Low Frequency Dispersion Mechanism of Dielectric Response for Oil-paper Insulation Diagnosis

Both the real part and imaginary part of complex permittivity approximately have a log-linear frequency dependency at low fre- quencies, especially at ultra-low frequencies under conditions of different moisture concentrations and temperatures, which is recognized as the low frequency dispersion (LFD). In order to explain this dispersion, a new mechanism of dielectric response of LFD of oil-paper insula- tion is proposed. A simplified one-dimensional mathematical model of concentration polarization carrier caused by slow migration is developed and solved, which indicates that ion mobility is closely related to the size of gap and the adsorption capacity of cellulose molecu- lar chains to ions. A stochastic statistical model of the carrier mobility induced LFD is also developed. Moreover, actual tests under 50 °C and 2% moisture content were put forward, as well as simulations with according current waveforms. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental data in that concentration polarization of carriers caused by slow migration is the probable cause of low frequency dispersion of dielectric response for oil-paper insulation diagnosis.

Copper Release Kinetics and Ageing of Insulation Paper in Oil-Immersed Transformers

The paper provides a general overview of chemical processes leading to the degradation of oil-paper insulation in oil-immersed electrical current transformers. Previous knowledge available in literature is complemented by new results placing a specific emphasis on the physicochemical factors which affect the copper release in the insulation oil and the oil oxidation kinetics. It is demonstrated that various ageing processes interact with each other, with one or another process dominating under specific conditions. Comprehensive but disjoint studies focusing on separate sub-processes may produce rather misleading results, and occasionally, lie behind rather irrelevant quality demands imposed on the insulating liquids.

Surface Partial Discharge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation Under Combined AC-DC Voltage

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.

Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation with New Paper and Aged Oil

Oil-paper compound insulation has been widely used in power transformers for quite a long time because of its good performances. The insulation gradually degrades under combined thermal, electrical and chemical stresses during routine operations, mainly because of space charges inside. This work investigated the space charge characteristics in oil-paper insulation under oil aging circumstance. New trans- former oil samples are thermally aged to obtain different aging states, and their physical and chemical properties are analyzed. New Kraft papers are dried in vacuum and fully immersed in these different aged oil samples, and three kinds of oil-paper samples are obtained. We use the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method to measure space charge under both DC voltage-on and voltage-off conditions at room temperature. The effect of oil aging state on characteristics of space charge injection, accumulation, and decay is analyzed and discussed. The results show that comparing with the DC voltage-off condition, more charges are injected into samples at the interface of electrode and dielectric when DC voltage is on. When the oil-aged state gets worse, more charges are induced at both cathode and anode, more space charges are accumulated in the bulk, the area of negative charges is larger, and local electric field is distorted more seriously. Moreover, for the voltage-off condition, aged oil is good for space charge decay, and trapped positive space charges decay faster than trapped negative charges.

Improvement on Condition Assessment Model for Oil-paper Insulation

Identification of the aging condition and the failure probability of oil-paper insulation in transformer is important for improving the reliability of electric power transmission system and applying life cycle cost (LCC) management to electrical equipment. Based on data obtained in a series of multi-accelerated-aging experiments, two approaches for calculating failure probability of oil-paper insulation were compared in aspects of degree of polymerization (DP) and condition ranking. In the experiments, mineral oil and cellulose paper are sub- jected to electrical and thermal stresses, and several parameters, including dissolved gases’ volume fraction, furfural content, moisture content, and degree of polymerization, are measured after the aging process. Results show that weight of carbon oxide, which has a close relationship with cellulose paper degradation, is much higher in DP model than in condition ranking model. Moreover, it is concluded that DP model is more practically accurate than condition ranking model, because aging of cellulose paper rather than mineral oil is the key and critical factor of oil-paper insulation aging.

Chaotic Characteristic of Time Series of Partial Discharge in Oil-Paper Insulation

The chaotic characteristics of time series of five partial discharge （PD） patterns in oil-paper insulation are studied. The results verify obvious chaotic characteristic of the time series of discharge signals and the fact that PD is a chaotic process. These time series have distinctive features, and the chaotic attractors obtained from time series differed greatly from each other by shapes in the phase space, so they could be used to qualitatively identify the PD patterns. The phase space parameters are selected, then the chaotic characteristic quantities can be extracted. These quantities could quantificationally characterize the PD patterns. The effects on pattern recognition of PRPD and CAPD are compared by using the neural network of radial basis function. The results show that both of the two recognition methods work well and have their respective advantages. Then, both the statistical operators under PRPD mode and the chaotic characteristic quantities under CAPD mode are selected comprehensively as the input vectors of neural network, and the PD pattern recognition accuracy is thereby greatly improved.

The Research of Connection between Degree of Polymerization and Frequency Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy Characteristics during Oil-Paper Insulation Aging

In order to study the linkage effects between degree of polymerization and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy characteristics of oil-paper insulation, the frequency domain dielectric response test platform of oil-paper insulation is set up. Complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by new or aged oil and insulation paper with different DP are tested, and complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by insulation respectively composed by new oil and insulation paper with different DP and low or high moisture content are tested. The test results are analyzed, and the analysis results show that the degree of polymerization of insulation paper has an influence on complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation though influencing the distribution of moisture and acids between oil and paper.

Comparative Evaluation of the Thermal Aging of Solid Insulation in Mineral Oil and Methyl Ester of Palm Kernel Oil

The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of thermal aging on the dielectric and physicochemical properties of the oil/paper mixed insulation. We performed a comparative analysis of dielectric paper dipped in two cooling fluids: palm kernel oil methyl ester (MEPKO) and mineral oil (MO). Two types of dielectric paper were used: Thermally Upgraded Kraft paper (TUK) and Nomex-910 paper (NP-910). An accelerated aging test was realized at 110°C during a total of 96 hours. Samples of oil and paper were collected after 0, 48, 72 and 96 hours for analyses purposes. The analyses performed included the measurement of the Breakdown voltage (BDV) of the dielectric papers, the Total Acid Number (TAN) and the Decay Dissolved Products (DDP) of the liquid dielectrics. The BDV of NP-910 is greater than the BDV of TUK. Concerning the type of oil, the BDV of dielectric papers impregnated with MEPKO is greater than the BDV of similar papers impregnated with MO, indicating a better preservation of paper when dipped in methyl esters. The analyses of TAN and DDP revealed that Nomex-910 improves the oxidation stability of MO, but reduces the oxidation stability of MEPKO. These results prove that methyl esters can be used as a substitute to replace mineral oils in power transformers. Furthermore, they show that NP can be used mainly in areas of transformer where solid insulation is subjected to high thermal and electrical stress, and TUK other places where solid insulation is required. Such combination could assure money savings and a better preservation of the oil viscosity.

Properties of Electrical Discharges Developing in Transformer Oil Under Lightning Impulse in the Setup of Insulated Electrodes

Looking at the problem of electrical discharge development in mineral oil, it is easy to see that most studies in this area focused on the setups of bare high voltage electrodes having a point-plane electrode arrangement. The setups with insulated electrodes are the mar- gin of these studies but it seems to be important to find the dependences between the paper insulation on high voltage electrode and parameters of the discharges initiated in the vicinity of this electrode. Hence, in this paper the results of researches intended to reveal the role of insulation wrapping on a HV electrode in the mechanism of electrical discharges in transformer oil under lightning impulse of both polar- ities are presented. This role is determined by analysis of the parameters characterizing the discharges (onset voltage, propagation velocity, time to initiation, rise-time of light impulses) and also by observation of their spatio-temporal development and oscillograms of the light emitted by their channels. The research was performed for two model electrode configurations: an electrode with paper insulation and a bare electrode which had the same outer dimensions as the insulated one. The most essential conclusion from performed experiment is related to times to initiation. These times, equal in the case of insulated electrodes and model bare electrode, indicate that the source of "weak points" of the paper-oil insulation system is the oil, not the surface of insulation wrapping or the metal.

高热故障下变压器油纸绝缘系统的产气机理研究

针对高热故障下超/特高压变压器内部绝缘系统状态变化和产气机理不清晰而严重制约变压器状态分析诊断的问题,本文基于热焓理论与仿真模拟手段相结合的方式对超/特高压变压器高热故障下油纸绝缘系统特征气体的生成路径与油纸绝缘系统的裂解机理开展研究。依据热焓理论得到气体的生成机理,并利用仿真模拟验证本文所提出的产气机理与路径。结果表明:高热故障下油纸绝缘系统中链烷烃要比环烷烃和双环芳香烃更容易发生裂解,各组分裂解生成特征气体的速率从大到小依次为纤维素、链烷烃、环烷烃、双环芳香烃。根据气体生成能可知,特征气体CH_4和C_(2)H_6最容易生成,C_(2)H_(2)最难生成,可通过特征气体在油纸绝缘系统中的生成速率判断高热故障的严重程度。

基于界面电荷极化特性的变压器油纸绝缘寿命预测方法研究

准确预测变压器油纸绝缘寿命对于保障电力系统安全稳定运行具有重要意义。根据微观介电响应机制剖析界面极化与油纸绝缘老化的内在机理联系,并基于混合极化模型——一种在扩展德拜模型基础上引入界面极化支路的等效电路拓扑,探究界面电荷极化特性在油纸绝缘寿命预测中的应用。首先,分析温升过程中频谱特性变化背后蕴含的普适弛豫极化规律,基于混合极化模型重构回复电压极化谱。结合温度对主时间常数和模型参数的影响规律,提出一种单一温度测试下的油纸绝缘活化能计算方法,通过界面极化电容构建出频温平移因子。其次,剖析介质损耗因数随老化加深的变化规律,探究损耗峰偏移现象与界面极化弛豫时间的内在联系,凝练全新表征油纸绝缘聚合度含量的频域特征参量——界面极化支路极点Ph2。最后,联合界面极化支路极点Ph2、频温平移因子和损失累积动力学方程构建油纸绝缘寿命预测模型,并将不同运行年限变压器现场实测数据代入模型验证实效性,为油纸绝缘寿命预测提供了一种新思路。

植物绝缘油中水对甲醇扩散影响的分子动力学模拟

甲醇因其稳定性强、在绝缘油老化初期含量高等特点,是变压器油纸绝缘状态评估的重要特征物质,而水是油纸老化过程中必不可少的产物。为明确水对植物绝缘油中甲醇扩散的影响,分别构建含水量为1.0%、1.5%、3.0%、5.0%的植物绝缘油、水、甲醇共混模型,利用分子动力学方法计算模型中物质的扩散轨迹、扩散系数、相互作用能、氢键、自由体积,并从微观角度出发,解释水促进甲醇扩散的机理。结果表明:随着含水量的增加,甲醇与植物绝缘油的相互作用能减小,系统整体的氢键稳定性下降,自由体积增大,最终导致甲醇在植物绝缘油中的扩散作用增强。

针板电极下酯类绝缘油放电特性及产气规律研究

酯类绝缘油在电力系统中的应用越来越广泛,其放电特性和产气规律与传统矿物油存在一定差异。为了研究酯类绝缘油变压器在放电故障发展过程中的放电特性和产气规律,该文以天然酯、改性酯以及合成酯为研究对象,搭建了油纸绝缘放电故障模拟试验平台,采用恒压法进行重复性试验,采集放电发展过程中的放电特征参量,并同时采集试验油样进行油中溶解气体分析。结果表明,酯类绝缘油放电脉冲幅值较高,脉冲重复率较低,其放电发展过程中所释放的能量较大;相同电应力作用下,酯类绝缘油易产生较多的气体产物,其中CO、C_(2)H_(6)和C_(2)H_(2)含量较多,尤其是天然酯FR3;根据放电统计特征参量和油中溶解气体产物可将整个放电过程划分为放电起始阶段、放电发展阶段以及预击穿阶段,其可为酯类绝缘油变压器故障诊断提供一定依据。

油纸绝缘层间气泡局部放电演化特性

在变压器内部电、热多重应力作用下,油纸绝缘匝间易产生气泡诱发局部放电,威胁变压器的安全运行。文中采用脉冲电流法研究油纸绝缘层间气泡局部放电的演化特性,掌握局部放电演化与气泡缺陷劣化的关联。结果表明,根据局部放电平均放电量(Q)、放电重复率(N)、局部放电相位谱图(PRPD)随时间的变化规律,气泡局部放电演化可分为起始、过渡和稳定3个阶段。通过改变加压时间和气泡位置,以及分析局部放电持续不同时间后气泡内部气体含量的变化,研究局部放电演化机制,发现起始阶段图谱特征产生的原因为绝缘纸表面电荷的积累,而过渡阶段的演化则源于以氧气为代表的电负性气体在局部放电持续作用下消耗殆尽,使得气泡内的放电模式发生改变。此外,气泡所处层间位置、气泡高度以及面积对放电量和重复率影响显著。定量结果表明:局部放电剧烈程度与气泡缺陷参数正相关,可以通过局部放电评估缺陷的劣化程度。研究揭示了层间气泡局部放电的演化规律及影响因素,能够为变压器油纸绝缘状态评估提供参考。

交流电场下变压器油中贴壁气泡形变特性

气泡是油纸绝缘系统的典型缺陷,会显著地降低变压器油的绝缘性能。为了明晰气泡对油纸绝缘系统的危害,搭建了油中贴壁气泡动力学观测平台,研究吸附于电极表面的气泡在交流电场中的形变特性及影响规律。结果发现:油中贴壁气泡沿电场方向拉伸并以100 Hz的频率进行脉动变形;随着电场强度、气泡半径和温度的增大,气泡的变形程度也逐渐增大。基于相场方法搭建了气液两相流仿真模型,仿真与实验结果相互验证,揭示了气泡变形的本质为电场力和表面张力作用的平衡。气泡会影响油隙电场分布,其内部场强随气泡沿电场方向的拉伸而降低。该文研究可为深入评估气泡对液体绝缘的危害和变压器的绝缘设计提供参考。

植物油与固体绝缘材料在电力变压器中的相容性研究

为了研究植物绝缘油与变压器绝缘纸材料的相容性,将变压器常用的9种不同类型的绝缘纸材料与植物绝缘油相结合,研究了植物绝缘油和绝缘纸在老化164 h后的性能变化。观察了绝缘纸和绝缘油在热老化实验前后的性能差异,并测试了这些不同油纸组合的运动黏度、水分含量、酸值、介电损耗系数、击穿电压和油的气相色谱分析。结果表明,植物绝缘油老化后,运动黏度没有较大变化,且植物绝缘油结构完整性和功能稳定性仍然良好。此外,植物绝缘油与22HCC丹尼森绝缘纸高度相容。相较于其他实验组,电绝缘纸板与植物绝缘油的相容性较差。热老化后,金属皱纹纸和层压纸板与植物绝缘油的击穿电压较低,两者之间的兼容性较差。这些发现为选择相容性好的绝缘材料和优化绝缘结构以确保植物基绝缘油变压器的安全稳定运行提供了依据。此外,研究结果有助于推广和应用植物绝缘油,促进可持续能源的发展。