Prospective prediction and exploration situation of marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas in the South Yellow Sea

The South Yellow Sea Basin is a large sedimentary basin superimposed by the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin, where no oil and gas fields have been discovered after exploration for 58 years. After the failure of oil and gas exploration in terrestrial basins, the exploration target of the South Yellow Sea Basin turned to the marine Mesozoic- Paleozoic strata. After more than ten years' investigation and research, a lot of achievements have been obtained. The latest exploration obtained effective seismic reflection data of deep marine facies by the application of seismic exploration technology characterized by high coverage, abundant low-frequency components and strong energy source for the deep South Yellow Sea Basin. In addition, some wells drilled the Middle-Upper Paleozoic strata, with obvious oil and gas shows discovered in some horizons. The recent petroleum geological research on the South Yellow Sea Basin shows that the structure zoning of the marine residual basin has been redetermined, the basin structure has been defined, and 3 seismic reflection marker layers are traceable and correlatable in the residual thick Middle-Paleozoic strata below the continental Meso-Cenozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin. Based on these, the seismic sequence of the marine sedimentary strata was established. According to the avaliable oil and gas exploration and research, the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas prospects of the South Yellow Sea were predicted as follows.(1) The South Yellow Sea Basin has the same sedimentary formation and evolution history during the sedimentary period of the Middle-Paleozoic marine basin with the Sichuan Basin.(2) There are 3 regional high-quality source rocks.(3) The carbonate and clastic reservoirs are developed in the Mesozoic- Paleozoic strata.(4) The three source-reservoir-cap assemblages are relatively intact.(5) The Laoshan Uplift is a prospect area for the Lower Paleozoic oil and gas, and the Wunansha Uplift is one for the marine Upper Paleozoic oil and gas.(6) The Gaoshi stable zone in the Laoshan Uplift is a favorable zone.(7) The marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin has the geological conditions required to form large oil and gas fields, with remarkable oil and gas resources prospect. An urgent problem to be addressed now within the South Yellow Sea Basin is to drill parametric wells for the Lower Paleozoic strata as the target, to establish the complete stratigraphic sequence since the Paleozoic period, to obtain resource evaluation parameters, and to realize the strategic discovery and achieve breakthrough in oil and gas exploration understanding.

'95 Achievements in Oil and Gas Exploration and Prospects for 1996

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Situation and Prospect of Oil and Gas Exploration in Yunnan，Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces

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Growth behavior and resource potential evaluation of gas hydrate in core fractures in Qilian Mountain permafrost area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.

Situation and Prospectfor Petroleum Exploration of the Central Gasfield in Shaan－Gan－Ning Basin

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Research progress and challenges of natural gas hydrate resource evaluation in the South China Sea

As an efficient clean energy,natural gas hydrate(NGH)has become a hot topic in recent researches.Since1990 s,China has made great achievements and progress in NGH exploration in the South China Sea(SCS),including determination of the favorable distribution areas and favorable strata thickness,identification of the dual source for accumulation,evaluation of the prospective gas contents,verification of the widespread existence,and confirmation of the technical recoverability of NGH resources.However,there are three major challenges in the NGH studies.First,all the 24 national key and major projects in the SCS focused on trial production engineering and geological engineering in the past 20 years,while 8 of the 10 international NGH research projects focused on resource potential.Second,resource evaluation methods are outdated and some parameter selection are subjective.Third,the existing resource evaluation results are low-level with a great uncertainty,and cannot be used to guide NGH exploration and production or strategic research.To improve the evaluation of NGH resources in the SCS,future researches should focus on four aspects:(1)improve the research on the criterion of the objective existence of NGH and the method of prediction and evaluation;(2)apply new theories and methods from the global NGH research;(3)boost the research on the difference and correlation of the conditions of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in different basins;(4)innovate the theory and method of NGH resource potential evaluation.

Natural Gas Exploration and Development in China

ＮａｔｕｒａｌＧａｓＥｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎＣｈｉｎａＫａｎｇＺｈｕｌｉｎ（ＣｏｎｓｕｌｔｉｎｇＣｅｎｔｅｒ，ＣｈｉｎａＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＣｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ）Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｎａｔｕｒａｌｇａｓｅｘ...

Prospects of borehole NMR instruments and applications Dedicated to Professor Chaohui Ye on the occasion of his 80th birthday

Borehole nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)is a powerful technology to characterize the petrophysical properties of underground reservoirs in the petroleum industry.The rising complexity of oil and gas exploration and development objectives,as well as the novel application contexts of underground reservoirs,have led to increasingly demanding requirements on borehole NMR technology including instrument design and related processing methods.This mini review summarizes the advances and applications of borehole NMR instruments along with some future possibilities.It may be helpful for researchers and engineers in the petroleum industry to understand the development status and future trends of borehole NMR technology.

The surface geochemical exploration of oil and gas in the Gangbatong-Ya'anxiang and the Dongqiao-Nam Co of the Qinghai-Tibet region

Due to the complexity of geological background and the adverseness of natural geographical environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,it is very difficult to carry out petroleum geological study in this region. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the only blank space of petroleum exploration on a large scale. The authors carried out the surface geochemical exploration of oil and gas in the Gangbatong-Ya'anxiang and Dongqiao-Nam Co of the Qinghai-Tibet region. Based on the data of actual detection and experiments in the studied area,the characteristics of concentration and profile distribution of the main geochemical exploration indicators(total adsorbed hydrocarbon,altered carbonate,thermal released mercury,etc.) were discussed. The origin of hydrocarbon was also discussed. Moreover,the oil and gas potential of different sections in the Qiangtang Basin and the Biru Basin were evaluated,which could provide references for the exploration and prediction of oil and gas in this region. The concentrations of total adsorbed hydrocarbons in the Ya'anxiang of Suoxian County-Zadong of Baqing County and the Jiecha-Dangxiong of Anduo County in the Qinghai-Tibet region are high,averaging 312.64 μL·kg-1 and 164.36 μL·kg-1. Their altered carbonate concentrations are relatively low,averaging 0.11% and 0.56%. Their concentrations of thermal released mercury are relatively high,averaging 13.09×10-9 and 1.94×10-9. Geochemical exploration results in fact reflect hydrocarbon information in the underground,which are mainly petroleum associated gas and over-matured cracking gas. The Jiecha-Charenluma and the Xiamaya'ertong-Suoba sections in the Qiangtang Basin are the most favorable ones for oil and gas and the Ekou-Zadong section is relatively favorable one,while the Nam Co and the Zigetangcuo-Dongqiao sections in the Biru Basin are the favorable ones for oil and gas,and the Jiang Co-Nading Co and the Ya'anxiang-Ya'ertong sections are relatively favorable ones.

New progress of microbial prospecting of oil and gas in China:Taking the Satellite Oilfield in Daqing as an example

The Microbial Prospecting of Oil and Gas(MPOG) is applied to the matured development area in the Satellite Oilfield in Daqing for the first time. And with the MPOG,the hydrocarbon accumulation regulation controlled by faults is interpreted,and the matured development area is extended out to western part. At the same time,four microbial anomalies are discovered. The MPOG results were verified by the hydrocarbon-bearing conditions of the 10 drilled wells within the following half a year,and the consistent rate is up to 80%,which add about 300×104 t of the explored petroleum-in-place. Through study and successful application of MPOG to the Satellite Oilfield,the basis of the application from the exploration to development field is substantially established,and standard system of microbial anomaly is more precisely built for the Satellite Oilfield,which provided an effective explanatory item for the studied and adjacent region,even for the whole Songliao Basin,and also a new technique for complicated reservoirs,especially for the later stage development of litho-reservoirs in China. Therefore,it must have profound influence upon the oil and gas exploration,especially upon the remaining oil,extension and reserves addition of the developed area in China.

油气微生物勘探技术在大庆升平油田的应用

油气微生物勘探(MPOG)成本低廉、简便快速、多解性小,根据它可检测微生物异常区,可以评价和预测下伏油气藏的存在和性质,能适用于大庆升平油田。笔者等在大庆升平油田内,以微生物异常为基础,结合已有的区域地质资料、钻井和测井等资料,对微生物异常区域进行了分析研究,并圈定了一个明显的异常区。通过升平油田微生物异常区与邻区的异常对比,对升平油田的油气远景进行了初步探讨。最后在以微生物异常为主要前提下,结合区内断层、地质特征以及整体部署,共建议了2口控制评价井,并经过钻井实践所证实,2口井的含油气性与微生物异常预测结果均吻合。依据微生物勘探结果,为升平油田新增了探明石油地质储量,充分显示了油气微生物勘探技术的巨大应用前景。

临清坳陷莘县凹陷油气勘探远景评价

对莘县凹陷的构造、沉积、盆地模拟及油气勘探远景等进行了深入研究。结果表明，该凹陷具有浅、中、深３个勘探层次，浅层馆陶组和沙一段以储集次生油及低成熟油气为主；中层沙二段、沙三段以自生自储型油藏为主；深层孔二段以储集高成熟油气、石炭－二迭系以煤成气为主。此地区有着极广阔的勘探远景。

华北地区古生界海相油气潜力分析

华北地区自早元古代结晶基底形成以后的沉积盖层发育演化可划分为五个阶段:拗拉槽—克拉通边缘(Pt_2—Pt_3);克拉通—被动大陆边缘(∈—T_1);裂谷盆地(T_2—K);拉张断陷盆地(E);坳陷盆地(N—Q)。中、上元古界—古生界海相碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩为该区海相油气勘探提供了多套勘探层系和广阔空间,并以二次生烃(再生烃)为特征,构成再生烃油气系统。海相油气勘探的有利地区,一般古生界保存完好,二次生烃强度大,且为晚期成藏。划分出了13个古生界二次生烃的有利区块,它们一般位于中一新生代沉积凹陷区,海相烃源岩主要为奥陶系碳酸盐岩和石炭系一二叠系煤系地层,二次生烃强度在5×10~8～70×10~8 m^3/km^2范围。作为多种沉积盆地类型并存的叠合盆地,具有多旋回构造运动、多套生储盖组合、多阶段生烃的特征,使同一区域内有多种油气系统的叠合,构成复合油气系统。区内存在古生古储再生烃油气系统、古生新储再生烃油气系统、新生古储油气系统等几种基本类型的油气系统。对华北地区海相油气的勘探应重视印支运动和燕山运动的破坏作用及后期沉降导致的二次生烃作用,尤其是在中—古生界地腹保存较完整、且晚白垩世—早第三纪再次埋藏发生二次生烃作用的地区应该具有良好的勘探前景,是天然气勘探的重要地区。

渤海湾盆地深层油气勘探前景

本文分析了渤海湾盆地深层油气勘探现状和较好的石油地质条件，指出它是“稳定东部”的新领域和有前景的油气勘探层系。同时提出了还需要进一步研究的石油地质问题。

中国南方含油气区构造-沉积类型及其勘探潜力

南方含油气的复杂构造区根据构造—沉积类型的不同,可将其分为四种类型。通过对不同类型典型含油气区的生烃量及非构造运动天然气散失量的化学动力学计算,认为这四种类型含油气区的油气聚集潜力从好到坏依次为:喜马拉雅运动抬升暴露型、燕山运动抬升暴露型、反复抬升—沉降型和海西—印支运动抬升暴露—后期浅埋型。主要构造运动发生越晚,对油气保存越有利。

地球化学急变带及对中国南方油气勘探的思考

地球化学急变带反映了克拉通边缘的地球化学特征,它可比地质观察更有效地揭示克拉通边界的位置。地球化学急变带分为构造显性与构造隐性两种类型,克拉通边缘前陆盆地多出现干构造隐性急变带上,这对油气勘探有重要指示意义。渤海周边油气田、南襄盆地、江汉盆地油气田均位于急变带上,中国南方油气勘探前景较好的苏南块体、金衢盆地、黔南—桂中盆地、楚雄盆地等也与急变带有密切的关系。

中国北方裂谷型侏罗系含油气远景的再认识(代序)

中国北方裂谷型侏罗系在甘肃、内蒙古至东北区的广大地带皆未获油气突破,可视为该层系油气勘探的新区。改革开放前多轮勘探未获油气突破,与当时的技术水平低和认识的局限性有很大关系。近年,在柴达木盆地北缘、松辽盆地西南侧油气勘探的一系列新进展,坚定了在提高技术体系的同时重新评价其含油气性、进行新层系开拓的信心。作为侏罗纪古裂谷,该套地层纵横向发育有明显的共性,其煤系地层经历了复杂的后期改造,使其在残留地层的圈定、原型盆地的恢复、烃类演化运移及保存特点的认识上难度相当大。在此项工作中,应重视对煤系生烃和火山岩的研究,注意对区内不同目的层常规、非常规不同类型油气和沉积型铀矿的综合勘探。

川西白马地区地表地球化学油气勘探方法的探索与实践

川西白马地区在开展前期试验和环境调查的基础上,选定了土壤吸附烃(C_1～C_5)、后生碳酸盐(△C)、吸附相态汞(Hg)、二价铁(Fe^(2+))和电导率(k_s)等五类九种化探指标。这些指标的异常形态一般呈半环状或断续的条带状;各种化探异常在平面上的分布具相似性或相嵌性;所有指标的异常与工区内沙溪庙组底面主要构造高部位的平面位置吻合较好。圈定了九个化探远景区,在白马庙和松华镇两个远景区所钻的五口井,化探预测与钻探结果的符合率达75％。实践表明,随着油气化探技术的日益完善,它将成为常规的油气勘探手段,有助于降低勘探成本和提高钻探成功率。

煤系气研究进展与待解决的重要科学问题

煤系气是非常规天然气领域的重要组成部分,也是近年来非常规天然气领域研究的热点。总结煤系气研究进展,明确亟待解决的重要科学问题,对于完善煤系气地质理论、推动煤系气勘探开发具有重要意义。当前煤系气研究进展主要表现在以下5个方面:(1)基于煤系地层沉积特点,总结了煤系气共生成藏的6个基本地质特征;(2)初步划分了煤系气共生组合方式,分析了煤系气4大成藏要素及其配置关系的控气作用;(3)分析了煤系含气系统叠置性地质成因,提出了叠置煤系气系统的识别与评价方法及控制叠置含气系统合采兼容性的地质要素;(4)总结了煤系"三气"共探合采理论研究、技术方法、产层贡献识别技术及合采产层优化组合与"甜点"评价;(5)在煤系气资源评价与有利区预测方面进行了有效的探索性研究。在对研究现状总结的基础上,提出了煤系气领域亟待解决的重要科学问题:(1)煤系气储层精细描述及可改造性评价;(2)煤系气资源评价方法及有利区优选;(3)煤系气开发甜点区(段)评价技术;(4)叠置煤系气系统合采兼容性评价。这些问题的解决,将有利于推动煤系气地质理论发展和煤系气资源的高效开发利用。