Research on casing deformation prevention technology based on cementing slurry system optimization

The casing deformation prevention technology based on the optimization of cement slurry is proposed to reduce the casing deformation of shale oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing. In this paper, the fracture mechanism of hollow particles in cement sheath was firstly analyzed by discrete element method, and the effect of hollow particles in cement on casing deformation was investigated by laboratory experiment method. Finally, field test was carried out to verify the improvement effect of the casing deformation based on cement slurry modification. The results show that the formation displacement can be absorbed effectively by hollow particles inside the cement transferring the excessive deformation away from casing. The particles in the uncemented state provide deformation space during formation slipping. The casing with diameter of 139.7 mm could be passed through by bridge plug with the diameter of 99 mm when the mass ratio of particle/cement reaches 1:4. According to the field test feedback, the method based on optimization of cement slurry can effectively reduce the risk of casing deformation, and the recommended range of hollow microbeads content in the cement slurry is between 15% and 25%.

Physical model investigation on effects of drainage condition and cement addition on consolidation behavior of tailings slurry within backfilled stopes

Estimation of stressses within the tailings slurry during self-weight consolidation is a critical issue for cost-effective barricade design and efficient backfill planning in underground mine stopes.This process requires a good understanding of self-weight consolidation behaviors of the tailings slurry within practical stopes,where many factors can have significant effects on the consolidation,including drainage condition and cement addition.In this paper,the prepared tailings slurry with different cement contents(0,4.76wt%,and 6.25wt%)was poured into1.2 m-high columns,which allowed three drainage scenarios(undrained,partial lateral drainage near the bottom part,and full lateral drainage boundaries)to investigate the effects of drainage condition and cement addition on the consolidation behavior of the tailings slurry.The consolidation behavior was analyzed in terms of pore water pressure(PWP),settlement,volume of drainage water,and residual water content.The results indicate that increasing the length of the drainage boundary or cement content aids in PWP dissipation.In addition,constructing an efficient drainage boundary was more favorable to PWP dissipation than increasing cement addition.The final stable PWP on the column floor was not sensitive to cement addition.The final settlement of uncemented tailings slurry was independent of drainage conditions,and that of cemented tailings slurry decreased with the increase in cement addition.Notably,more pore water can drain out from the cemented tailings slurry than the uncemented tailings slurry during consolidation.

Development of a High-Temperature Thixotropic Cement Slurry System

Cementing carbonate reservoirs is generally a difficult task.The so-called thixotropic cement slurry has gained considerable attention in this regard as it can help tofix some notable problems.More precisely,it can easilyfill the leakage layer;moreover,its gelling strength can grow rapidly when pumping stops,thereby increasing the resistance to gas channeling,effectively preventing this undesired phenomenon in many cases.High-temperature thixotropic cement slurry systems,however,are still in an early stage of development and additional research is needed to make them a viable option.In the present study,using a self-developed composite high-temperature thixotropic additive as a basis,it is shown that the compressive strength can be adjusted by tuning the proportion of silica sand,the high-temperature retarder,fluid loss additive and dispersant(compatible with the thixotropic additive).According to the tests,the developed high-temperature thixotropic cement slurry system has a 14 d compressive strength of 29.73 MPa at 150°C,and a thickening time of 330 min when the dosage of retarder is 2%.At the same time,the rheological property,water loss,permeability,water separation rate,and settlement stability of the cement slurry system meet the requirements of cementing construction.

A Comprehensive Method for the Optimization of Cement Slurry and to Avoid Air Channeling in High Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions

Air channeling in the annulus between the casing and the cement sheath and/or between the cement sheath and formation is the main factor affecting the safe operation of natural gas wells at high temperatures and pressures.Prevention of this problem requires,in general,excellent anti-channeling performances of the cement sheath.Three methods to predict such anti-channeling performances are proposed here,which use the weightless pressure of cement slurry,the permeability of cement stone and the volume expansion rate of cement sheath as input parameters.Guided by this approach,the anti-channeling performances of the cement slurry are evaluated by means of indoor experiments,and the cement slurry is optimized accordingly.The results show that the dangerous transition time of the cement slurry with optimized dosage of admixture is only 76 min,the permeability of cement stone is 0.005 md,the volume shrinkage at final setting is only 0.72%,and the anti-channeling performances are therefore maximized.The effective utilization of the optimized cement slurry in some representative wells(LD10–1-A1 and LD10–1-A2 in LD10–1 gas field)is also discussed.

Properties and Application of Oil-well Cement Enhanced with a Novel Composite Toughening Agent

Brittle fracture of cement sheath, induced by perforation and stimulation treatments, can cause cross flow of formation fluid and increase casing damage. A novel agent XL was developed for solving the problem. Experimental results showed that the toughness of the set cement containing XL was improved remarkably. The engineering properties of the slurry containing XL, drag reducer USZ （0.2% BWOC）, filtrate loss additive F 17B （1.2% BWOC） and crystalloid expanding agent F17A （3% BWOC） could meet technical requirements of cementing operation. After perforation, good quality cement sheath enhanced with XL was observed by CBL/VDL logs in a deep well.

Assessment of the Performances of Carboxylic Acid Monomers as Fluid Loss Additives for Oil-Well Cement

The application of polycarboxylic acid as a fluid loss additive for cement(i.e.,a substance specifically designed to lower the volume of filtrate that passes through the cement)can prolong the thickening time of cement slurries.Given the lack of data about the effects of carboxylic acid monomers as possible components for the additives traditionally used for oil-well cement,in this study different cases are experimentally investigated considering different types of these substances,concentrations,temperatures,and magnesium ion contamination.The results demonstrate that itaconic acid has a strong retarding side effect,while maleic and acrylic acids have similar influences on the thickening time of the cement slurry.The rheological properties of the cement slurry tend to deteriorate when the carboxylic acid monomer content in the fluid loss additive is increased to 40%.If the temperature exceeds 80°C,there is a significant decrease in the related impact on the thickening duration.With an increase in the intrusion of magnesium ions to>0.5%,both the rheological properties of the cement slurry and the thickening time are affected in a negative way.

Performance of Fiber Cement Slurry in the Oil and Gas Well Cementation

Based on a carbon fiber cement slurry system developed in the previous work, the relationship between the carbon fiber and the performance of the cement slurry was experimentally investigated. Results show that the use of fiber has no effect on the slurry rheological mode, but influences its rheological behavior. When the fiber proportion ranges from 0.12% to 0.19% and the fiber length from 400 to 1,400 μm, the slurry rheological behavior can be improved. Under the normal pressure, the use of fiber can shorten the thickening time of the cement slurry. When the proportion of the constant-length fiber increases, the water loss of the cement slurry decreases first and then increases, and when the fiber length increases (the fiber proportion being kept constant), the water loss shows the same trend. This indicates that there are optimal values for the fiber length and proportion, which vary under the experimental conditions in the following respective ranges: 0.12%-0.37% and 700-1,400 μm .

Analysis of the Weight Loss of High Temperature Cement Slurry

The weight loss of cement slurry is the main cause of early annular air channeling and accurate experimental evaluation of the law of loss change is the key to achieve compression stability and prevent this undesired phenomenon.Typically,tests on the pressure loss of cement slurry are carried out for temperature smaller than 120°C,and this condition cannot simulate effectively the situation occurring in high temperature wells.For this reason,in this study a series of experimental tests have been conducted considering a larger range of temperatures,different retarders and fluid loss additives.The results show that with an increase in the temperature,the weight loss curve of cement slurry changes from a“two-stage”to a“three-stage”behavior,and the risk of channeling increases accordingly.On increasing the amount of retarder and fluid loss additive,the transition time of cement slurry displays a non-monotonic behavior(it decreases first and then increases).It is found that the optimized retarder and fluid loss additive dosage are 0.2%and 2.5%,respectively.

A Cementing Technology for Shale Oil Horizontal Wells

Organic rich dark shale of Q Formation can be found in many areas(e.g.,in the North of S Basin).The shale target stratum is easy to hydrate and often undergoes spallation.Therefore,centering the casing in the horizontal section of the irregular borehole is relatively difficult.Similarly,achieving a good cementflushing efficiency under complex borehole conditions is a complex task.Through technologies such as centralizer,efficient preflushing,multi-stageflushing and ductile cement slurry,better performances can be achieved.In this study,it is shown that the cementing rate in the DY2H horizontal section is 97.8%,which is more than 34%higher than that of adjacent wells.This cementing matching technology for sidetracking horizontal wells can be used to improve the cementing quality of continental shale and provides a reference for future applications in thisfield.

Preparation of Fine Cement Slurries by Wet-Ground Using a Pneumatic Colloid Mill

This study aims to investigate the preparation of fine cement slurries by wet-ground using a pneumatic colloid mill. A pneumatic colloid mill was designed and produced. Furthermore,ordinary Portland cement slurries were ground using the pneumatic colloid mill. Moreover,the fineness of ground cement slurries was studied. The particle sizes of ground cement slurries with various cumulated percent were all better than those of cement slurries before grinding. When water was used as the dispersant,the best average diameter of cement slurries was obtained by grinding for 10,and 15 min for cement slurries with water / cement ratio of 1∶ 1,and0. 9∶ 1,respectively. When ethanol was used as the dispersant,the particle sizes of all cumulated percent decreased gradually with the increasing grinding time,and the particle sizes of cumulated percent of D97 decreased rapidly with the increasing grinding time. The grinding effect of big particle sizes of cement slurries is better than that of small particle sizes.

Lignosulfonate and Its Derivatives for Oil-well Drilling:A Concise Review

Lignosulfonate,a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry,has been used in the oil-well drilling industry for a significant amount of time.Lignosulfonate and its derivatives serve different roles in the oil-well drilling industry because of their unique structures and properties.This review summarizes lignosulfonate and its derivatives,including lignosulfonate complexed with metal ions,lignosulfonate graft copolymers,lignosulfonatetannin complexes,and other lignosulfonate-containing composites,in terms of their preparation,properties,and potential applications in oil-well drilling industry.It provides readers with a quick review of existing studies in this area and some inspirations for future studies pertaining to the utilization of lignosulfonate-based materials in the oil-well drilling industry.

疏松砂岩多层气藏钻井难点及优化对策

涩北气田是典型的疏松砂岩气藏,具有纵向气层多、储层疏松非均质性强、敏感性矿物多等地质特征。利用大量的气藏地质、动态监测和钻录测资料,剖析钻井施工中存在的问题和技术难点,开展优化对策研究。结果表明:1)储层疏松、薄互层多、矿化度高和开发后期纵向压力系统紊乱是影响优快钻井施工的主要因素;2)针对钻井施工中井控风险大、井身结构确定困难的问题,通过优化研究确定了不同气藏、不同深度、不同部位井的井身结构;3)针对比较突出的井漏问题,研发适宜的低伤害、能有效抑制黏土膨胀的MEG (甲基葡萄糖苷)钻井液体系;4)针对固井质量难以保证的问题,采用纳米基低密度水泥浆、工艺改进和精细施工等措施得以解决。认为,优化技术对策应用效果明显,解决了钻井技术难点,实现了疏松砂岩多层气藏快速安全钻井。

基于电化学阻抗谱的石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体孔结构演化研究

为了研究大掺量(质量分数为20%以上)石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的孔结构演化行为,本文基于电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、压汞(MIP)测试分析,探究大掺量石灰石粉对硬化水泥浆体EIS拓扑结构和孔结构参数的影响规律,并建立大掺量石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的微观结构等效电路,研究等效电路中元器件和孔结构参数之间的关系。结果表明:随水化龄期的延长,石灰石粉掺量对EIS拓扑结构参数中Bode角和θ_(max)的影响规律显著,大掺量石灰石粉硬化水泥浆体的孔径分布整体由大孔和毛细孔向过渡孔和凝胶孔发展演化;另外,EIS等效电路中电阻随硬化水泥浆体中毛细孔含量的增加而减小,电容随硬化水泥浆体中凝胶孔含量的增加而减小。

基于一种新型触变剂的堵漏水泥浆体系

天然大缝洞、薄弱泥页岩、窄安全密度窗口等复杂地层造成恶性井漏问题突出,堵漏成功率低,已成为制约钻井工程提质增效的重要技术难题之一。基于触变剂作用机理,利用纳米二氧化硅与2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)3种单体进行接枝共聚,开发出了一种有机与无机相结合的新型低黏触变剂XZ-CBL,并配套优选了降失水剂和缓凝剂,形成了触变堵漏水泥浆体系。测试结果表明,触变堵漏水泥浆体系流动性好,初始稠度可低至10Pa·s,静置10min后表现出较强的触变性,停机稠度增值大于20 Pa·s,再次剪切稠度迅速恢复至停机前稠度,具有可泵性好、滞留性强的特性。

水泥水化影响水合物层稳定性定量评价装置及影响程度的评测

针对海洋深水水合物层在固井过程水泥水化放热对水合物分解量的影响缺乏量化评价装置及方法的问题,充分考虑固井过程中水泥浆体系与水合物层的接触方式,建立了一套模拟水合物层固井的水合物稳定性评价实验装置,该装置实现了低温高压下水合物的生成、带压条件下水泥浆与水合物层接触的流动泵入,直观地测试了与水合物层直接接触下的水泥浆水化放热对地层温度、压力的影响。根据设计的实验装置,通过对水合物饱和度、水合物分解气量的推导计算,建立了一套水合物模拟地层的制作方法,并建立了水泥浆水化影响水合物层稳定性评价方法。根据南海地区浅层地质条件建立了模拟水合物地层,泵入G级油井水泥净浆、低密水泥浆体系和低热水泥浆体系等3组水泥浆体系,得出单位体积油井水泥候凝过程中分解水合物的气体的量分别为0.7356、0.1091和0.0649 mol/L,且评测表明,低热水泥浆体系能够大幅度缩短固井候凝的等待时间。该研究为油气固井过程中对浅层水合物的影响提供了直观测试方法,也证明了海洋深水水合物地层中使用低热水泥浆体系的必要性。

基于紧密堆积理论的深水低密度三元固相水泥浆体系

深水浅表层固井作业过程中由于海底低温导致水泥环早期力学强度发展缓慢、内部密实度不高,易引发水气窜流,进而导致固井质量低劣甚至密封失效等复杂情况。为此,采用分形特征方程对G级油井水泥、纳米CaCO_(3)(NC)和漂珠(CS)进行紧密堆积,然后结合室内实验评价,优选出了一套密度为1.50 g/cm^(3)的具有低温早强性能的三元固相水泥浆体系,并利用抗压强度测试、XCT、SEM等方法对紧密堆积体系的增强机理进行了表征和分析。研究结果表明:(1)三元紧密堆积体系早期力学强度发展快速,在10℃的低温条件下,24 h抗压强度可达3.5 MPa以上;(2)相比于相同密度的NC二元体系和CS二元体系,孔隙率降低了19.10%~33.05%,抗压强度提高了7.0%~21.1%;(3) NC可以为水泥水化提供成核位点、填充细化孔隙,CS可以部分替代水而提高体系致密性,在两种材料的协同作用和紧密堆积效应下可实现早期力学强度的快速发展。结论认为,三元固相级配水泥浆体系利用紧密堆积理论发挥了3种材料的各自优势,进而实现了早期力学强度的快速发展,对于深水井表层套管固井作业防止水气窜流具有很好的理论指导意义和应用推广价值。

固井水泥浆共聚物类耐高温降失水剂的制备及其机理探究

以2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)为单体,通过自由基共聚制备了降失水剂FLA。考察了适宜的合成条件,利用FTIR,1H NMR,GPC,TG-DTG对FLA的结构等进行了表征,并研究了含FLA的水泥浆性能。实验结果表明,合成FLA适宜的条件为:m(AMPS)∶m(AM)∶m(AA)∶m(NVP)=4∶3∶2∶1,反应温度50℃,pH=8,引发剂加量0.3%(w),反应时间4 h。FLA的添加降低了水泥浆的流变性能,但搭配分散剂时水泥浆的流变性能满足要求。FLA对水泥石的抗压强度无显著影响。含FLA的水泥浆具有较好的稠化性能。FLA加量为6%(w)的水泥浆在淡水中210℃下失水量小于60 mL,在18%(w)和36%(w)盐水中失水量小于100 mL。FLA各项性能均满足高温下固井技术要求。FLA可吸附在水泥颗粒表面,形成致密的吸附层,降低材料孔隙度,从而控制水泥浆过滤能力,有望应用于超深层油田固井工作中。

煤层底板注浆水泥基浆液稳定性特征试验

为了研究水泥基浆液的稳定性和析水变化规律,开展了不同水固比和粉煤灰掺量条件下的浆液配比试验,获得了浆液特性、最终析水时间和析水厚度等参数,分析了温度对浆液稳定性的影响及不同稳定性浆液的力学强度特征,绘制了浆液析水厚度生长曲线,阐明了浆液稳定性和析水动态变化规律。结果表明,水固比是影响浆液稳定性的主要因素,随着水固比由3∶1降至1∶1,浆液析水时间延长40%~62%,浆液稳定性显著增强。变固相比情况下,浆液各性能参数变化相对较缓。粉煤灰的掺入使浆液析水时间延长1.72%~17.00%,提升了浆液黏度、结石率和稳定性,但力学强度明显降低。温度的升高促进了浆液的析水过程,使浆液稳定性略有下降。浆液析水速率呈现前期增长较快,中期增长变缓,后期趋于稳定的半“C”形时变特征。工程实践显示注浆过程中动态调整浆液配比可改善浆液稳定性,提高地层受注性,降低了工作面突水风险,为煤层底板注浆治理工程提供了技术参考。

超低密度水泥浆固井质量改进方法研究

随着油气田勘探和开发的不断深入,对于一些极低压力地层条件,有时低密度水泥浆也无法满足安全固井施工的需求,只能采用超低密度水泥浆解决平衡压力固井问题。由于现有低密度固井质量评价标准不能客观准确地反映超低密度水泥浆的真实胶结质量,因此,对超低密度水泥浆在不同养护条件下的水泥石的声学特性、力学参数等进行了实验检测,分析了影响超低密度水泥石力学及声学特性的因素及规律。研究结果表明:密度、温度、养护时间均会对超低密度水泥石的声速和抗压强度发展产生影响,其中,温度对水泥石早期影响较大,后期影响小;水泥石密度越高,声阻抗与抗压强度越高,声阻抗与弹性模量存在线性关系,与抗压强度呈指数关系;建立了超低密度水泥浆固井套管波相对声幅计算公式,研究结果为制定超低密度水泥浆固井质量评价指标提供了基础。