Comprehensive evaluation of the transformer oil-paper insulation state based on RF-combination weighting and an improved TOPSIS method

The accurate identification of the oil-paper insulation state of a transformer is crucial for most maintenance strategies.This paper presents a multi-feature comprehensive evaluation model based on combination weighting and an improved technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)method to perform an objective and scientific evaluation of the transformer oil-paper insulation state.Firstly,multiple aging features are extracted from the recovery voltage polarization spectrum and the extended Debye equivalent circuit owing to the limitations of using a single feature for evaluation.A standard evaluation index system is then established by using the collected time-domain dielectric spectrum data.Secondly,this study implements the per-unit value concept to integrate the dimension of the index matrix and calculates the objective weight by using the random forest algorithm.Furthermore,it combines the weighting model to overcome the drawbacks of the single weighting method by using the indicators and considering the subjective experience of experts and the random forest algorithm.Lastly,the enhanced TOPSIS approach is used to determine the insulation quality of an oil-paper transformer.A verification example demonstrates that the evaluation model developed in this study can efficiently and accurately diagnose the insulation status of transformers.Essentially,this study presents a novel approach for the assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation.

Chaotic Characteristic of Time Series of Partial Discharge in Oil-Paper Insulation

The chaotic characteristics of time series of five partial discharge （PD） patterns in oil-paper insulation are studied. The results verify obvious chaotic characteristic of the time series of discharge signals and the fact that PD is a chaotic process. These time series have distinctive features, and the chaotic attractors obtained from time series differed greatly from each other by shapes in the phase space, so they could be used to qualitatively identify the PD patterns. The phase space parameters are selected, then the chaotic characteristic quantities can be extracted. These quantities could quantificationally characterize the PD patterns. The effects on pattern recognition of PRPD and CAPD are compared by using the neural network of radial basis function. The results show that both of the two recognition methods work well and have their respective advantages. Then, both the statistical operators under PRPD mode and the chaotic characteristic quantities under CAPD mode are selected comprehensively as the input vectors of neural network, and the PD pattern recognition accuracy is thereby greatly improved.

The Research of Connection between Degree of Polymerization and Frequency Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy Characteristics during Oil-Paper Insulation Aging

In order to study the linkage effects between degree of polymerization and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy characteristics of oil-paper insulation, the frequency domain dielectric response test platform of oil-paper insulation is set up. Complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by new or aged oil and insulation paper with different DP are tested, and complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by insulation respectively composed by new oil and insulation paper with different DP and low or high moisture content are tested. The test results are analyzed, and the analysis results show that the degree of polymerization of insulation paper has an influence on complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation though influencing the distribution of moisture and acids between oil and paper.

Low Frequency Dispersion Mechanism of Dielectric Response for Oil-paper Insulation Diagnosis

Both the real part and imaginary part of complex permittivity approximately have a log-linear frequency dependency at low fre- quencies, especially at ultra-low frequencies under conditions of different moisture concentrations and temperatures, which is recognized as the low frequency dispersion (LFD). In order to explain this dispersion, a new mechanism of dielectric response of LFD of oil-paper insula- tion is proposed. A simplified one-dimensional mathematical model of concentration polarization carrier caused by slow migration is developed and solved, which indicates that ion mobility is closely related to the size of gap and the adsorption capacity of cellulose molecu- lar chains to ions. A stochastic statistical model of the carrier mobility induced LFD is also developed. Moreover, actual tests under 50 °C and 2% moisture content were put forward, as well as simulations with according current waveforms. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental data in that concentration polarization of carriers caused by slow migration is the probable cause of low frequency dispersion of dielectric response for oil-paper insulation diagnosis.

Surface Partial Discharge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation Under Combined AC-DC Voltage

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.

Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation with New Paper and Aged Oil

Oil-paper compound insulation has been widely used in power transformers for quite a long time because of its good performances. The insulation gradually degrades under combined thermal, electrical and chemical stresses during routine operations, mainly because of space charges inside. This work investigated the space charge characteristics in oil-paper insulation under oil aging circumstance. New trans- former oil samples are thermally aged to obtain different aging states, and their physical and chemical properties are analyzed. New Kraft papers are dried in vacuum and fully immersed in these different aged oil samples, and three kinds of oil-paper samples are obtained. We use the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method to measure space charge under both DC voltage-on and voltage-off conditions at room temperature. The effect of oil aging state on characteristics of space charge injection, accumulation, and decay is analyzed and discussed. The results show that comparing with the DC voltage-off condition, more charges are injected into samples at the interface of electrode and dielectric when DC voltage is on. When the oil-aged state gets worse, more charges are induced at both cathode and anode, more space charges are accumulated in the bulk, the area of negative charges is larger, and local electric field is distorted more seriously. Moreover, for the voltage-off condition, aged oil is good for space charge decay, and trapped positive space charges decay faster than trapped negative charges.

Improvement on Condition Assessment Model for Oil-paper Insulation

Identification of the aging condition and the failure probability of oil-paper insulation in transformer is important for improving the reliability of electric power transmission system and applying life cycle cost (LCC) management to electrical equipment. Based on data obtained in a series of multi-accelerated-aging experiments, two approaches for calculating failure probability of oil-paper insulation were compared in aspects of degree of polymerization (DP) and condition ranking. In the experiments, mineral oil and cellulose paper are sub- jected to electrical and thermal stresses, and several parameters, including dissolved gases’ volume fraction, furfural content, moisture content, and degree of polymerization, are measured after the aging process. Results show that weight of carbon oxide, which has a close relationship with cellulose paper degradation, is much higher in DP model than in condition ranking model. Moreover, it is concluded that DP model is more practically accurate than condition ranking model, because aging of cellulose paper rather than mineral oil is the key and critical factor of oil-paper insulation aging.

A New Method for the Aging Evaluation of Oil-Paper Insulation Using η-Butanol and Methanol

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the aging life prediction and assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation,and to make up for the deficiencies of traditional characterizers,such as 2-furfural,carbon monoxide,and carbon dioxide,a method for the simultaneous determination of methanol,ethanol,n−propanol,and η-butanol in oil with a single injection is established by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The measured results show that the determination limits of the four alcohol characterizers can be controlled to 10μg/kg level.Based on this method,the change patterns of the above four alcohols with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization are obtained through thermal aging experimental research.Ethanol,η-propanol,and η-butanol in oil indicate nearly linear correlations with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization,similar to that of methanol.By analyzing 52 sets of measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation,η-butanol is found to have excellent performance,and a new method to evaluate the aging state of oil-paper insulation employing η-butanol and methanol is proposed along with the aging attention value model.The measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation indicate that the combination of η-butanol and methanol as the preferred characterizers can effectively compensate for the shortcoming of traditional characterizers in the early stages of aging,and the feasibility of the method is verified.Two possible pathways for the generation of η-butanol by cellulose cleavage during the aging of oil-paper are proposed from the chemical structure of cellulose.

Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation in the Electro-thermal Aging Process

High electric field and temperatures can result in electrical property degradation of oil-paper insulation and accelerate its aging process.This paper describes the regulation of space charge in the process of electro-thermal aging.Electric field distortion and differences in characteristic parameters during electro-thermal aging are analyzed,along with the effects of electro-thermal aging on space charge from the perspective of trap energy.High temperature and an electric field are used to accelerate the aging of oil-paper,and space charge characteristics are measured using the pulsed electro-acoustic(PEA)method throughout the electro-thermal aging.Based on results obtained,it can be concluded that homo-charge injection occurs at the anode and the type of the charge injection at the cathode varies throughout the electro-thermal aging;the decrease of permittivity during aging allows for space charge injection to take place;growth of trap depth makes the space charge accumulate in the middle of the sample;and space charge accumulation after electro-thermal aging results in inner electric field distortion,which leads to large current and decreased breakdown in voltages.

Characteristics of Partial Discharge in Oil-paper Insulated Needle Plate Electrode Model Under Composite AC-DC Voltage

Converter transformers are the core device in ultrahigh voltage direct current(UHVDC)transmission systems,and the oil-paper insulation at its rectifying valve side deals with the composite AC-DC voltage.A detailed investigation of the partial discharge(PD)mechanism in the oil-paper insulation under the composite AC-DC voltage is,therefore,very important.The oilpaper insulated needle plate electrode simulation model for the electric field and charge distribution can be established using hydrodynamic drift-diffusion theory and bipolar charge carrier theory,and the simulation results can reflect the morphological changes of PD.The development characteristics of PD under composite AC-DC voltage are researched.In addition,the effects of simulation time,the AC-DC component proportion,and model parameters on PD are also explored.Results indicate that differences in applied voltage,interface charge,and geometry structure can cause changes in the electric field strength,which consequently influences the PD process in the simulation model.Oil-immersed paperboard is a type of liquid-immersed dielectric(LID).When the LID is arranged in perpendicular,only the positive streamers have narrow channels oriented toward the LID.When the LID is arranged in parallel,the PDs are in the form of creeping discharges and the negative streamers are more dispersed.The development characteristics of PD and its influencing factors reported here may provide theoretical and simulation support to explain the physical mechanism of PD at the rectifying valve side of the converter transformer.

Research on the feature extraction of DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation

As the ultra high DC voltage grid comes into an important stage in the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’ of China, the requirement on the operation safety of power equipment needs to be improved. Oil-paper insulation plays a significant role as the main insulation material of many key power equipments. The space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation not only affect the dielectric strength, but also relate to the stability and security of power transmission facilities. Until now, the research on the space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation remains on the stage of objective description and phenomenon explanation, thus it is very urgent to make some feature extractions on the test results in order to further investigate the DC space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation. In this paper, based on the large numbers of test data in the first stage, data mining and feature extractions were performed on the DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation. The variation laws of some key characteristic parameters obtained in different experiment conditions such as the total charge injection amount, apparent charge mobility, and trap energy distribution were analyzed. In addition, the distribution of trapping level inside oil-paper was calculated by using the PEA test results based on the mechanism of the isothermal decay current, which realized the approximate calculation of trap depth by charge decay characteristics. What’s more, the exponential injection and decay equations of DC space charge changing with time were acquired for the first time, and the physical meanings of related parameters were defined. This has laid a foundation for the prediction and simulation of space charge in the oil-paper insulation.

高热故障下变压器油纸绝缘系统的产气机理研究

针对高热故障下超/特高压变压器内部绝缘系统状态变化和产气机理不清晰而严重制约变压器状态分析诊断的问题,本文基于热焓理论与仿真模拟手段相结合的方式对超/特高压变压器高热故障下油纸绝缘系统特征气体的生成路径与油纸绝缘系统的裂解机理开展研究。依据热焓理论得到气体的生成机理,并利用仿真模拟验证本文所提出的产气机理与路径。结果表明:高热故障下油纸绝缘系统中链烷烃要比环烷烃和双环芳香烃更容易发生裂解,各组分裂解生成特征气体的速率从大到小依次为纤维素、链烷烃、环烷烃、双环芳香烃。根据气体生成能可知,特征气体CH_4和C_(2)H_6最容易生成,C_(2)H_(2)最难生成,可通过特征气体在油纸绝缘系统中的生成速率判断高热故障的严重程度。

植物绝缘油中水对甲醇扩散影响的分子动力学模拟

甲醇因其稳定性强、在绝缘油老化初期含量高等特点,是变压器油纸绝缘状态评估的重要特征物质,而水是油纸老化过程中必不可少的产物。为明确水对植物绝缘油中甲醇扩散的影响,分别构建含水量为1.0%、1.5%、3.0%、5.0%的植物绝缘油、水、甲醇共混模型,利用分子动力学方法计算模型中物质的扩散轨迹、扩散系数、相互作用能、氢键、自由体积,并从微观角度出发,解释水促进甲醇扩散的机理。结果表明:随着含水量的增加,甲醇与植物绝缘油的相互作用能减小,系统整体的氢键稳定性下降,自由体积增大,最终导致甲醇在植物绝缘油中的扩散作用增强。

基于界面电荷极化特性的变压器油纸绝缘寿命预测方法研究

准确预测变压器油纸绝缘寿命对于保障电力系统安全稳定运行具有重要意义。根据微观介电响应机制剖析界面极化与油纸绝缘老化的内在机理联系,并基于混合极化模型——一种在扩展德拜模型基础上引入界面极化支路的等效电路拓扑,探究界面电荷极化特性在油纸绝缘寿命预测中的应用。首先,分析温升过程中频谱特性变化背后蕴含的普适弛豫极化规律,基于混合极化模型重构回复电压极化谱。结合温度对主时间常数和模型参数的影响规律,提出一种单一温度测试下的油纸绝缘活化能计算方法,通过界面极化电容构建出频温平移因子。其次,剖析介质损耗因数随老化加深的变化规律,探究损耗峰偏移现象与界面极化弛豫时间的内在联系,凝练全新表征油纸绝缘聚合度含量的频域特征参量——界面极化支路极点Ph2。最后,联合界面极化支路极点Ph2、频温平移因子和损失累积动力学方程构建油纸绝缘寿命预测模型,并将不同运行年限变压器现场实测数据代入模型验证实效性,为油纸绝缘寿命预测提供了一种新思路。

电容屏破损缺陷局部放电过程规律特征及仿真分析

油纸电容式变压器套管因性能好、成本低而被广泛采用。当电容屏存在边缘破损工艺缺陷时易发生局部放电,进而会改变油纸绝缘性能,缩短套管使用寿命,严重时危及电网设备安全运行。为研究电容屏破损局部放电过程变化规律,明确放电发展阶段,该文搭建了缺陷套管放电实验模型分析局放过程中相位谱图、放电量等参数发展规律,并基于实验规律及流体漂移扩散理论、固体双极电荷传输理论,建立了末屏缺陷针板沿面放电过程仿真模型,结合仿真中电荷形态变化、放电时间及油纸界面电荷密度分布对电容屏破损放电过程进行阶段划分:放电初始阶段,铝箔尖端电荷聚集发生电晕放电;放电发展阶段,尖端处带电粒子在电场作用下向油纸发展,小部分达到油纸界面产生沿面放电;放电破坏阶段,经过长时间沿面放电进入油纸发生预击穿,电场强度更大使带电粒子能量更高,冲击油纸表面造成油纸表面纤维素断裂炭化形成通道。仿真结果与实验结论相对应,证明了仿真的有效性。该文的研究成果进一步阐明了油纸套管电容屏工艺缺陷局部放电的过程及机理。

在实践中学习和实施《学术论文编写规则》

GB/T 7713.2—2022《学术论文编写规则》代替GB/T7713—1987《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》中的学术论文编写格式部分,于2023年7月1日起实施。做好新版标准的学习和实施工作,对学术论文编写和出版标准化、规范化,方便学术论文的检索和传播,促进学术成果的交流和使用具有重要意义。在学习《学术论文编写规则》时,要注意要求型、推荐型、允许型及陈述型条款的区别,区分各条款使用的能愿动词,如应、宜、可等。结合油气行业的特点和实际编校工作,对题名、摘要、关键词、正文部分、量和单位、表格、数字和数学式中常见的不规范问题进行了解析,以期进一步增强作者与编辑的标准化意识,提升学术论文写作和编校规范化水平。

油纸绝缘层间气泡局部放电演化特性

在变压器内部电、热多重应力作用下,油纸绝缘匝间易产生气泡诱发局部放电,威胁变压器的安全运行。文中采用脉冲电流法研究油纸绝缘层间气泡局部放电的演化特性,掌握局部放电演化与气泡缺陷劣化的关联。结果表明,根据局部放电平均放电量(Q)、放电重复率(N)、局部放电相位谱图(PRPD)随时间的变化规律,气泡局部放电演化可分为起始、过渡和稳定3个阶段。通过改变加压时间和气泡位置,以及分析局部放电持续不同时间后气泡内部气体含量的变化,研究局部放电演化机制,发现起始阶段图谱特征产生的原因为绝缘纸表面电荷的积累,而过渡阶段的演化则源于以氧气为代表的电负性气体在局部放电持续作用下消耗殆尽,使得气泡内的放电模式发生改变。此外,气泡所处层间位置、气泡高度以及面积对放电量和重复率影响显著。定量结果表明:局部放电剧烈程度与气泡缺陷参数正相关,可以通过局部放电评估缺陷的劣化程度。研究揭示了层间气泡局部放电的演化规律及影响因素,能够为变压器油纸绝缘状态评估提供参考。

针板电极下酯类绝缘油放电特性及产气规律研究

酯类绝缘油在电力系统中的应用越来越广泛,其放电特性和产气规律与传统矿物油存在一定差异。为了研究酯类绝缘油变压器在放电故障发展过程中的放电特性和产气规律,该文以天然酯、改性酯以及合成酯为研究对象,搭建了油纸绝缘放电故障模拟试验平台,采用恒压法进行重复性试验,采集放电发展过程中的放电特征参量,并同时采集试验油样进行油中溶解气体分析。结果表明,酯类绝缘油放电脉冲幅值较高,脉冲重复率较低,其放电发展过程中所释放的能量较大;相同电应力作用下,酯类绝缘油易产生较多的气体产物,其中CO、C_(2)H_(6)和C_(2)H_(2)含量较多,尤其是天然酯FR3;根据放电统计特征参量和油中溶解气体产物可将整个放电过程划分为放电起始阶段、放电发展阶段以及预击穿阶段,其可为酯类绝缘油变压器故障诊断提供一定依据。