Effects and Mechanisms of Oil Cakes on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Under Continuous Cropping System

Fxperiments on the effect of soil amendment with rape (Brassica chinensis L.) seed cake, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed or sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed cake on the growth of cucumber seedlings under a continuous cropping system were conducted in a greenhouse environment. The results indicated that two applications of sesame seed cake (0.1 and 0.5 %, w/w) increased the growth of cucumber, but the rape oil cake showed a negative effect at a rate of 1.5% (w/w). The sesame seed cake was separated into four fractions (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ) according to the polarity, and all four fractions had a positive effect on the growth of cucumbers under a continuous cropping system. Fraction number Ⅲ was isolated into 25 proportions by silicon column, and only oleic acid, palmitic acid and octadecanoic acid were identified in proportion 10 by GC-MS in which 93.3% was oleic acid and palmitic acid. The oleic acid had a significant and positive effect on cucumber growth under salt stress at the level 30 mmol and showed slight resistance to several pathogenic fungi.

Smashing Tissue Extraction and GC Analysis of Active Fatty Acids from Oil Cake of Perilla Seeds

Objective To optimize the extraction technology of perilla seeds oil from the oil cake of perilla seeds(OCPS)by using the contents of active fatty acids as evaluation standard.Methods The fatty acids were extracted from OCPS,the residue of perilla seeds after cold-press,by smashing tissue extraction(STE),the new technology selected through comparing with classical leaching extraction(LE),Soxhlet extraction(SE),ultrasonic extraction(UE),and supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction(SFE).For optimized condition of STE,orthogonal test was designed and completed.The contents of five fatty acids in extracted oil and OCPS were determined by GC.Results The optimized extraction parameters were smashing for 1.5 min under extraction power of 150 W and 1:6 of the material/solvent ratio.The contents of five fatty acids in the oils extracted by five techniques from OCPS and determined by GC were as follows:α-linolenic acid(41.12%-51.81%),linoleic acid(15.38%-16.43%),oleic acid (18.93%-27.28%),stearic acid(2.56%-4.01%),and palmitic acid(7.38%-10.77%).Conclusion The results show that STE is the most efficient technology with the highest yield(LE:0.57%;SE:1.03%;UE:0.61%;SFE:0.80%;STE: 1.17%)and shortest time(LE:720 min;SE:360 min;UE:30 min;SFE:120 min;STE:1.5 min)among five tested extraction technologies.It is first reported using STE to extract herbal oil enriched with active fatty acids.

Modification of mechanical properties by TiO_2 nano-particle for biodegradable materials made from palm oil sludge and activated sludge cake

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-particle is widely used in composite materials to its improved mechanical properties.TiO2 nano-particle was used in the composite material that consists of palm oil sludge from the palm oil production and activated sludge cake from a papermaking process.TiO2 was synthesized by a hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide.The parameter was investigated by the mole ratio of reactant to different solvents (isopropanol and isobutanol).The solution was prepared by adjusting pH to acid solution,resulting in different sizes and distributions of precipitate which was heated at different temperatures.The obtained samples were then morphologically and structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size distribution (PSD).The experimental results show that the TiO2 sample from isopropanol solvent with heated temperature of 600 °C exhibits the best results.Consequently,different mass fractions of TiO2 (0,0.5%,1.0%,2.0%,4.0% and 8.0%) were used for specimens that were made from palm oil sludge mixed with activated sludge cake.All samples were later characterized by 3-point bending test and compression test.The results indicate that the adding 0.5% and 1.0% TiO2 particles to the composite material outperforms the other fractions in terms of enhancing mechanical properties.Nonetheless,mechanical properties tends to decrease when adding 2.0% TiO2.

22个芍药品种种籽功能性成分分析

以22个芍药品种为试验材料,探究其出仁率、出油率以及种籽中籽油、籽粕和种皮中的功能性成分和含量。结果表明,通过超临界流体萃取仪提取芍药籽油,测得参试品种出油率为15.96%~26.62%,平均为22.12%;经气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析表明,参试芍药籽油中的脂肪酸主要为油酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸等,籽油中的总不饱和脂肪酸超过85%,营养价值和保健功能较高,具有开发利用的潜力;芍药籽油榨取后副产物籽粕中总黄酮、芍药苷和粗蛋白的含量分别为7.78 mg/g、24.85 mg/g和16.92%,种皮中总黄酮和白藜芦醇的含量分别为107.30和3.11 mg/g。综上所述,籽粕和种皮既可作为功能性营养保健品的原料开发利用,也可作为新型高营养饲料使用,表明芍药具有较高的综合利用潜力,能够为相关产业的发展提供重要参考。

Characterization of the Crystal Structure of Sesame Seed Cake Burned by Nd: YAG Laser

This paper reports obtaining of useful and high-value materials from sesame seed cake (SSC). For this purpose, SSC sample was burned for 30 s using Nd: YAG laser with output power 60 W. The products of this process and non-burned SSC were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) so as to investigate its crystal structure and chemical components. XRD results of the SSC before burning process showed amorphous silica, rhombohedral phase of carbon, monoclinic phase of aluminum chloride, the hexagonal phase of moissanite-4H, (yellow, black) and hexagonal phase of graphite-2H, C (black). While the results of the burned SSC sample showed that the burning process using the power of Nd: YAG laser cased in appearing of crystalline hexagonal phase for silica and Carbon Nitride and converting the rhombohedral phase of Carbon into hexagonal phase. FTIR showed a number of absorbance peaks assigned to silica.

Production of Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis of Olive Biomass with/without Catalyst

In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm3 stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.

Valorization of Griffonia simplicifolia Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production: A Sustainable Alternative

Bio-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), are promising alternatives for alleviating the adverse effects of fossil fuel consumption on climate change and preventing petroleum resource depletion. However, the selection of a viable feedstock for competitive biodiesel production remains challenging. Recent studies focusing on Griffonia simplicifolia seeds, the sole plant industrially exploited for 5-hydroxy- tryptophan (5-HTP) extraction, have shown that G. simplicifolia seed oil (GSO) can be solvent-extracted directly from ground seeds or the remaining seed cakes obtained after 5-HTP extraction with quantitative yields. This work documents the conversion of GSO into biodiesel through homogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification. The refractive index and density of the obtained methyl ester mixtures decreased with increasing oil-to-methanol molar ratio, reaction temperature, and time. Under specific conditions, 1.43 wt% FFA oil, 63.5C, 60 min, and 1:9 oil/MeOH molar ratio with 1.2 wt% NaOH or 1.3 wt% KOH as catalysts, optimal reaction conditions were reached. There were no significant differences in the potential for diminution of the refractive index and density between the NaOH and KOH catalysts. The predicted fuel properties based on the fatty acid composition determined by GC-MS showed that G. simplicifolia biodiesel exhibited a cetane index of 50.29, volumetric energy density of 34.97 MJ/L, cloud point of -1.03°C, kinematic viscosity of 4.07 mm2/s, and oxidative stability of 0.65 h. Apart from its unfavorable oxidative stability and slightly lower energy density compared to petrodiesel, all other calculated parameters met the current standards. The valorization concept proposed in this study should be integrated into the 5-HTP extraction process, preferably using the remaining dry seed cakes as raw materials to maximize revenue in a bioeconomic and sustainable approach.

松籽油水酶法提取及酶法破乳工艺研究

以压榨松籽饼粕为原料,利用水酶法提取松籽油,通过单因素及响应曲面试验研究松籽油提取工艺,并对提油过程中产生的乳状液进行破乳研究分析。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解效果最佳,最优工艺为酶解时间2.5 h,温度56℃,pH值11.3,加酶量5045 U·g^(-1),此条件松籽油提油率为71.73%。经比较碱性蛋白酶添加量为3000 U·g^(-1)时破乳效果最好,破乳率为87.68%,在酶法破乳后进行酸化处理,通过调节pH值至5时破乳率提高至92.18%,此条件下松籽油得油率为70.36%。

亚麻籽及其加工产品的饲用价值与其在动物生产中的应用研究进展

亚麻籽富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、木酚素等活性功能成分,其加工后得到的亚麻油和亚麻籽饼/粕等副产品可用于饲料,并具有改善动物生产性能和产品品质的作用。本文主要综述了亚麻籽及其加工产品(亚麻油、亚麻饼/粕和活性功能成分)的营养特点、饲用价值以及其在动物生产中的应用现状,同时分析目前亚麻籽及相关产品应用于动物饲料存在的问题,旨在为亚麻籽及其加工产品在动物营养中的高效利用提供科学参考。

油茶籽油滤饼提取物抗氧化能力的初步研究

本研究以热风烘干和自然晒干处理的油茶籽压榨所得茶油过滤滤饼(H-CFC、NH-CFC)为材料,分别采用甲醇提取、酸水解和碱水解等方法对滤饼的总酚和抗氧化能力进行了初步分析。结果表明,直接添加质量分数1%H-CFC可以显著增加热风烘干油茶籽过滤油(H-CSO)的氧化诱导时间,直接添加NH-CFC对自然晒干油茶籽过滤油(NH-CSO)的氧化诱导时间无显著影响。H-CFC和NH-CFC的甲醇提取物总酚含量分别是油中的339.5倍和234.5倍。H-CFC甲醇提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是NH-CFC的1.45倍、1.75倍、1.19倍、1.97倍。酸水解H-CFC提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是碱水解样品的1.27倍、4.91倍、2.93倍和5.67倍;酸水解NH-CFC提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是碱水解的1.67倍、2.61倍、11.50倍和3.47倍。油茶籽油滤饼可以考虑作为优良的天然抗氧化剂来源。

香芋糯米油糍工艺优化及其挥发性风味物质研究

为提高糯米油糍的营养价值和口感,在传统油糍的基础上添加香芋,研制一款外酥里嫩、口感香甜、风味独特的香芋糯米油糍。结果表明,香芋糯米油糍的最佳配方为:香芋20.0 g、糯米粉12.0 g、红沙糖6.0 g、清水7 mL;采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法(solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)从香芋糯米油糍中共鉴定出54种挥发性成分,醛类化合物种类和含量最丰富,其中,含量较高的是2,4-癸二烯醛、2-庚烯醛、2-辛烯醛,它们共同赋予香芋糯米油糍独特的焦香和芋香风味。研究结果为香芋糯米油糍加工风味监控提供指导,同时对传承传统特色美食和推动糯米油糍加工业的长远发展具有重要意义。

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS结合电子鼻分析热风烘烤及压榨工艺对香榧饼风味物质的影响

以制油后的香榧饼为研究对象,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS)、电子鼻和感官评定结合气味活度(ROAV)等方法,研究热风烘烤和压榨工艺对香榧饼香气特征和关键风味物质的影响。从香榧饼中共鉴定54种挥发性物质(5种醛类、7种酮类、3种醇类、6种酯类、12种烃类、15种杂环类和6种其他类)。螺杆压榨香榧饼风味偏清甜香,1,5,5-三甲基-3-亚甲基环己烯的风味贡献最大,液压香榧饼中反,反-2,4-十二碳二烯醛的风味贡献最大,呈现烘烤香味。通过变量投影重要性分析(VIP score)和聚类分析,150℃烘烤螺杆香榧饼风味标记性物质为2,3-二氢苯并呋喃,160℃烘烤液压香榧饼风味浓郁,标记性物为2-乙酰基-3-甲基吡嗪。

香榧油复合EGCG纳米乳液制备及其对沙拉酱和月饼的品质影响

利用超声处理制备香榧油(Torreya oil)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)复合纳米乳液,分析不同油水比、EGCG添加量在不同储存温度和时间下的乳液稳定性,并进一步研究添加该纳米乳液对沙拉酱和月饼的品质影响。结果表明,制备的香榧油复合EGCG纳米乳液性质稳定(粒径分布在160~180 nm、多分散性指数小于0.2、Zeta电位接近﹣60 mV),油水比和EGCG对纳米乳液稳定性影响不显著;冷藏、复合2.0%EGCG的纳米乳液有利于减少EGCG的损失从而抑制其褐变;添加1/10香榧油复合EGCG纳米乳液、0.2%新甲基橙皮苷二氢(New methyl hesperi dindihydrogen,NHDC)的沙拉酱感官风味提升,显著增强抑菌和抗氧化活性,提高其品质稳定性;添加香榧油复合EGCG乳液能够减缓月饼烘制中的丙烯酰胺累积、减少代表性不饱和脂肪酸的损失。以上结果表明,EGCG纳米乳液在提升食品品质方面有着重要意义和开发利用前景。

一种油基钻开液用延时泥饼解除液体系性能评价

针对常规强酸对油基钻开液泥饼解除不彻底等问题,自研一种温度相应型生酸材料,该材料在常温条件下几乎不反应,当达到储层温度后,会与淡水或盐水反应释放出H+,并以此材料为主剂,优选抑制剂,控制H+在储层下的释放速度,优选表面活性剂及加重材料,形成一种新型油基钻开液用延时泥饼解除液体系,可延时并解除可酸溶固相所形成泥饼,含10%生酸材料解除液体系综合性能评价结果表明:该延时泥饼解除液体系延时作用效果及泥饼解除效果明显,表面活性剂加量可影响该体系泥饼延迟时间及泥饼解除时间,可通过调节不同成分加量对泥饼解除时间进行调控,延时泥饼解除液体系处理后岩心渗透率恢复值可达到90%以上,具有良好的储层保护性能。

炸制过程中棕榈油和高油酸菜籽油氧化程度对鱼饼中AGEs生成的影响

以冷冻鱼糜为原料制作鱼饼,用棕榈油和高油酸菜籽油对鱼饼进行炸制,在炸制鱼饼的过程中,鱼饼的理化性质会发生一系列的变化。该实验的目的是探究在炸制过程中鱼饼中晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的生成与鱼饼的理化指标以及油脂氧化程度之间的关系。研究发现,两种油炸制鱼饼后,红度值和黄度值均升高,并且两种油炸制的鱼饼的水分含量都是外层低于内层,而脂肪含量都是外层高于内层,鱼饼的丙二醛含量都是外层高于内层。两种油炸制的鱼饼中荧光和非荧光AGEs含量在炸制的第9 h较高,且棕榈油>高油酸菜籽油,表明炸制鱼饼中AGEs含量并不随油脂不饱和度的增加而增加。

不同因素对油桐果及桐饼粕成分影响研究

废弃桐饼粕所含化学物质可用作天然杀虫杀菌的有机肥料,为实现其高效利用,以云南省丘北县油桐(Vernicia fordii)为研究对象,以采摘时间、树种和树龄为研究因素,通过凯氏定氮法和索氏提取法对油桐果及桐饼粕进行重量分析和成分测定。结果表明:10月26日和11月5日采摘三年桐的果灰和果种子重量高于千年桐,且果壳重量较低,在20年树龄时相对重量占比最佳为37%:28%:35%;10月26日采摘15年树龄的三年桐的果壳及桐饼粕氮含量最高分别为5.04%和44.63%,桐饼粕粗脂肪含量为14.50%。综上,根据不同的树种和树龄优化收获时间可较大幅度提高油桐果的产量和重量,增加油桐的经济价值,为后续油桐果及衍生产品的高效利用和可持续发展提供参考。

含油污泥和泥饼掺混焚烧处置研究

为了解决含油污泥给环境要素带来危害。另外,泥饼若不能及时处理,不仅占据大量土地空间,还会散发异味,不利于作业人员身心健康。为此,采用焚烧处理技术对含油污泥和泥饼混合物进行处理,可以得出:含油污泥的有机相更丰富,泥饼的含水率更低。通过分析热值随含水率变化的情况,发现含水率越高,热值越低,控制在30%~50%更合适。此外,在不同掺混比例条件下观察锅炉温度随时间的变化情况,当质量比为1∶4时,能满足焚烧的热值和含水率的要求,同时热值提升了15%。通过对比前年的线监测数据发现,污泥掺混能很好地控制工艺和维持数据的稳定。

北部湾深层深井油基钻井液研究及现场应用

为了缩短钻井周期以及提高井壁稳定,油基钻井液的护壁防塌性能可通过加入封堵剂来优化。本文以纳米SiO_(2)、N-氨乙基-3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷和全氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷为原料制备一种纳米封堵剂,其粒径主要分布在10~200nm之间,其粒径较为集中,应用于钻井液中可降低泥饼渗透率,显著提高油基钻井液的封堵性能,降低滤失量,对储层渗透率影响较小。纳米封堵剂与油基钻井液具有良好的配伍性,提高油基钻井液的稳定性。本文研究的高性能油基钻井液成功应用于现场钻井,钻井过程中,纳米封堵剂的加入显著提高了起钻速度,缩短了现场钻井周期,封堵性能的提高使钻井液泥饼在裂缝和孔隙中进行有效封堵,井壁未出现掉块及剥落片。

宋代饼茶“膏油首面”的工艺及其作用研究

“膏油首面”是指在饼茶表面添加膏油状物质的工艺,萌芽于唐末,形成不晚于北宋皇祐三年(1051),兴盛于宋代。“膏油”的选材有宜茶香料、多乳之物,还可能有松黄、茶膏、酥油。可以定型前添加,即在碾细的茶末中混匀膏油;也可以定型后添加,即在焙干的饼茶上涂抹膏油。“膏油首面”有提升香味、紧塑外形、改善色泽、减缓陈化的作用,但也会被用来包裹劣茶。延伸到当代,“膏油首面”的价值主要体现在非遗技艺保护与传承上,以及对类似工艺的应用和延伸上。“膏油首面”工艺是把双刃剑,使用得当是对好茶的修饰,使用不当是对劣茶的掩饰。因此,要辩证看待这种工艺,对其进行灵活、合理地借鉴。

饼肥中的有机营养物质及其在发酵过程中的变化

分析测定了在恒温、恒湿条件下 4种植物油饼发酵过程中有机物质的变化。结果表明 ,由于不同植物油饼化学组成不同在发酵过程中所产生有机营养物质的成分和数量存在较大差异。发酵过程所产生的高级脂肪酸以C1 8、C1 6 酸为主 ,并且不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显高于饱和脂肪酸 ;有机酸则以乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、乙酸含量较高 ,草酸含量较低 ;氨基酸则以谷氨酸含量最高 ,天门冬氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸含量次之。有机酸和高级脂肪酸含量随发酵时间的增加而增加 ,腐熟到一定程度时达到最高 ;而饼肥发酵 70d时各种氨基酸含量明显降低。 4种饼肥相比 ,豆饼和花生饼在发酵过程中氨基酸产生量大于芝麻饼和菜籽饼。从速度来看 ,芝麻饼腐熟最快 ,其次是豆饼 ,再次是花生饼 ,菜籽饼腐熟最慢。