Progress and Development Direction of “Three-High” Oil and Gas Well Testing Technology

By reviewing the development of “three-high” oil and gas well testing technology of Sinopec in recent years, this paper systematically summarizes the application of “three-high” oil and gas well testing technology of Sinopec in engineering optimization design technology, and high temperature and high pressure testing technology, high pressure and high temperature transformation completion integration technology. Major progress has been made in seven aspects: plug removal and re-production technology of production wells in high acid gas fields;wellbore preparation technology of ultra-deep, high-pressure, and high-temperature oil and gas wells;surface metering technology;and supporting tool development technology. This paper comprehensively analyzes the challenges faced by the “three-high” oil and gas well production testing technology in four aspects: downhole tools, production testing technology, safe production testing, and the development of low-cost production test tools. Four development directions are put forward: 1) Improve ultra-deep oil and gas testing technology and strengthen integrated geological engineering research. 2) Deepen oil and gas well integrity evaluation technology to ensure the life cycle of oil and gas wells. 3) Carry out high-end, customized, and intelligent research on oil test tools to promote the low-cost and efficient development of ultra deep reservoirs. 4) Promote the fully automatic control of the surface metering process to realize the safe development of “three-high” reservoirs.

Test Results for Polymer Flooding in Daqing Oilfield

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Prediction of wax precipitation region in wellbore during deep water oil well testing

During deep water oil well testing, the low temperature environment is easy to cause wax precipitation, which affects the normal operation of the test and increases operating costs and risks. Therefore, a numerical method for predicting the wax precipitation region in oil strings was proposed based on the temperature and pressure fields of deep water test string and the wax precipitation calculation model. And the factors affecting the wax precipitation region were analyzed. The results show that: the wax precipitation region decreases with the increase of production rate, and increases with the decrease of geothermal gradient, increase of water depth and drop of water-cut of produced fluid, and increases slightly with the increase of formation pressure. Due to the effect of temperature and pressure fields, wax precipitation region is large in test strings at the beginning of well production. Wax precipitation region gradually increases with the increase of shut-in time. These conclusions can guide wax prevention during the testing of deep water oil well, to ensure the success of the test.

Contract for Oil/Gas Testing Signed Between Jinlonghua & Esso

Ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ ｆｏｒ Ｏｉｌ／Ｇａｓ Ｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ Ｓｉｇｎｅｄ Ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｊｉｎｌｏｎｇｈｕａ ＆ ＥｓｓｏＣｏｎｔｒａｃｔｆｏｒＯｉｌ／ＧａｓＴｅｓｔｉｎｇＳｉｇｎｅｄＢｅｔｗｅｅｎＪｉｎｌｏｎｇｈｕａ＆Ｅｓｓｏ￥ＷａｎｇＫｅｙｕＪｉ...

Swelling/extraction test of Russian reservoir heavy oil by liquid carbon dioxide

The mass transfer between heavy oil and liquid carbon dioxide and the changes of the heavy phase(mixture of heavy oil and CO_2) and light phase(pure CO_2) in the mixture were tested in lab with heavy oil samples from Russia. The experimental results showed that the heavy oil hardly expanded when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mixture was 10%. When the concentration of carbon dioxide was higher than 26%, the volume of the heavy phase decreased, and the viscosity of the heavy phase increased exponentially as the light components extracted from the heavy oil exceeded the carbon dioxide saturated in the heavy oil. When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mixture was 26%, the effect of viscosity reducing to the heavy phase was the strongest. The density of the light and heavy phases, volume factor, and solubility of gas and flash viscosity of heavy phase all increased with the rise of carbon dioxide concentration in the mixture. The best concentration of carbon dioxide in the mixture was 26%, when the heavy oil expanded the most and the viscosity of the heavy phase was the lowest. When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mixture was between 10% and 26%, the volume of the light phase was the smallest and the oil displacement effect was the best.

TEST STUDY OF DETECTING OIL AND GAS BY USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE

Ⅰ The Indexes of Detecting Oil and Gas Resources The deeply buried reservoir which in a dynamic equilibrium state has a great pressure inside, and between it and earth surface there is a great difference of pressure. Therefore the hydrocarbon must spread and move vertically to the surface along the pressure gradient orientation. Hydrocarbons in the reservoir along some small rifts, cracks, joints and cleavages penetrate the overlying strata and seepage onto the surface. Thus the hydrocarbons become unvisble oil and gas signs. This process is called the phenomena of hydrocarbon microseepage of reservoir. Hydrocarbons microseepage in the process

lower Oil Prices Test Africa’s growth

The foundations of the ＂Africa rising＂ narrative may have increasingly been tested in recent months. Security concerns, the Ebola crisis in West Africa and conflict in Libya have been some of the stumbling blocks the continent has had to face. These have continuously challenged its ability to respond to events that could derail the past years＇ economic growth. The impact of lower oil prices particularly could be a major shock to the region, especially for oilexporting countries.

The Test Area of Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field Fully Under Commission

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Field Test of Electrochemical Degradation and Oil-Removal Technology Used the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Polymer in Offshore Oilfield

Aimed at the current treatment status of the polymer-flooding wastewater in Bohai oilfield, electrochemical technology used for polymer-degradation and oil-removal was researched. It formed the process flow of cyclone mixed dosing → electrochemical removal oil → inclined tube removal oil → walnut shell filter, and a set of skid mounted wastewater containing polymer treatment plant was designed and manufactured, which was used for the field test of electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing polymer in offshore oilfield. The result shows that the oil removal rate of the electrochemical treatment process is over 98%, and the synergistic effect is significant especially used in conjunction with water clarifier of BHQ-04. When the amount of water clarifier is 50 - 150 mg/L, the oil content, the median particle diameter and the suspended solids content of the filtered water is 8 - 18 mg/L, 1.9 - 2.26 μm and 1.39 - 2.04 mg/L respectively, which reach the scene water quality standards for water injection.

The Study of Electromagnetic Stress Testing Method on Oil-Gas Pipelines Based on WT

This paper proposes an effective method for early diagnosis (stress concentrating) of the oil-gas pipeline. Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction Faraday, we have designed and realized the nondestructive testing system for stress concentration area of ferromagnetic materials by means of the research of metal materials inverse magnetostrictive effect mechanism. The system changes the influence degree of the stress in ferromagnetic materials’ magnetic conductance to the corresponding voltage array by using discrete wavelet analysis method to process the data, in which not only the measuring accuracy is improved, but also the stress concentration is more directly reflected. The experiments confirm that the electromagnetic stress testing method is feasible and valid.

Laboratory investigation into the oil diffusion from submarine pipeline under water flow

A physical model test has been conducted to study the oil diffusion from the submarine pipeline under water flow.The crude oil in the flume is spilled from a leakage point of the pipeline and diffused from the seabed to the surface. By the non-contact optical measuring technology, an image acquisition and data analysis system is designed to explore the spilled mechanism and characteristic. The oil trajectory, velocity and the rising time to the surface are obtained through this system. The influence of the water flow and the spilled discharge on the behavior of the spilled oil are analyzed from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. The sensitivity study of the characteristic physical quantities to various factors are presented afterward. The spilled oil under water is mainly distributed in the form of the scattered particles with different sizes. The rising process of the oil can be divided into three stages: full, dispersion and aggregation period. The spilled discharge is the primary factor affecting the rising time of the oil particles. In the rising process of the oil particles, the vertical velocity of the oil is mainly affected by the spilled discharge, and the transverse velocity is more dependent on the water velocity. The deviation of the transverse oil velocity is much larger than that of the rising time and the vertical oil velocity. The study can provide a theoretical reference for the prediction system of oil spill emergency.

Metallography of an Underground Oil Pipeline

The purpose of this article is to show a metallographic analysis of an underground pipeline taken out of operation upon failure. The pipeline had an 8.89 cm (3.5”) diameter and a 7 mm thickness. The study was based on a 45 cm long pipe sample, visibly and entirely corroded, with a fish-mouth crack along its length. The work contributes to finding new ways to prevent structural failure, which has high-impact consequences from the point of view of production, damage to property, pollution, and risks to human live. Through this analysis the knowledge on behavior of failures in terrestrial ducts has been extended. Development of the research included metallographic, chemical, and mechanical tests on the sample in order to know the composition of the material, its strength and its physical conditions upon taking it out of operation. After the analysis of the laboratory tests, the physical and chemical features were compared to existing national and international regulations, which allowed a specific characterization of the conditions of the sample. In accordance with the regulations, the grade of the pipe was between ×65 and ×70. Tensile testing was carried out to obtain mechanical properties in order to corroborate the grade of pipeline steel and complement the metallographic analysis.

The Influence of the Microstructure of W/O Emulsion of Waxy Crude Oil on Its Rheology

In this article, the viscosity-temperature characteristics of W/O waxy crude oil emulsion under different microstructures were studied, and the characteristics of the microstructure were described by the analysis of the dispersed phase parameters including the average particle size, the degree of dispersion, and the nonuniformity of average particle size. On this basis, we discuss the effects of temperature, shear rate and the microstructure on the apparent viscosity of Daqing crude oil emulsion. The results showed that with the increasing of stirring speed, the number of droplets and the degree of dispersion phase dispersion increased, average droplet size and nonuniformity of average particle size reduced;the average particle size of the dispersed phase decreased by 0.5 μm, and the abnormal point increased by about 1°C. For emulsions with the same microstructure, as the temperature or shear rate rising, the rate and percentage of the reduction in apparent viscosity decreased. At the same temperature or shear rate, the reduction rate in apparent viscosity increases with the average particle size of dispersed phase decreases, in contrast to the percentage of reduction in apparent viscosity, which revealed a definitive correlation between average particle size of dispersed phase and the apparent viscosity in the non-Newtonian fluid that from 34°;C to 48°;C;the absolute value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient was above 0.8, which was highly negatively correlated;as the temperature rose, the absolute value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient decreased from 0.839 to 0.216.

Experimental Study on Allowable Berthing and Mooring Conditions of An Oil Tanker

When an oil tanker under the combined action of wind, waves and tidal current and is berthed or moored to a platform, the impact forces on the fenders and the tensile force in the mooring lines are important factors in the studies of berthing and mooring conditions. Based on the experiment of a berthing and mooring tanker model under the action of wind, wave and tidal current in the same direction, this paper studies the allowable berthing and mooring conditions by considering the tensile forces of mooring lines and impact forces on the fenders, as well as the impact energy on the fenders. And a method has been proposed here for motion amplitude analysis. A successful method to decrease impact forces on the fenders is put forward. Blowing in wind and blowing off wind and different angles between waves and the fenders are considered in the experimental study. In the berthing tests of the tanker model, the impact forces are measured and the impact energy is calculated, then the berthing conditions are determined. In the mooring tests of the tanker model, the mooring line tensile forces and impact forces are measured, and the allowable mooring conditions are given that will be useful to engineering design.

A Proposed New Laboratory Protocol for Dispersant Effectiveness Testing Adapted for Subsea Dispersant Injection

The main objective of this study is to develop a new protocol for bench-scale dispersant effectiveness testing adapted for subsea dispersants injection (SSDI). The new approach includes turbulence conditions, dispersant injection techniques and quantification of effectiveness, more representative for a SSDI operation. Results from the new system are compared to dispersant effectiveness measured with established laboratory methods, used for screening dispersants for surface application. The most significant result is that the dispersant ranking obtained with the new test relevant for subsea releases was very different compared to the ranking obtained by screening methods used for surface application of dispersants. This strongly indicates that existing standard methods for dispersant effectiveness testing designed for simulating conditions relevant for surface application of dispersants, are less relevant for SSDI effectiveness testing and justify the need for a more relevant method. Such a Dispersant Injection Effectiveness Test (DIET) is suggested and documented in this study.

Online Load Operating Mode of Oil Film Bearing in High Speed Wire Rolling Mill

To study the mechanism of burnt damage of oil film bearing in high-speed wire rolling mill,reasonable tempera- ture sensors are designed and calibrated,pressure block of rolling mill has been transformed into pressure sensors.Online tempera- ture and load of oil film bearing in a domestic precision rolling F15 have been tested.Consequently,a large sum of valuable test data was obtained.The distributions rules of pressure and temperature under continuous online rolling state are recorded in detail. Theoretical and experimental results are beneficial to damage mechanism of oil film bearing,thus its service life could be pro- longed.Moreover,such results could provide an important reference for online test and control.

鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油水力压裂试验场建设概述及实践认识

借鉴北美HFTS成功经验,长庆油田围绕进一步提高单井产量目标,整体规划了三期水力压裂试验场HFFL建设。I期于2022年启动,2024年完成,是国内首个完整意义上的水力压裂试验场。I期重点围绕夹层性页岩油长71、长72储层,坚持“压前地质工程一体化设计、压中测试响应反演拟合、压后取心验证分析评价”的研究路径,综合应用光纤、双井微地震、井下电视、示踪剂及取心等10项16井次测试,系统开展人工裂缝形态、多簇起裂及产液贡献率等精细评价,主要认识包括:(1)页岩油压后地下裂缝类型多样,300 m取心过程中累计发现裂缝431条,其中压裂缝115条、层理缝239条;(2)裂缝复杂程度远超预期,人工裂缝总量远大于簇数,局部未严格按照最大主应力方向扩展,受到岩性、天然裂缝发育等综合影响,裂缝存在明显偏转、沟通、弯曲等现象;(3)水力裂缝缝长延伸较长,缝高整体受控,支撑剂在取心岩屑中广泛分布,裂缝面同样观察到支撑;(4)多簇100%起裂,但扩展过程呈动态变化,砂液分配差异大,光纤评价均一指数平均61.8%;(5)长期产剖动态跟踪显示,生产6个月后,多裂缝段与优质甜点段贡献逐渐凸显。综上,水力试验场对长庆页岩油重新认识油藏、缝控储量、裂缝、产量提供了更加准确科学的理论依据,对井网优化、开发技术政策制定以及体积压裂优化设计都具有十分重要的作用,同时也为国内水力压裂试验场建设发挥了示范引领作用。

超临界多元流体模拟实验研究

随着油气勘探开发的不断发展,井深逐步加大,压力、温度也逐步升高,伴随着蒸汽吞吐、蒸汽驱特别是火烧油层等技术的应用,开采层的温度、压力可能达到水的超临界点。由于超临界水有很多性质,如具有极强的氧化能力,可以溶解很多物质(比如油),能够缓慢地溶解腐蚀几乎所有金属,具有超级催化作用,这些性质对油藏的开发有着极大的影响。超临界多元流体模拟实验系统可以在室内条件下,通过模拟实际深井条件,进行超临界多元流体对原油采收的影响的探索;进行超临界多元流体对油、套管及地层的腐蚀影响的研究。

数据融合策略在食用油真实性鉴别中的研究与应用进展

对基于光谱、质谱、色谱等检测技术的数据融合策略及其在食用油真实性鉴别中的研究及应用现状进行综述,指出:目前,广泛应用于食用油真实性鉴别的检测技术包括光谱、色谱、质谱、电子传感器等。然而,单一检测技术往往只关注某一特定的数据或指标,当食用油所含成分较复杂时,无法充分消除叠加效应、基线漂移、噪声等问题。数据融合策略分为数据层融合、特征层融合和决策层融合三类,结合化学计量学方法可以综合不同检测技术获取的数据,提取更丰富的数据特征信息,从而提高食用油真实性的鉴别效果。不同的新型检测技术之间,或将其与传统光谱、质谱、色谱等检测技术之间进行数据融合,可以快速、准确地实现食用油掺伪鉴别、品种分类和产地溯源,未来可就改进现有分析方法、结合深度学习算法开发新型融合算法、引入云计算提高食用油鉴别实时性等方面进行深入研究,以推动数据融合策略在食用油真实性鉴别领域的发展与创新。