Application of deviation rate in oil and gas reservoir exploration

Three dimensional geophysical models were abstracted and established according to characteristics of oil and gas reservoir.Then direct current fields for different models were simulated with finite element software(finite element program generator) by hole-to-surface resistivity method.Numerical solution was compared with analytical one for the homogeneity earth model.And a new parameter of deviation rate was proposed by analyzing different plot curves.The results show that the relative error of solution for homogeneity earth model may attain to 0.043%.And deviation rate decreases from 18% to 1% and its anomaly range becomes wide gradually when the depth of oil and gas reservoir increases from 200 to 1 500 m.If resistivity ratio of oil and gas reservoir to sur-rounding rock decreases from 100 to 10 for the resistive oil and gas reservoir,the amplitude attenuation of deviation rate nearly reaches 8%.When there exists stratum above oil and gas reservoir,and influence of resistive stratum may be eliminated or weakened and anomaly of oil and gas reservoir can be strengthened.

Investigation of oil-air two-phase mass flow rate measurement using Venturi and void fraction sensor

Oil-air two-phase flow measurement was investigated with a Venturi and void fraction meters in this work. This paper proposes a new flow rate measurement correlation in which the effect of the velocity ratio between gas and liquid was considered. With the pressure drop across the Venturi and the void fraction that was measured by electrical capacitance tomography apparatus, both mixture flow rate and oil flow rate could be obtained by the correlation. Experiments included bubble-, slug-, wave and annular flow with the void fraction ranging from 15% to 83%, the oil flow rate ranging from 0.97 kg/s to 1.78 kg/s, the gas flow rate ranging up to 0.018 kg/s and quality ranging nearly up to 2.0%. The root-mean-square errors of mixture mass flow rate and that of oil mass flow rate were less than 5%. Furthermore, coefficients of the correlation were modified based on flow regimes, with the results showing reduced root-mean-square errors.

Predictive Model for Corrosion Rate of Oil Tubes in CO_2/H_2S Coexistent Environment Part Ⅰ: Building of Model

Based on an analysis of the existing models of CO 2 corrosion in literatures and the autoclave simulative experiments, a predictive model of corrosion rate (r corr) in CO 2/H 2S corrosion for oil tubes has been established, in which r corr is expressed as a function of pH, temperature (T), pressure of CO 2 (P CO 2) and pressure of H 2S (P H 2S). The model has been verified by experimental data obtained on N80 steel. The improved features of the predictive model include the following aspects: (1) The influence of temperature on the protectiveness of corrosion film is taken into consideration for establishment of predictive model of the r corr in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. The Equations of scale temperature and scale factor are put forward, and they fit the experimental result very well. (2) The linear relationship still exists between ln r corr and ln P CO 2 in CO 2/H 2S corrosion (as same as that in CO 2 corrosion). Therefore, a correction factor as a function of P H 2S has been introduced into the predictive model in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. (3) The model is compatible with the main existing models.

Assessment of the Elastic-Wave Well Treatment in Oil-Bearing Clastic and Carbonate Reservoirs

A set of techniques for well treatment aimed to enhance oil recovery are considered in the present study.These are based on the application of elastic waves of various types(dilation-wave,vibro-wave,or other acoustically induced effects).In such a context,a new technique is proposed to predict the effectiveness of the elastic-wave well treatment using the rank distribution according to Zipf’s law.It is revealed that,when the results of elastic wave well treatments are analyzed,groups of wells exploiting various geological deposits can differ in terms of their slope coefficients and free members.As the slope coefficient increases,the average increase in the well oil production rate(after the well treatment)becomes larger.An equation is obtained accordingly for estimating the slope coefficient in the Zipf’s equation from the frequency of the elastic wave.The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of the Zipf’s law in the analysis of the technological efficiency of elastic-wave well treatment methods.

Study of Oil-Bearing Drill Cuttings Cleaning and De-Oiling Treatment Method for Shale Gas Reservoirs

Due to its extensive use in shale gas exploration and development,oil-based drilling fluids generate large amounts of oil-bearing drill cuttings during the drilling process.The large amount of oil-bearing drill cuttings generated during the drilling process can lead to serious secondary contamination.In this study,a wetting agent FSC-6 with good hydrophobic and oleophobic properties was synthesized to construct an efficient oil removal system.For the first time,the mechanism of this system was analyzed by using the theory of adhesion function,interfacial tension and wettability.At the same time,a combined acoustic-chemical treatment process was applied to the wastewater and slag generated after the cleaning of the oil-bearing drill cuttings.The experimental results show that the application of this pollution-free technology can effectively solve the environmental pollution and resource recovery problems of oil-bearing drill cuttings.It meets the standard of drilling chips with oil content less than 2%in SY/T7422-2018“Oil-based drilling fluid drilling chips treatment system for oil and gas drilling equipment”.

Techniques and Technological Aspects of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Processing in Cameroon

Crude palm Oil (CPO) processing is very popular in African Countries. In Cameroon, various actors are involved ranging from agro-industrial complexes to traditional processing by smallholders who use very inefficient equipment and thus have low oil extraction rates. Small-scale processing by smallholders dates back to the early 1980s and has witnessed a lot of changes as a result of new actors in the sector, changing technologies and to an extent, government policies. This paper attempts a review of the origins and evolution of small-scale palm oil processing using intermediate technology, highlighting its importance to both the farmer and the national economy. An attempt is made to look into the future of this activity, with proposals for its consolidation.

中国式现代化目标下构建新型能源体系之路径思考

倡导人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,对中国能源领域的高质量可持续发展提出了新要求、新部署,“加快规划建设新型能源体系”势在必行。为了助推中国式现代化目标下新型能源体系的构建,分析了其提出的战略背景,明确了其重要意义,阐述了其内涵特征,提出了其路径建议。研究结果表明:①新型能源体系是社会主义现代化强国建设的关键抓手,是实现碳达峰碳中和目标以及推进生态文明建设的重要支撑,是国家能源安全和国家竞争力的有力保障;②新型能源体系以促进人与自然和谐共生为根本宗旨,以保证能源安全和经济社会发展稳定为基本前提,具有理念更新、能源结构更新、技术创新、治理创新、产业革新、电力革新等内涵特征;③新型能源体系的构建路径包括加快培育绿色低碳文化、加快推动能源结构转型、加快推动产业结构升级、加快攻关关键核心技术、加快构建体制机制保障等。结论认为,立足我国能源资源禀赋,坚持“先立后破”的方式构建清洁低碳、安全高效的新型能源体系,提高能源自给率,特别是油气自给率,确保能源转型平稳有序、能源保障安全可靠,可以为当前复杂国际形势下的国家能源安全提供强有力的保障。

新型低界面张力纳米微球调驱剂的合成与性能研究

聚丙烯酰胺纳米微球调驱剂作为一种新型的纳米驱油材料,在油田提高采收率方面取得了广泛应用。但是,目前使用的聚丙烯酰胺纳米微球功能主要以封堵为主,存在单体固含量低、水溶液吸水膨胀速度过快、驱油和降低表界面张力功能较差等问题。利用反相乳液聚合法,以白油为油相,2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)混合单体为水相,油酸/双子聚醚/OP-10混合表面活性剂为乳化剂,根据三元相图确定油相/乳化剂/水相三相的最佳配比(质量分数)为33.93%/24.87%/41.2%,以甲叉双丙烯酰胺(MBA)作为交联剂,在35℃利用氧化-还原剂聚合获得了既具有封堵功能,又具有超低表界面张力、高洗油效率的新型纳米微球调驱剂。工艺优化实验确定最佳的合成条件为单体配比m(AM)∶m(AMPS)为8∶1,交联剂质量分数为0.1%,氧化-还原剂质量分数为0.3%,搅拌速度为450 r/min。对聚合物纳米微球进行表征和性能评价,结果表明,其固含量为20.1%,粒径为54 nm,纳米微球封堵率可达95.1%,用其0.2%的水溶液测得界面张力为0.332 mN/m,洗油效率高达89.13%,为实施油田调驱提供了一种新材料。

老油田“3+2”大幅度提高采收率技术内涵、机理及实践

传统方式的化学驱项目一般采取“2+3”的协同方式,也就是先通过水驱井网调整一次到位,再实施化学驱,受剩余油认识和预测精度的影响,会出现部分低产低效井,化学驱含水谷底平台期短,提高采收率幅度有限。为此,胜利油田通过基础攻关和探索实践,创新提出了化学驱与动态优化调整加合增效的“3+2”大幅度提高采收率技术,该技术是指在化学驱过程中,充分发挥和利用驱油体系扩大波及体积、提高驱油效率、调整动态非均质性的特点,主动培育、壮大动态剩余油富集区(“油墙”),适时井网调整、重构流场、均衡注采,高效动用、采出“油墙”,最大程度延长化学驱含水谷底平台期,实现三次采油和二次采油(“3+2”)适配优化、大幅度提高采收率的目的。通过大量物理模拟和数值模拟研究,明确了“井网-驱油剂-剩余油”适配优化提高采收率的机理。该技术在胜坨油田二区东三段5砂组进行了应用,通过优化“3+2”井网调整方式、驱油体系和注入参数等,预计区块含水谷底平台期从3 a延长至8 a,最终采收率为60.5%,比原方案采收率再提高7.5百分点。该技术是老油田大幅度提高采收率的关键技术,可以为中外同类型油藏延长化学驱见效高峰期提供指导和借鉴。

原油裂解气资源评价的理论技术创新与评价应用——以四川盆地震旦系—寒武系为例

四川盆地震旦系—寒武系天然气资源丰富。近年来,在四川盆地川中古隆起和北部斜坡区先后获得了两个万亿级大气区的重大发现。为了明确该领域天然气的资源规模以及未来的勘探方向和创建一套切实可行的原油裂解气资源量的评估方法,本次研究基于该区天然气为古油藏原油裂解的基本认识,按照干酪根生油,再到古油藏裂解生气的技术路线对原油裂解气的资源量进行计算。应用成因法,采用PetroMod 3D盆地模拟软件,输入地层等厚图、岩相古地理图、烃源岩综合评价图、剥蚀量展布图以及生油动力学参数图版,建立整个盆地的三维地质模型,并切分为5个区块分别计算生油量,然后探讨了石油运聚系数、石油裂解率、天然气散失率以及寒武系石油运移的分配系数,并创建了天然气散失系数计算公式。在以上基础上,恢复了盆地及5个构造单元的生油史,并明确了古油藏形成的关键时刻,最终得到全盆地震旦系—寒武系常规天然气资源量为13.43×10^(12)m^(3),其中寒武系为5.43×10^(12)m^(3),震旦系为8.0×10^(12)m^(3)。并指出除了川中地区以外,川南和川东具有巨大的勘探潜力,尤其是位于川南地区德阳—安岳裂陷槽两侧的台缘带和台内颗粒滩是下一步勘探的现实领域。本次研究在理论创新和勘探实践中都具有重要意义。

蜂蜡添加量对鱼油凝胶宏观性质及微观结构的影响

鱼油富含高营养价值的ω-3型多不饱和脂肪酸,由于其容易氧化,因此不利于产品的生产和加工。油凝胶具有良好的氧化稳定性、保油性、低脂肪的特点,既满足了降低动物脂肪的需求,又提高了产品品质和营养价值,是高营养、低热量的脂肪替代物。以蜂蜡为凝胶剂,沙丁鱼油作为基础油料制备油凝胶,分析蜂蜡添加量对沙丁鱼鱼油凝胶的外观形态、保油率、质构特性、流变性质及微观结构的影响。结果表明:蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶为β′晶型,添加蜂蜡促使晶体结构的形成,也提高了蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶的保油率、硬度、凝胶强度,且蜂蜡添加量为8%及以上时保油率达到99%。G′不随频率的变化而发生改变,说明蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶是一种强凝胶,静态流变学图像显示该凝胶出现剪切稀化现象。蜂蜡添加量在6%~10%时,蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶与猪油的质构特性与流变行为相似,研究结果为鱼油凝胶替代猪油提供了理论支持。

低黏原油辅助气体吞吐稠油开采技术室内实验和技术界限

稠油蒸汽吞吐后期及蒸汽驱的油汽比仅为0.1~0.2,能耗大、碳排量高等问题突出,针对该问题,可利用低黏原油辅助气体吞吐的开采方法来改善开发效果。通过室内模拟实验和油藏数值模拟,开展低黏原油辅助气体吞吐开采稠油的机理及油藏适应性研究,制订低黏原油辅助气体吞吐的技术界限。研究表明:低黏原油辅助气体吞吐开采机理主要为稀释降黏、溶解增压、扩大波及范围和乳化相变等作用,带油率(采出稠油与注入低黏原油的体积比)可达到1.00~3.00以上,且能耗低、产水少;低黏原油辅助气体吞吐适合开采普通稠油油藏和特稠油油藏,尤其适合深层、薄互层和小断块稠油油藏。该研究对稠油转换低黏原油辅助气体吞吐开发油藏筛选和工程设计具有指导意义。

高吸油量煅烧高岭土的制备与性能表征

通过插层剂二甲基亚砜、接枝剂甲醇和剥离试剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵协同超声震荡辅助作用,将层状煤系高岭土剥离为超细片状煤系高岭土。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)、N_(2)吸附-脱附及扫描电镜(SEM)与能谱分析(EDS)等技术手段对煤系高岭土进行表征。结果表明,其层间距由层状煤系高岭土的0.708 nm扩大到片状煤系高岭土的1.12 nm,内部孔隙增加,形成了裂隙形状的介孔且孔径分布均匀。煅烧高岭土较煤系高岭土的吸油性能大幅提升,其吸油量从60~73 g/100 g煤系高岭土增至70~79 g/100 g煅烧高岭土。整个制备工艺流程中无引入强酸强碱等腐蚀性物质,提供了一种环境友好型煅烧高岭土制备技术。

对FETKOVICH(费特科维奇)典型曲线的质疑与评论

FETKOVICH(费特科维奇,以下简称为费氏)于1971年和1980年,分别提出的有限水域水侵量方程和定压典型曲线,受到国内外专家的重视和引用。由于费氏典型曲线可以通过实际数据的拟合,确定井的驱动半径和驱动面积,因此,受到业内专家的青睐。通过推导表明,费氏有限水域水侵量方程,是一个指数递减方程。费氏将该方程直接应用于定容封闭边界油井的产量递减分析,并基于初始递减率的关系式,得到了费氏典型曲线的无因次时间。费氏利用无因次压力的倒数作为无因次产量,得到了典型曲线的无因次产量。然而,由于费氏典型曲线的无因次时间和无因次产量之间没有直接的函数关系,无法建立费氏的无因次典型曲线,因此,对费氏的有限水域水侵量方程和典型曲线的无因次时间和无因次产量进行了推导,并对存在的问题提出了质疑和评论。

泵用微连通对称双卸荷槽及其困油与流量特性

为了充分提高外啮合齿轮泵的困油性能和完善双卸荷槽的现有设置理论,提出了一种双卸荷槽微连通对称设置的创新结构,并以常规无连通对称设置的双矩形卸荷槽为例,依次给出了创新结构的实现方法,构建了困油压力和理论流量的计算模型,比较分析了常规结构和创新结构下的困油压力、排量损失以及流量脉动质量等。结果表明:啮合点位置越接近最小困油容积位置,创新结构下的卸荷面积越大,突出解决了常规结构下该处的零卸荷面积问题;通过充分缓和常规结构下的困油压力,创新结构有效地避免了困油的高压冲击与低压气穴所造成的危害;相对于常规结构,创新结构的理论排量稍有下降,流量脉动有所加剧等。研究结果可为齿轮泵的优化设计提供参考。

响应面法优化花生水酶法制油水相体系中残油工艺

水酶法可以实现花生油脂和蛋白的同步提取,但得到的水相体系中部分油脂稳定存在,不利于油脂得率的提升。通过湿法粉碎花生,利用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)和生物显微镜对花生水酶法制油水相体系的微观形态进行观察,分析不同粉碎时间下水相残油率和油滴分布之间的联系。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化影响水相残油率的工艺条件。结果表明:花生水酶法制油得到的水相是一个高蛋白低油脂的体系,当粉碎时间为120 s时,水相残油率最低(10.78%),水相体系油滴分布最少;最佳工艺条件为酶解时间1.37 h、酶解温度47.92℃、加酶量1.25%、液料比4.89∶1 mL/g,在此条件下得到的水相残油率为8.79%±0.03%,与响应面预测值8.82%无显著性差异。研究结果为间接提高水酶法制油提升油脂得率提供理论依据。

跨临界CO_(2)汽车空调中润滑油影响特性研究进展

应对新能源汽车复杂应用环境和应用需求,润滑油是影响跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调性能、可靠性的关键因素。油品及油充注量对于充分发挥系统性能,保障系统安全稳定运行具有重要作用。讨论了跨临界CO_(2)汽车热泵空调中润滑油的作用与影响。总结了应用于CO_(2)汽车热泵空调的几种常用润滑油,并对各种润滑油的各项应用性能进行了对比。分析了加入润滑油对跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调系统中各部件性能产生的作用与影响,以及对空调系统整体性能的影响。润滑油在压缩机中起到减小运动件磨损和工作噪声,防止制冷剂泄漏和排温过高等作用,但过量的油积聚于压缩腔中会导致容积效率降低和功耗升高;在换热器及管路中,油在流动壁面上形成的油膜增大了流动流阻及换热热阻,同时油在蒸发器中起到抑制核态沸腾和气泡扰动的效果,对换热起到恶化作用。总结了相关领域现有研究成果与结论,并对领域内关键研究方向进行了展望。

CO_(2)混相驱胶质、沥青质析出规律——以东河6油藏为例

掌握油田原油在注CO_(2)过程中是否混相及油层沥青质的沉淀规律具有重要意义。设计了一套高温、高压混相及沉淀实验装置,并开展CO_(2)混相驱胶质、沥青质析出规律的实验研究,模拟东河6油藏注气开采过程,判断注入气体与地层流体是否达到混相,表征油层内胶质、沥青质的析出规律。实验结果表明:东河6油藏注CO_(2)驱提采机理为一次混相;沥青质相对沉淀量随CO_(2)注入比例的增加而迅速增加后又缓慢减少,胶质相对沉淀量随注入比例的增加先降低后增加;注CO_(2)后降压衰竭开采优先采出饱和烃,油层原油沥青质含量迅速增加。东河6油藏注CO_(2)驱保持最低混相压力45.4 MPa以上开采,可提高驱替效率,减少开采过程中胶质、沥青质的析出,提高原油采收率。研究结果可为注CO_(2)油藏提供一种混相压力及沥青质沉淀测定的方法,支撑注CO_(2)油藏开发方案的制定。

响应面法优化油莎豆油酸法脱胶工艺的研究

为了提高油莎豆油的品质,以溶剂法制取的油莎豆毛油为原料,对其酸法脱胶工艺进行了研究,以期为油莎豆油的深加工提供参考。首先确定了酸法脱胶时所需要添加的酸为柠檬酸,然后考察了柠檬酸溶液质量分数,以及柠檬酸添加量、水添加量、水化时间、酸化时间和反应温度等因素对油莎豆油磷含量和脱胶率的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上进行了响应面优化试验。结果表明:油莎豆油酸法脱胶优化的工艺条件为反应温度59℃、水添加量3.5%、水化时间49.5 min、柠檬酸添加量0.20%、酸化时间10 min,在此条件下,油莎豆毛油的脱胶率为95.9%±0.3%,磷含量可降至(4.4±0.3)mg/kg。利用柠檬酸对油莎豆油进行脱胶可显著提高脱胶效果,降低磷含量,提高油脂品质。

石油降解菌株的生物炭固定化及性能研究

固定化菌剂是一种理想的有机污染物降解材料。以壳基生物炭作为载体,高效石油降解菌为目标微生物,采用吸附法制备固定化石油降解菌剂。探究菌接种量、炭投加量、时间、温度和摇床转速对固定率的影响,通过正交试验和响应面分析法确定菌剂最佳制备条件。以投加量和石油质量分数为变量,考察生物炭、游离菌和固定化菌剂的除油性能。结果显示:0.3 g炭投加量、2.26 mL菌接种量、8.462 h固定、转速为38.331 r/min、30℃,此条件下固定率最佳,可达87.261%。影响固定率的主次因素为:菌接种量>摇床转速>固定化时间>炭投加量。该固定化菌剂对石油整体降解能力在74%—84%,优于游离菌及生物炭对石油的降解效果,表明固定化菌剂对于石油污染土壤的生物修复具有较好的应用前景。