Genetic Diversity and Clustering Analysis of 48Cultivars of Olea euyopaea L.

Inter-simple sequence repeat（ISSR） molecular markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity and clustering of 48 introduced and bred cultivars of Olea euyopaea L. Totally 106 DNA bands were amplified by 11 screened primers, including 99 polymorphic bands; the percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.40%, indicating a rich genetic diversity in Olea euyopaea L. germplasm resources. Based on Nei＇s genetic distances between various cultivars, a dendrogram of 48 cultivars of Olea euyopaea L. was constructed using unweighted pair-group（UPMGA）method,which showed that 48 cultivars were clustered into four main categories; 84.6% of native cultivars were clustered into two categories; most of introduced cultivars were clustered based on their sources and main usages but not on their geographic origins. This study will provide references for the utilization and further genetic improvement of Olea euyopaea L. germplasm resources.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity Associated with Olea europaea L. Growing in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

Olive(Olea europaea L.)is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit trees,with high economic,ecological,cultural and scientific value.China began introducing and cultivating olive in the 1960s,and Yunnan Province is one of the main growing areas.Improving the cultivation and productivity of this tree crop species is an important challenge.Olive is a typical mycotrophic species and the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)for this plant is well recognized;nevertheless,studies of olive AMF in China are still very limited.Roots and rhizosphere soils of olive were sampled from five representative growing sites in the Yunnan Province of China to investigate the AMF colonization status in the root systems,the AMF community in the olive orchards and the edaphic factors influencing the arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)parameters.Root samples of olive trees from different growing sites generally showed AMF colonization,suggesting that autochthonous AMF manifest a high efficiency in colonizing the roots of olive plants.The spore density on the five sites ranged from 81.6 to 350 spores per 20 g soil.Twenty-three AMF species from 9 genera were identified in total,and Glomeraceae was the dominant family.The findings of our study suggested a high AMF diversity harbored by olive growing in different areas of the Yunnan Province,Southwestern China.Furthermore,the hyphal colonization in roots positively correlated with soil pH and EC.The arbuscule colonization in olive roots negatively correlated with soil pH,EC,OM,TN,TP and AN.The spore density positively correlated with OM,TN,AN,AP and sand content.Finally,the Shannon index of AMF in the rhizosphere soil positively correlated with the clay content,but negatively correlated with soil pH,TN and silt content.The high diversity of autochthonous AMF in Yunnan is promising for screening AMF isolates for utilization in the efficient cultivation of this crop.

Transplantation and Post-planting Tending and Management Techniques of Olive Trees(Olea europaea L.)

This paper introduced the preparation work before transplanting big olive trees(Olea europaea L.),including key technical measures such as plant excavation,transportation,planting,and post-planting tending.The aim was to provide scientific basis and feasible solutions for adjusting the density of olive trees in Shiyan City,and to assist in the high-quality development of the olive industry.

Effect of Foliar Spray of Fe, GA3, Cultivars and Their Interactions on Growth of Olive （Olea europaea L.） Transplants cvs. Khithairy and Sorany

The study was conducted at the nursery of Malta station/Duhok. Kurdistan region-lraq, during the season 2011 to study the effect of GA3 and Fe on vegetative growth of two year old of two olive （Olea europaea L.） cultivars （Kithary and Sorany）, the transplant were sprayed with four levels （0, 250, 500 and 750 mg L^-1 GA3） and four levels of chelated iron （0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Fe L^-1）. Foliar application of GA3 at 500 mg Ll increased significantly stem diameter （mm）, leaf number, increasing GA3 level up 750 mg L^-1 significantly increase shoot length （cm） plantl, leaf area. However, 50 mg Fe L^-1 increased significantly leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and when treated with 75 mg Fe L^-1 significantly increase stem diameter, shoot length cm plant^-1, leaf fresh weight （g）, leaf dry weight （g）. While, Kithary cultivar significant dominated Sorany cultivar of the most studied characteristics. The interactions between GA3, Fe and cultivars significantly affected on the most of the characteristics studied, foliar sprays of Kithary cultivar with 750 mg Ll GA^-1 and 0 mg Fe Ll significantly increase chlorophyll content and leaf area, and Kithary cultivar when treated only by 75 mg Fe Ll increase significantly plant high （cm）, stem diameter （mm）, leaf dry weight （g） and leaf fresh weight when compared with the control.

Predicting ADME/Tox properties of hydroxytyrosol in the leaves of Olea europaea L.

In order to study the possibility of hydroxytyrosol(HT)as a drug,we used SwissADME system to predict ADME of HT and pkCSM system to predict Tox of HT.The results show that hydroxytyrosol meets the Lipinski’s five principles of drug-like properties.With strong efficacy and pharmacological activity,HT has high drug-likeness degree.With good bioavailability,it can be easily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract,though not absorbed by skin.Hydroxytyrosol has not only a strong potency and pharmacological activity,but also no liver toxicity and skin allergy.Tox data predicts that it has mutagenic potential,which may be the result of overreduction.

油橄榄(O.europaea L.)在四川的现状与开发研究

介绍了油橄榄树种的植物生物学特性、生长习性和对生长环境的生态因素的要求 ,对在四川各地零星散落的各个品种进行了相关因子的比较 ,并对各品种现状表现呈现差异性的原因进行了分析 ,为油橄榄作为退耕还林、生态重建和农村小康建设的造林绿化经济植物的开发推广提出了一系列设想和措施 .

Determination of Young Olive-Tree Water Consumption with Drainage Lysimeters

Information about olive-tree irrigation in sub-humid climates, as in Uruguay, is scarce. Water consumption of young olive trees, Arbequina variety, was measured for two years with six drainage lysimeters, protected from rain by an automatic rain-out shelter. Irrigation water volume and drainage of each lysimeter were measured daily and soil moisture was registered twice a week with neutron probe at four depths. Evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated by volume balance. Data periods when available water descended below 50% or increased over 100% were eliminated, as those in which the stem water potential was below -1.5 MPa. Water consumption values were averaged within 7- to 14-day periods, expressed in mm·d-1, and referred to a 2.5 × 5.5 m plantation framework without vegetation cover. There was a positive linear relation of the summer crop coefficient (Kc mid) with age, canopy cover percentage and canopy volume. Canopy cover percentage was the parameter which explained most of the variation of Kc mid, which ranged between 0.13 and 0.24, with 5% and 46% canopy cover, respectively. Full irrigation, associated to a good drainage resulted in a rapid growth of the young plants, bringing forward the start of full production period. This represents useful information for the adjustment of irrigation in olive-tree orchards, to accelerate growth with a rational and sustainable use of both water and energy in Uruguay.

应用电导率法及Logistic方程测定油橄榄品种的抗寒性

对6个油橄榄品种进行低温胁迫(5、0、-5、-10℃)处理,应用电导率法及Logistic方程测定不同油橄榄品种的抗寒性。结果表明,油橄榄叶片相对电导率随着处理温度的不断降低而呈"S"型曲线变化,叶片伤害率变化趋势与叶片相对电导率基本一致;在相同处理温度下叶片伤害率和相对电导率有较大差异,间接反映了不同品种的抗寒性强弱,结合Logistic方程可计算油橄榄的半致死温度(LT50);油橄榄叶片SOD、POD、CAT酶活性随胁迫温度的降低总体上均呈先升高后下降的趋势,其中皮削利的3种酶活性均显著高于其他品种;6个品种的油橄榄抗寒性差异显著,由强到弱依次为皮削利>配多灵>莱星>阿斯>鄂植8号>佛奥。

Leaf morpho-physiology and phytochemistry of olive trees as affected by cultivar type and increasing aridity

The olive species(Olea europaea L.)is an ancient traditional crop grown under rainfed conditions in the Mediterranean Basin.In response to the growing national and international demand for olive oil,the olive cultivars are introduced into highly arid new bioclimatic areas.Subsequently,the morpho-physiology and phytochemistry of olive trees are potentially changing among cultivar types and geographical conditions.In the present work,we have undertaken an assessment on the impacts of geographical location and cultivar types on the leaf morpho-physiology and phytochemistry of olive trees.Thus,leaves of the two most cultivated olive tree varieties,Chemlal and Sigoise,were collected from three geographical regions(Setif,Batna,and Eloued)with increasing aridity in Algeria.Leaf samples from the geographical regions were analyzed using the standard physiological experiment,colorimetric method,and a chromatography assay.Leaves of both cultivars exhibited a significant variance in terms of the leaf shape index but not for the leaf tissue density,specific leaf weight,and specific leaf area.Photosynthetic pigment contents were affected by both cultivar type and geographical location,with the lowest pigment content recorded in the Sigoise cultivar from the Setif region.Compared with the Setif and Batna regions,dried leaves of both cultivars from the Eloued region showed the higher levels of the total polyphenol,total flavonoid,and total tannin,as well as a better antioxidant capacity.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of all leaf extracts identified the following phenolic acids as major compounds:oleuropein,naringin,apigenin-7-O-glucoside,kaempferol,quercetin,quercitrin,luteolin-7-O-naringenin,and quinic acid.Lower contents were found for p-Coumaric acid,trans-Ferulic acid,hyperoside,rutin,apigenin,caffeic acid,protocatechuic acid,o-Coumaric acid,and gallic acid.Also,epicatechin and catechin+were not found in the leaf extracts of the Sigoise cultivar.The leaf organic extracts in both cultivars displayed promising anti-cancer activity that was affected by geographical location and organic solvent polarity.Briefly,although increasing aridity and soil organic and mineral deficiency affected the leaf morpho-physiological parameters,both cultivars sustained a chemical richness,a good antioxidant,and an anti-tumoral capacity in leaves.Furthermore,the findings revealed that regardless the olive tree genotype,there was a significant impact of geographical location on the leaf morpho-physiology,bioactivity,and chemical composition,which may consequently modulate the growth and oil production of olive trees.

Protein Bodies in Cotyledon Cells Exhibit Differential Patterns of Legumin-Like Proteins Mobilization during Seedling Germinating States

Olive (Olea europaea L.) tree is one of the most extensive and important agricultural crop in Mediterranean countries due to its beneficial health and nutritional properties and its high economic value. Currently, olive tree constitutes the sixth most important cultivated plant in the world, spreading from the Mediterranean region of origin to new production areas such as Australia, South and North America and South Africa. However, the mobilization processes of storage materials i.e. reserve proteins during seed germination, which are largely involved in essential physiological process including plant growth and development, remain poorly understood. Morphometric and immunohistochemistry analyses of protein bodies contained in olive seed storage tissues, cotyledon and endosperm, were performed by using different microscopy techniques, including light (bright-field and fluorescence) microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, we used legumin-like proteins (11S-type globulins) as a molecular marker to study the mobilization of reserve proteins from PBs of cotyledons at germinating seedling stages by using immunofluorescence assays. Results demonstrated that cotyledon and endosperm are characterized by distinct PBs populations containing legumin-like proteins, distinctly discriminated by the number of PBs per cell and tissue, size, immunofluorescence and histochemical staining. These features reflect differential PBs biogenesis during development and maturation processes in olive seed tissues endosperm and cotyledon, in relation to proteins (polypeptides) final composition, SSPs processing and/or packaging during seed maturation. Three different mobilization patterns of legumin-like proteins were identified for the first time in cotyledon PBs during seedling germinating process. Mature proteins composition and/or processing, cell types and enzyme composition and/or differential activation have been discussed as key features determining how proteins mobilize from PBs for further degradation in the cotyledon.

Modelling the impacts of cover crop management strategies on the water use,carbon exchange and yield of olive orchards

Cover crops have long been proposed as an alternative soil management for minimizing erosion rates in olive stands while providing additional ecosystem services.However,the trade-off between these benefits and the competition for water with the trees makes the definition of optimal management practices a challenging task in semiarid climates.This work presents an improved version of OliveCan,a process-based simulation model of olive orchards that now can simulate the main impacts of cover crops on the water and carbon balances of olive orchards.Albeit simple in its formulation,the new model components were developed to deal with different cover crop management strategies.Examples are presented for simulation runs of a traditional olive orchard in the conditions of southern Spain,evaluating the effects of different widths for the strip occupied by the cover crop(Fcc)and two contrasting mowing dates.Results revealed that high Fccresulted in lower olive yields,but only when mowing was applied at the end of spring.In this regard,late mowing and high Fccwas associated with lower soil water content from spring to summer,coinciding with olive flowering and the earlier stages of fruit growth.Fccwas also negatively correlated with surface runoff irrespective of the mowing date.On the other hand,net ecosystem productivity(NEP)was substantially affected by both Fccand mowing date.Further simulations under future climate scenarios comparing the same management alternatives are also presented,showing substantial yield reductions by the end of the century and minor or negligible changes in NEP and seasonal runoff.

Effect of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Productivity,Quality and Water Use in Olive cv“Manzanilla”

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies on productivity, oil quality and water-use efficiency on olive grown in the Sonoran Desert. The experiments were carried out in 2009 and 2010, and in a ten years old traditional (10 × 5 m) “Manzanilla” olive orchard. The control treatment was irrigated at 100% ETc during the whole season while RDI treatments were applied at 75% ETc or 50% ETc. The two RDI were applied during two phenological stages: at postharvest to evaluate the effect on table olive or from pit hardening to harvest to evaluate the effect on oil olive. Our results indicated that RDI applying 50% ETc during postharvest period reduced significantly fruit set and table olive yield, while applied during pit hardening to harvest period, it decreased oil yield but increased oil content. The RDI applying an ETc of 75% during the postharvest period gave similar table olive yield to the control, and applied form of pit hardening to harvest also gave similar oil yield to the control. The RDI using an ETc of 75% resulted in the highest water-use efficiency for oil or table olive production.

武都地区初榨橄榄油酚类和脂肪酸组成对油脂氧化稳定性研究

对武都地区的白橄榄(U)、恩帕特雷(E)、奇迹(K)、阿斯(As)、中山24(Z)、云台14(Y)、皮瓜尔(P)、豆果(Arbe)、小苹果(M)、鄂植8(Ez)、阿尔伯萨拉(Arbo)、科拉蒂(C)、莱星(L)、佛奥(F)这14个品种初榨橄榄油的脂肪酸、酚类成分及油脂氧化稳定性进行检测和分析,单因素方差分析表明:品种间多酚和脂肪酸含量及油脂氧化稳定性存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。所有分析样品的脂肪酸组成均符合欧盟特级初榨橄榄油标准,初榨橄榄油中油酸质量分数在(56.12±0.24)%(豆果)和(71.45±0.42)%(科拉蒂)之间,亚油酸质量分数在(5.73±0.06)%(皮瓜尔)和(15.80±0.05)%(阿斯)之间,棕榈酸质量分数在(12.67±0.12)%(科拉蒂)和(18.76±0.04)%(豆果)之间。裂环烯醚萜类是主要的酚类成分,总酚质量分数最高为奇迹,为(471.35±29.34)mg/kg,最低为豆果,仅(165.65±8.08)mg/kg。主成分分析表明:富含橄榄苦苷苷元、女贞子苷元、橄榄裂环烯醚萜、油酸、芹菜素的品种氧化稳定性越高,而富含棕榈酸、亚油酸、酪醇、羟基酪醇、刺激醛的品种氧化稳定性越低。基于芹菜素、橄榄裂环烯醚萜、木犀草素和亚油酸建立的多元线性逐步回归模型可以预测90.70%的油脂氧化稳定性变化(p<0.001)。

油橄榄叶提取物/光甘草定纳米乳的经皮渗透性能及美白功效评价

采用高压均质技术制备了共载油橄榄叶提取物和光甘草定的纳米乳(OLE/GLA-NEs),研究OLE/GLA-NEs的经皮渗透性能及美白功效。通过皮肤渗透试验,发现将光甘草定包装在纳米乳中,其皮肤吸收和储存量优于游离光甘草定。细胞美白试验结果表明,光甘草定质量浓度为20μg/mL时,OLE/GLA-NEs相较于Free OLE/GLA,酪氨酸酶活性抑制率达到78.51%,黑色素相对含量仅为16.48%,差异具有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。3D黑色素皮肤模型研究结果表明,OLE/GLA-NEs相较于油橄榄叶提取物和光甘草定的游离活性物(Free OLE/GLA),L^(*)值提升率为6.11%,黑色素含量抑制率为12.90%,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。人体临床试验结果表明,使用含有质量分数5%OLE/GLA-NEs的精华28 d后,志愿者皮肤的光泽度、ITA°值明显增高,皮肤黑色素含量及色斑总面积明显下降,色斑变淡,皮肤白皙有光泽。因此,OLE/GLA-NEs对皮肤有显著的美白功效,作为化妆品美白功效原料具有良好的应用前景。

9个中国选育油橄榄品种母系来源多样性研究

【目的】比较中国选育油橄榄品种与地中海油橄榄叶绿体基因组的多样性和亲缘关系,评估中国选育品种母系来源多样性,为中国油橄榄种质开发提供依据。【方法】基于本研究所测的9个中国选育油橄榄品种、7个伊朗种质和下载的52个地中海油橄榄种质的重测序数据,用NOVOPlasty组装叶绿体基因组,计算序列多态性;用GPA和RAxML-NG、Network 5.0等软件分别构建叶绿体基因组图谱、系统发育和单倍型网络关系。【结果】油橄榄叶绿体基因组在其四分体结构、基因数量上具有一致性;共检测到17个叶绿体单倍型,其中,中国选育油橄榄品种仅有1个单倍型,其多数为地中海栽培油橄榄共享;野生油橄榄序列多态性最高,其次为地中海栽培油橄榄和伊朗种质,而9个中国选育品种的多样性为0。系统发育和单倍型网络关系结果一致,中国选育品种与多数地中海栽培油橄榄、伊朗种质聚为一支。【结论】中国选育油橄榄品种母系来源多样性极低,后期需从更全面的油橄榄种质谱系选育适应中国生境的油橄榄品种。

气象因子对油橄榄多孔横沟象种群动态的影响

采用昆虫诱捕网对陇南市油橄榄多孔横沟象(Pimelocerus perforates Roelofs)种群动态进行了监测,并结合同期气象因子,分析影响其种群动态变化的关键气象因子。结果表明:陇南地区多孔横沟象一年发生2代,主要以老熟幼虫在枝干中越冬,个别出现成虫在枝干中越冬,始见成虫为3月中旬,5月上旬和8月中下旬为盛发期,11月中旬开始进入越冬期。统计分析表明,多孔横沟象在不同危害时期主要影响气象因子不同,3月中旬至5月上旬影响成虫数量的主要气象因子是降雨量(P<0.01),5月中旬至8月下旬成虫数量与平均最高温显著负相关(P<0.01),而在9月上旬至11月上旬温度(平均温度、平均最高温、平均最低温)是该阶段影响成虫数量的关键气象因子,平均温度相关性最强。

59个油橄榄种质的ISSR分子鉴定

采用ISSR分子标记技术对59个引种和国内选育的油橄榄(Olea euyopaea L.)品种进行了遗传多样性和分子鉴定。11条筛选出的引物一共扩增出106条DNA谱带,其中有99条多态性条带,多态位点百分率为89.60%。根据各品种的Nei's遗传距离,运用UPGMA方法构建了所有品种的聚类图,59个油橄榄品种被聚成了4个大类。从聚类结果看,多数引种品种并没有按照地理起源而是依据引种材料来源地和主要用途进行聚类。另外,根据聚类结果对59个品种中可能存在的同物异名和同名异物的品种进行了分析和鉴定。

油橄榄不同品种叶片表型性状浅析

油橄榄叶片的各表型性状在品种间均有较大程度的变异,按变异程度大小排序为:单叶重>叶宽>叶长>叶形指数>叶厚,各品种均可对各表型性状确定性状特征值,为油橄榄品种早期形态鉴别提供依据和参考。

四川省油橄榄引种品种果实含油率及其脂肪酸分析

分析测定四川省开江县、广元市、西昌市引种的共70个油橄榄品种果实含油率及其脂肪酸组成和含量,果实含油率及其脂肪酸组成与气象因子进行相关性分析。结果表明:西昌油橄榄品种果实含油率为15.73%～23.75%,开江为12.44%～23.37%,广元为10.62%～21.97%,西昌油橄榄引种品种的平均果实含油率已接近地中海原产地,而开江和广元低于地中海;橄榄油脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈烯酸组成,占橄榄油总脂肪的99%以上,西昌油橄榄品种平均饱和脂肪酸含量(16.59%)略低于开江(17.27%)和广元(17.09%),而不饱和脂肪酸含量(83.06%)略高于开江(81.97%)和广元(82.87%);以油橄榄品种果实含油率、脂肪酸组分含量等指标,评价各种植区油橄榄品种品质,筛选出开江县红花山川东北油橄榄品种园优质品种23个,广元市油橄榄优质品种10个,西昌市油橄榄优质品种5个。莱星和佛奥2个品种测定结果表明:果实含油率与年均温、1月平均气温、≥10℃年积温和年日照时数成正相关关系,与7月平均气温、年均相对湿度和年降雨量成负相关关系;影响不饱和脂肪酸含量的主要气象因子是年均温和≥10℃年积温;而饱和脂肪酸与1月平均气温、7月平均气温、年均相对湿度呈正效应,与年日照时数呈负效应。

干旱胁迫下油橄榄品种光合特性研究

为揭示油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)耐旱性与光合特性之间的关系,以筛选出的适宜于半干旱川西南地区种植的7个引进油橄榄品种为供试材料,采用盆栽模拟干旱胁迫的方法,研究持续干旱胁迫对其光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,7个油橄榄品种叶片相对含水量均显著降低,至干旱胁迫后期(25d),各品种叶片均出现大幅失水,其中品种‘科拉蒂’失水率最高(45.79%),而品种‘小苹果’失水率最低(25.52%),说明‘小苹果’叶片在干旱胁迫下较其他油橄榄品种具有更高保水能力。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,7个油橄榄品种叶片光合色素含量均不同程度降低,表明光合色素分解量大于合成量;干旱胁迫持续25d时,品种‘豆果’的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量下降幅度最大(P<0.05),品种‘皮削利’类胡萝卜素含量下降幅度最大(P<0.05),而品种‘小苹果’叶绿素a含量下降幅度最小。(3)随着干旱胁迫的持续进行,各油橄榄品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均不同程度降低,而水分利用效率(WUE)则呈上升趋势;干旱胁迫期间,品种‘佛奥’的Pn、Tr和Ci以及‘皮削利’的Gs降幅均高于其他品种,而‘小苹果’的Pn、Gs和Ci降幅均为最小且WUE上升幅度最大。研究发现,在持续干旱胁迫条件下,油橄榄幼苗叶片均大幅失水,光合色素结构被破坏、色素分解、含量降低,同时气孔关闭蒸发减少,光合作用减弱,而供试油橄榄品种中‘小苹果’对干旱胁迫的适应性最强,适宜于在半干旱的川西地区种植。