Comparison of engineering failures and seismic responses of 500 kV transformer-bushing systems in the 2022 Luding earthquake

Cemented and mechanically clamped types of end fittings(fitting-C and fitting-M)are commonly used in transformer bushings.During the Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake that occurred in China on September 5,2022,all transformer bushings with the two types of end fittings in a 500 kV substation were damaged.Post-earthquake field investigations were conducted,and the failures of the two types of bushings were compared.Two elementary simulation models of the transformer-bushing systems were developed to simulate the engineering failures,and further compute their seismic responses for comparison.The results indicate that the hitch lugs of the connection flange are structurally harmful to seismic resistance.Fitting-M can decrease the bending stiffness of the bushing due to the flexible sealing rubber gasket.Since it provides a more flexible connection that dissipates energy,the peak accelerations and relative displacements at the top of the bushing are significantly lower than those of the bushing with fitting-C.Compared with fitting-C,fitting-M transfers the high-stress areas from the connection flange to the root of the porcelain,so the latter becomes the most vulnerable component.Fitting-M increases the failure risk of the low-strength porcelain,indicating the unsuitability of applying it in high-intensity fortification regions.

Variable-based Ramberg-Osgood constitutive model of power spinning bushing

The influences of power spinning process parameters on the mechanical properties of spinning parts were analyzed with an SXD100/3-CNC numerical control power spinning machine.The unidirectional tensile tests were carried out.Based on the experimental data,a ternary quadratic regression equation was established by orthogonal experiment.The Ramberg-Osgood constitutive model of tin-bronze connecting rod bushing was obtained.Referred to the constitutive relation of macroscopic incremental,the incremental elastoplastic constitutive relation of spinning parts was deduced based on the Mises yield criterion and kinematic hardening model.The results can be applied to the elastoplastic analysis in finite element numerical simulation.

Application of the Finite Element Method in the Glass Fiber Bushing Research

Design and optimization of bushing at present mainly use the traditional experience method.The relevant research that adopts computer simulation to carry on the operation behavior of the bushing has appeared in recent years.How to use the finite element method to research bushing was introduced in the article.Physics fields and many relevant parameters of one real bushing were calculated.Through the results of calculation,it indicate that the finite element method is very useful in bushing research of designing and optimizing.

Study on Heating Uniformity of Pt-Rh Alloy Bushing for Producing Flexible Glass

The numerical simulation for temperature distribution of Pt-Rh alloy bushing was carried out using a thermal-electric module in ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis software.The effects of side wall thickness,plug thickness,the angle of two side walls and electrode structure on the uniformity of temperature distribution were investigated.Meanwhile,the contrastive analysis results of bushing with and without glass melt were discussed.The simulation results show that,when the homogeneous glass melt flows through bushing,the temperature difference between the center and both ends of bushing is decreased significantly,but the temperature distribution at both ends of bushing is still affected by heating non-uniformity of bushing.Compared with side wall thickness,plug thickness and the angle of two side walls,electrode structure plays a greater role in adjusting heating uniformity of bushing.

Earthquake Response and Isolation Layer Parameter Effect of Seismic Isolation Systems of Transformers With Bushings

国内外震害表明，变压器在地震中的破坏型式多样，易损性极高。隔震技术是一项能够有效降低地震反应的新型抗震技术，而变压器及套管隔震层的设计和参数选择与普通结构有较大的差异。首先，建立了大型电力变压器及套管隔震体系的多质点分析模型，采用Matlab软件编写计算程序，分别输入人工地震波和Taft地震波，对变压器及套管隔震体系的地震响应进行分析；最后，开展了隔震层等效水平网0度、等效阻尼比、双线性恢复力模型的屈服剪力系数及屈服后刚度等参数的地震响应影响分析。分析结果表明：合理设计变压器及套管隔震体系的隔震层参数，可有效降低变压器及套管的地震响应；另外，通过隔震层的参数分析，得到了相关参数的合理取值范围。该研究对今后变压器及套管隔震体系的设计具有参考与指导作用。

Platinum/rhodium Alloy Bushing for Drawing Glass Fibers in Centrifugal-spinneret-blow Process

In this paper,glass fibers were prepared by centrifugal-spinneret-blow(CSB) process.The molten glass got different flow rate from 390 kg/h to 270 kg/h by adjusting the electric current of platinum/10 rhodium alloy bushing.The diameter and microstructure of glass fibers have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and vertical optical microscope(VOM).The results indicated that the flow rate of molten glass was proportional to the diameter of glass fibers when the molten glass got main flow rate of 330 kg/h.The lower the flow rate was,the finer the average diameter was.

The Investigation of Replacing Ceramic Bushings with Silicon Bushings in the Distribution Transformers

In recent years, the deficiencies of ceramic insulators along with their high maintenance costs have resulted in the replacement of ceramic insulators with silicon type in the pollution area. This idea has been employed for more than two decades in the polluted areas. Humidity of the weather in the south of Iran and the presence of pollutants in the air have made special conditions for construction and maintenance of some equipment including transformer bushings. Usual ceramic bushings, due to their ability in absorbing pollution and the rapid reduction of creepage distance (in a limited time period), have reduced transformer disconnection severely as a result of earth fault. Additionally, they are costly to be washed regularly. Therefore, using intelligent materials in designing bushing can increase the reliability of network and consequently reduction of costs. In this regard, this paper investigates the use of silicon bushings in the distribution systems and proposes operational ideas for the optimal operation of these devices in the polluted areas. The sample bushing was evaluated based on the IEC60137 standard test.

Design and Range of Application of Slot Bushings with Volumetric Orifice Fields

A design of a slot bushing with a volumetric field has been developed, which allows to produce continuous fibers from melts with difficult processing characteristics in order to produce fibers with better operating characteristics. The operability of the design was confirmed when solving two problems of special technological complexity. 1. 400 and 800 orifice bushings for production of continuous fibers from the basalt melt have been developed and recommended for manufacture. 2. The process of production of continuous fibers from standard glass using 2400 orifice bushing with perforated plates instead of orifice tips without air cooling, has been realized for the first time.

Effects of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics in oil-impregnated pressboard insulation under combined AC–DC voltage

Due to the complexity of the valve side winding voltage of the converter transformer, the insulation characteristics of the oil-impregnated pressboard(OIP) of the converter transformer are different from those of the traditional AC transformer. The study on effect of temperature on the creeping discharge characteristics of OIP under combined AC–DC voltage is seriously inadequate. Therefore, this paper investigates the characteristics of OIP creepage discharge under combined AC–DC voltage and discusses the influence of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics under different temperatures from 70 °C to 110 °C. The experimental results show that the partial discharge inception voltage and flashover voltage decrease with increasing temperature. The times of low amplitude discharge(LAD) decrease and amplitude of LAD increases. Simultaneously, the times of high amplitude discharge(HAD) gradually increase at each stage of creepage discharge with higher temperature. The analysis indicates that the charge carriers easily accumulate and quickly migrate directional movement along the electric field ahead of discharging. The residual charge carriers are more easily dissipated after discharging.The ‘hump’ region of LAD moves to the direction of higher discharge magnitude. The interval time between two continuous discharges is shortened obviously. The concentration of HAD accelerates the development of OIP insulation creepage discharge. The temperature had an accelerating effect on the development of discharge in the OIP under applying voltage.

Torsional stiffness modeling and optimization of the rubber torsion bushing for a light tracked vehicle

Taking the rubber torsion bushing of a certain type of all-terrain tracked vehicle as the research object,a theoretical model of torsional stiffness was proposed according to the non-linear characteristics of rubber components and structural feature of the suspension. Simulations were carried out under different working conditions to obtain root mean square of vertical weighted acceleration as the evaluation index for ride performance of the all-terrain tracked vehicle,with a dynamics model of the whole vehicle based on the theoretical model of the torsional stiffness and standard road roughness as excitation input. Response surface method was used to establish the parametric optimization model of the torsional stiffness. The evaluation index showed that ride performance of the vehicle with optimized torsional stiffness model of suspension was improved compared with previous model fromexperiment. The torsional stiffness model of rubber bushing provided a theoretical basis for the design of the rubber torsion bushing in light tracked vehicles.

Fate of rubber bush (Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton) in adversary environment modulated by microstructural and functional attributes

Calotropis procera(Aiton)W.T.Aiton,belonging to the family Apocynaceae,is C3 evergreen plant species in arid and semi-arid areas of the Punjab Province,Pakistan.It grows in a variety of habitats like salt affected and waterlogged area,desert/semi-desert,roadside,wasteland,graveyard,forest,crop field,coastline,and river/canal bank.A total of 12 populations growing in different ecological regions were sampled to evaluate their growth,physio-biochemical,and anatomical responses to specific environmental condition.Population adapted to desert/semi-desert showed vigorous growth(plant height,shoot length,and number of leaves),enhanced photosynthetic level(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids,and total chlorophyll),and apparent anatomical modifications such as increased stem radius,cuticle thickness,storage parenchyma tissues(cortex and pith),and vascular bundles in stems,while the maximum of midrib and lamina thickness,epidermal cells,cuticle thickness,cortical proportion,abaxial stomatal density,and its area in leaves.There was high plasticity in structural and functional features of these populations,which enable them to survive and tolerate under such hot and dry desert environment.Population of saline areas exhibited very critical modifications to sustain under salt prone environment.At physiological level,it possesses the maximum amount of organic osmolytes(glycine betaine and proline)and antioxidants(superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and peroxidase(POD)),while at anatomical level,it showed intensive sclerification,large phloem region(inner and outer),pith parenchyma cells,and metaxylem vessels in stems and leaves.The population of dry mountains showed very distinctive features,such as increased shoot ionic contents(K+and Ca2+),collenchyma and sclerenchyma thickness in stems,trichomes size,and numerous small stomata on abaxial surface of leaves.It is concluded that no definite or precise single character can be taken as a yardstick for adjudging the biomass production in this rubber bush weed population.

Weibull Statistics in Dielectric Strength of Oil-impregnated Pressboard under Ramped AC and DC Voltages

AC and DC breakdown tests were performed on large populations of oil-impregnated pressboard samples. The effect of voltage ramp rate on dielectric strength has been investigated. A statistical analysis of breakdown data was carried out using the Weibull distribution. The 90% confidence intervals of Weibull graphs were calculated. The study shows that dielectric strength and shape parameter change versus ramp rate. The variations are attributed to the size and number of defects. Discharges occur from the oil to the oil-pressboard interface and lead to breakdown. DC dielectric strength is larger than that corresponding to AC voltage. This is ascribed to the dissipated energy difference under the two types of field and the fatigue produced by the alternating voltage. This phenomenon is related to space charge. Under DC stress, dielectric strength is higher under negative polarity. It is assigned to the different quantities of space charge accumulated under the two polarities.

Simulation analysis of wear characteristics of connecting rod bearing bush based on improved mixed lubrication model

The failure rate of crankpin bearing bush of diesel engine under complex working conditions such as high temperature,dynamic load and variable speed is high.After serious wear,it is easy to deteriorate the stress state of connecting rod body and connecting rod bolt,resulting in serious accidents such as connecting rod fracture and body damage.Based on the mixed lubrication characteristics of connecting rod big endbearing shell of diesel engine under high explosion pressure impact load,an improved mixed lubrication mechanism model is established,which considers the influence of viscoelastic micro deformation of bearing bush material,integrates the full film lubrication model and dry friction model,couples dynamic equation of connecting rod.Then the actual lubrication state of big end bearing shell is simulated numerically.Further,the correctness of the theoretical research results is verified by fault simulation experiments.The results show that the high-frequency impact signal with fixed angle domain characteristics will be generated after the serious wear of bearing bush and the deterioration of lubrication state.The fault feature capture and alarm can be realized through the condition monitoring system,which can be applied to the fault monitoring of connecting rod bearing bush of diesel engine in the future.

橡胶球铰径向压缩刚度变化特性的研究

通过试验,系统性分析了某型橡胶球铰径向压缩刚度变化趋势。结果表明,橡胶球铰径向压缩刚度随着试验时间的延长呈现逐渐变小的趋势;随着试验次数和恒温时间的增大慢慢趋于稳定;橡胶层厚度对球铰径向压缩刚度变化趋势的影响不大。

电容屏破损缺陷局部放电过程规律特征及仿真分析

油纸电容式变压器套管因性能好、成本低而被广泛采用。当电容屏存在边缘破损工艺缺陷时易发生局部放电,进而会改变油纸绝缘性能,缩短套管使用寿命,严重时危及电网设备安全运行。为研究电容屏破损局部放电过程变化规律,明确放电发展阶段,该文搭建了缺陷套管放电实验模型分析局放过程中相位谱图、放电量等参数发展规律,并基于实验规律及流体漂移扩散理论、固体双极电荷传输理论,建立了末屏缺陷针板沿面放电过程仿真模型,结合仿真中电荷形态变化、放电时间及油纸界面电荷密度分布对电容屏破损放电过程进行阶段划分:放电初始阶段,铝箔尖端电荷聚集发生电晕放电;放电发展阶段,尖端处带电粒子在电场作用下向油纸发展,小部分达到油纸界面产生沿面放电;放电破坏阶段,经过长时间沿面放电进入油纸发生预击穿,电场强度更大使带电粒子能量更高,冲击油纸表面造成油纸表面纤维素断裂炭化形成通道。仿真结果与实验结论相对应,证明了仿真的有效性。该文的研究成果进一步阐明了油纸套管电容屏工艺缺陷局部放电的过程及机理。

电力变压器关键尺寸视觉检测方法及其缩比模型验证

电力变压器的关键尺寸测量是其装配制造、运输安装过程中重要一环,现有测量方法操作繁琐且效率较低。为此,本文提出了一种适用于110 kV油浸式电力变压器关键尺寸视觉检测方法,该方法利用YOLO目标检测算法、Grabcut图像分割算法实现关键组部件的智能检测与分割,然后基于双目立体视觉原理实现套管相间距离及变压器最大截面外形尺寸等关键尺寸的测量。本文搭建了110 kV油浸式电力变压器外观缩比模型,试验分析了拍摄距离和角度等因素对电力变压器关键尺寸视觉检测的影响。结果表明,本文基于缩比模型试验实现了在不同拍摄距离与角度下变压器关键尺寸的视觉检测,验证了该方法的有效性。本文方法可以为110 kV油浸式电力变压器现场尺寸测量提供参考。

美国布什政府对韩国反美主义的认识与应对——基于美国解密档案的解读

上世纪80年代的韩国是全球最反美的国家之一。美国解密档案显示,里根政府总体上对韩国的反美主义采取置若罔闻的态度,但继任的布什政府则不一样。由于布什一上台就计划访问韩国,所以如何应对反美主义一开始就进入了决策视野。美国在详细分析韩国反美主义产生的原因和发展趋势后,采取了一些针对性措施,包括公开阐明美国与光州事件无关,降低美国在韩国公众视野中的存在感,修改《驻韩美军地位协定》,移交韩军平时作战控制权,满足韩国虚荣心等。美国的举措在一段时间内和一定程度上缓和了韩国人的反美情绪,但显然未能从根本上化解这一问题。因为美国对韩国反美主义产生根源的认识并不深刻,也不愿公开承认反美主义主要是美国造成的,所以采取的政策措施不够彻底。这导致潜伏的反美情绪遇到适合的气候和土壤时又会重新出现。

考虑柔性副车架的某轿车操纵稳定性优化研究

一般车辆仿真是在副车架为刚性的假设下进行研究的,然而副车架实际上为柔性。为研究副车架柔性化和材料属性变化对操纵稳定性优化的影响,利用HYPERMESH软件模态计算得到前副车架的柔性体文件,并进行模态分析,避免其与发动机和车身产生共振。将柔性前副车架导入ADAMS软件替换原有刚性前副车架,建立某轿车具有不同材料属性的柔性前副车架刚柔耦合模型,进行悬架K&C仿真和整车操纵稳定性仿真对比研究。以车辆操纵稳定性为优化目标,利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法对前副车架衬套刚度参数进行多目标优化设计。结果表明,柔性前副车架材料属性变化后的弹性变形会对悬架系统受力产生影响,从而改变悬架K&C特性,进而使整车刚柔耦合模型的操纵稳定性发生改变。改变材料属性也会使得前副车架与悬架和车身铰接处衬套刚度参数的多目标优化结果发生变化。多目标优化后横摆角速度增益、车身侧倾角增益和侧向加速度的延迟时间均降低,整车刚柔耦合模型操纵稳定性得到改善。

无尽的边疆,无尽的布什:论瓦尼尔·布什与美国联邦政府高等教育政策的塑造

瓦尼尔·布什在塑造美国联邦政府高等教育政策中发挥关键作用,成就了学府与政府关系的良性发展。从撰写《科学:无尽的边疆》到促成《国家科学基金会法》通过,布什积极游走于学府与政府之间,为大学科研事业不断斡旋。凭借科学家的研究洞察力、科学政治家的国家意识,汇聚学人良策,极力维护学术在自由与服务国家使命之间的张力。得益于布什的贡献,美国研究型大学的科研获得长足发展。研究布什在塑造美国联邦政府高等教育政策中的价值有助于明晰学人步入政治场域的复杂历程,领悟学府与政府交织复杂的博弈。

±800kV换流变阀侧套管温度场仿真与大电流温升试验分析

随着我国高压直流输电工程的发展,输送功率不断提升,胶浸纸(resin impregnated paper,RIP)套管的发热问题越发突出。面对±800k V特高压直流输电工程进一步提升输送容量的挑战,为避免RIP套管发热严重、温度过高带来的安全问题,提出了一种RIP换流变阀侧套管的设计方案,并通过仿真模拟与温升试验进行验证。首先,在套管设计方案中,通过引入衬管结构、增加导体直径等手段来降低热点温度;然后,提出了一种针对RIP套管温度场的改进计算方法,对套管热设计进行了仿真校核;最后,对基于该设计方案制造的套管进行了温升试验考核。仿真与温升试验结果表明:该文提出的RIP换流变阀侧套管可以满足工程要求,其载流量(等效工频电流)可达6736 A。