used in drilling mud formulation is sodium bentonite due to its high dispersion properties and high swelling capacity. Nigeria has a huge bentonite clay deposit resources which can be evaluated and enhanced in order to be utilized as drilling mud. However, bentonite clay from different parts of Nigeria was investigated and found to be calcium bentonite which is not suitable for drilling mud, because it has low swelling capacity and poor rheological properties. In this study, local bentonite obtained from Afuze, Edo state was used to formulate different samples of drilling mud with each treated using thermo-chemical beneficiation process with sodium carbonate and cassava starch, and then undergo characterization to identify the changes in physical properties and finally, draw comparison with API values for standard drilling mud. The results obtained from this study indicates that, the flow and rheological properties of the beneficiated drilling mud developed through thermo-chemical treatment, showed significant improvement compared to the untreated mud. Therefore, pure calcium bentonite from natural deposits in Nigeria can be modified to sodium bentonite and sufficiently used in drilling mud formulation.

油气资源矿权与土地产权的冲突——以陕北油气资源开发为例的分析

长期以来,资源经济学研究中存在一个突出的理论盲点———忽略了油气资源开发利用中矿权与土地产权关系的探讨。油气资源赋存于地下或土地之中,而在我国油气资源矿权与土地产权又是分离的,国家拥有油气矿权,国家与集体共同拥有地权,这就不可避免地产生一元矿权与二元地权之间的冲突。这种冲突集中表现在矿业权与矿业用地使用权取得方式上,而其产生的根源则不仅仅是我国有关法律、法规的不完善,更主要的是因为我国复杂的土地权利层次和权利结构以及法律上对集体土地权利的忽视。因此,在对陕北油气资源开发中矿权与地权矛盾及矿权制度演进分析总结的基础上,我们认为有效解决油气资源开发中矿权与地权冲突、缓解中央与地方利益关系的关键是创新油气资源矿权制度,变革集体土地所有权制度,完善矿业用地制度。

长输油气管道用地法律权属的中国法配置

研究目的:确定中国长输油气管道占用土地以及相关限制(禁止)义务的法律权属和性质。研究方法:文献研究法、规范分析法。研究结果:长输油气管道用地实践中采用“临时用地+无偿权利限制”模式,现实中存在诸多弊端。应当在《民法典》等现有法律范围内,解释运用地役权、相邻关系、公法上限制等制度以构建该领域的土地权属关系。研究结论:管道中心线两侧各5 m内,应当设立“油气管道通过地役权”;管道中心线两侧各5 m外,相关限制(禁止)义务既属于行政法上的财产权“公法上限制”,也属于民法上相邻关系,管道企业可以自行选择从何种角度维护自身权益,还可以根据需要个别设立“油气管道限制开发地役权”。

世界各国油气矿权制度与矿权收益的比较分析——兼论对我国建立油气矿权制度的启示

矿权制度的建立是油气资源合理开发的前提 ,发达市场经济国家均建立了各具特色的完善的油气矿权管理制度。通过中外油气矿权制度和矿权收益的比较研究 。

我国油地纷争的法律原因探析

在石油、天然气资源出产地,油气公司与当地居民、地方政府之间纷争不断,油地关系相当紧张,原因是多方面的。在法律制度方面,土地产权与油气资源矿权的权属规定在人们内心未能得到普遍认同,相关法律在利益分配问题上的制度安排不合理,行政执法不公、司法强制不力是主要原因。要缓解矛盾,构建油地和谐关系,就得从土地产权与油气资源矿权的关系、相关权利主体的利益分配、行政执法的公正性与严肃性等方面完善法律制度着手。

石油企业改革与产权制度建设

迄今为止的石油工业组织制度变迁符合国有企业市场化过程中以产权制度改革为主导的改革模式。重组改制后的中国石油存在着产权关系不清、产权结构不完善、产权主体不规范的问题。针对产权问题提出了工龄赎买、职工入股、完善投资主体结构等对策。

基于矿权制度的油气资源税费改革

建立合理完善的能源税费制度能够充分发挥税收政策的杠杆作用,推动石油和天然气资源合理开发利用,提高石油企业可持续发展和能源保障能力。本文以油气矿权制度为切入点,针对我国油气资源税费存在的问题,指出制定更为完善的矿权制度的必要性,并提出精简税费、增加资源耗竭补贴及其他保障机制等思路和建议。

中国石油炼油化工领域专利价值评估研究

为使专利技术开发有质量、有效益,国内外都十分重视专利价值的评估研究,中国石油石油化工研究院开展了具有评估专利价值功能和组织相关工作流程的炼化专利价值评估体系建设的探索,建立了评估指标体系,介绍了相关核心指标内容与标准以及具体评估流程,并在炼化专利分级分类管理中对合成橡胶、聚烯烃领域的专利进行实验验证,证明有效、可行。专利价值评价体系的建立与应用有助于提升企业创新能力,促进专利管理关注度由量向质转变,推动专利技术的有效开发和产业化。

DJS-2堵剂的研究及应用

在高温高盐的中原油田,用于封堵油水井管外窜、层间窜的常用堵剂难以达到施工要求。在原堵剂中加入复合增韧剂（CaCl2、改性橡胶、偶联剂按质量比2∶1∶1复配形成）制成DJS-2堵剂,最佳加量为0.5%。DJS-2堵剂具有直角稠化特性,凝结时间为0.5~1 h。与原堵剂相比,DJS-2堵剂的突破压力增加8.2 MPa,封堵率提高0.5%,抗压强度及封堵性能得到明显改善。在20~80℃,随温度的升高,堵剂抗压强度增加。现场应用13井次,措施有效率76.9%,共增油2999.3 t,有效期大于190 d。

国家维护能源安全手段的选择逻辑：产权制度的视角

经济体量、能源禀赋、对外能源依赖程度等相仿的国家在应对同一场或情境相似的能源危机时所采用的手段经常呈现出明显的差异,以美国为代表的一部分国家主要依托行政或外交手段,而以中国为代表的另一部分国家则更依赖行政与商业的组合手段。为解释这一差异,就要突破能源安全研究惯有的地缘政治与供给需求分析视角,借助产权制度来考察政府与企业的权利责任边界以及政府借助企业力量维护能源安全的可能性和成本。基于美国应对1973年石油危机与中国应对2017年天然气紧缺的实证研究以及英法两国应对1973年石油危机的补充性分析,可以发现产权制度决定了企业的自主性与政府的处置成本。研究表明,在私有产权制度下,能源公司的自主性与政府的处置成本均较高,政府难以借助能源公司的力量应对能源危机,由此独自采取行政或外交手段保障能源安全;在公有产权制度下,能源公司的自主性与政府的处置成本均较低,政府更容易借助能源公司的力量应对能源危机,由此两者共同承担维护能源安全的责任并通过行政与商业相结合的手段维护能源安全。

伊朗新版石油合同的型构思路与实施展望——新合同模式的对立面:现行回购合同的缺陷

在过去的20年里,伊朗只能通过回购合同来吸引油气投资。回购合同被认为史上最严苛的合同模式,承包商面对工期、投资额、工作量和产量目标及其细分指标的重重压力。从合同本身与项目实际操作的经历来看,回购合同呈现了很多的问题和缺陷,使得外国石油公司失去了投资伊朗油气项目的积极性,伊朗国内权威人士也意识到了这些问题,准备实行新的合同模式。现行回购合同的问题主要包括:技术上不合规律;承包商对油气资源无直接权益;承包商无生产作业权,却承担无限责任;投资上限不考虑任何实际状况和未来因素的变化;不可能的提前完工;对项目采办的全面审批和全流程干预,对技术文件的泛化审批,审计过程难保公平公正,伊方单边自利解释,等等,都严重影响项目的运作,侵蚀承包商的利益;伊朗的法律和政治环境问题也放大了回购合同的缺陷。

基于我国民营企业的海外油气项目投资战略研究

我国民营企业已成为海外油气投资领域的重要力量。民营企业海外油气投资战略影响因素主要包括我国和资源国的综合投资环境因素、投资项目的 特点、投资企业自身技术水平和管理能力等四大类。运用SWOT分析法对民营企业的战略环境进行态势分析,其优势在于体制和机制、经营成本、经营理念等方面;劣势包括海外投融资门槛设定较高、民营企业进入国际油气市场晚、在产业链中只处于其中的一环或几环、缺乏国际化经验和人才、企业管理水平有限等;机会在于国际石油市场对投资的吸引力强、中国企业具备国际化经营的可能性、投资国和资源国的战略需要、油气勘探开发技术不断更新;威胁来自于全球油气资源控制权的竞争更加激烈、我国面临周边油气消费大国的激烈竞争和“亚洲溢价”、主要资源国政局不稳以及法律和合同门槛高。建议我国民营企业要建立科学规范的投资决策程序,合理选择海外油气投资区域,要把产权交易作为获取资源国油气权益与开发控制权的重要途径,努力提升自身国际化管理水平,培养和引进跨国人才,拓宽融资渠道,加强对资源国财税政策、法律法规的研究。