Integrated Use of Organic and Bio-fertilizers to Improve Yield and Fruit Quality of Olives Grown in Low Fertility Sandy Soil in an Arid Environment

Olive productivity should be improved through stimulating nutrition,particularly under poor fertility soils.Consequently,the objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of applying organic and bio-fertilizers on the physiological growth,yield and fruit quality of olive trees under newly reclaimed poor-fertility sandy soil in an arid environment.During a field experiment carried out at El-Qantara,North Sinai,Egypt over two consecutive seasons(2019-2020 and 2020-2021),olive Kalamata trees were evaluated under three organic fertilizer treatments alone or in combination with three bio-fertilizers treatments.Organic fertilizer was applied as goat manure(16.8 kg/tree/year),or olive pomace(8.5 kg/tree/year)in mid-December of each season vs.untreated trees.The bio-fertilizers were applied as N-fixing bacteria(150 g/tree)was inculated in early March of each season,or amino acid mixture(1.5%)was applied three times,at 70%of full bloom,21 days after full bloom,and a month later in comparison to a non-fertilized trees(control).The cultivar used was Kalamata,a dual-purpose cultivar for oil and table olives whose value increases when processed as table olives.The results indicated that the goat manure followed by olive pomace significantly enhanced photosynthetic pigments(chlorophyll a,b,and carotenoids),leaf mineral contents(N,P,K,Ca,Mg and Fe),tree canopy volume,number of flowers per inflorescence,number of inflorescences per shoot,initial fruit set,fruit retention.For fruit quality,fruit length and width,fruit weight,and total fruit yield was increased compared to the non-fertilized control.Likewise,The bio-fertilizer N-fixing bacteria followed by the amino acid mixture significantly improved all of the aforementioned parameters.Accordingly,it is recommended,both environmentally and economically to utilize organic and bio-fertizers,particularly goat manure combined with N-fixing bacteria,in low-fertility soil to sustain olive production as well as reducing mineral fertilization.

Use of Starter Cultures in Olives: A Not-Correct Use Could Cause a Delay of Performances

The role of lactic acid bacteria for a correct course of fermentation of table olives has been extensively reviewed and it is a common idea that the inoculum of selected strains could exert a strong benefit for product quality;however, the basic assumption of this research is that a not-correct preparation of starter could affect its performances in brines and delay the benefit of a starter inoculum. Thus, some selected strains of LAB (lactic acid bacteria) and yeasts were inoculated into brines of Bella di Cerignola olives (Spanish style), as a single starter (LAB or yeasts) or a combined preparation (LAB + yeasts) and compared to a natural fermentation, focusing on the performances of the process (acidification, production of lactic acid) and trying to verify the basic assumption. LAB and yeasts were grown in the opportune lab media and then directly inoculated in brine after the lye treatment. LAB exerts a kind of benefit (increased content of lactic acid) only for 2 - 3 weeks;then, the inoculated samples behave in the same way as not-inoculated ones. Thus, this research underlined that a starter culture, not prepared in the correct way, could not be useful to guide the fermentation.

The Mulching Effect of the Olives Mill Wastewaters on the Soil Cohesion Improvement and Wind Erosion Reduction in the Southern Tunisian Arid Zones

In the Tunisian arid zones, where the soils are sandy and very poor in organic and mineral matters, wind erosion process is very active and triggered the departure of the thinnest elements of the soil and the apparition of dune building. Facing to these situations, many simple and efficient practices for combating desertification had been tested since many years in the Tunisian arid zones. The mulching of the olive mill wastewaters is one of these techniques. Otherwise, an olive mill wastewaters spray experimental device, with these respective doses of 50 m3/ha, 100 m3/ha and 200 m3/ha next to a witness parcel without OMW, has been putted in place since 1995 in the Chammakh-Zarzis, Tunisia. The mulching of the OMW, in the southern Tunisian regions constitutes an interesting alternative for the controlled and rational evacuation of this polluting sewage on the one hand and for the soil cohesion improvement by： （i） the increase of the organic matter rate which raised, in proportion to the dose, from 0.06% to 1.27% after 10 years of OMW mulching, and （ii） the improvement of the soil structural stability or ~＇the mean weight diameter＂ where the aggregation rate superior to 2 mm is increased until 34% with the dose of 200 m3/ha. Therefore, that treatment will bind the sand particles and thereof control of sandstorms is gained. Indeed, the results in wind tunnel tests on the soil treated with these different doses of OMW showed that the threshold friction velocity u,t was raised from 8.5 m/s to 12 m/s for 50 m3/ha and 200 m3/ha, respectively.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uncrushed Jordanian Olives

Announcement from Editorial Board ? The following article has been retracted due to special reason of the authors. This paper published in Vol.2 No. 3, 2012, has been removed from this site. ? Title: Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uncrushed Jordanian Olives Authors: Awni Al-Otoom, Sameer Al-Asheh, Mamdouh Allawzi, Khalid Mahshi, Nahawand Alzenati, Bader Banat, Bdour Alnimr ? ACES Editorial Board? May 19,

From Pyramids to Olives:The Pursuit of Common Prosperity

TIME is reputed to pass more quickly with increasing age.With the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in its eighth decade,it seems only yesterday that the 19th National Con­gress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)held in 2017 was looking forward to 2020,2035 and beyond.So much has happened and so much has been achieved since then.Milestones have been accom­plished:the 14th Five-Year Plan;the introduction of the first ever Civil Code;the pledge to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060;the eradication of rural poverty,and the focus on common prosperity.

Feasibility of Growing Olives on Selected Sites along Coastal Texas

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of growing olives along coastal Texas where the winter temperatures are relatively mild compared to most olive growing regions. For this purpose five sites along the Texas coastline （Seadrift, Galveston, Brazoria, Santa Fe, and Orange） were evaluated for feasibility of growing olives. In addition, two non-coastal sites （Carrizo Springs and Weslaco） were also included in the study for comparative purposes. Flowering and fruiting data were collected during four seasons starting from the 2005-2006 until the 2008-2009 season. In addition to the flowering and fruiting data, half-hourly temperature data were also collected at each site during each season. The results indicate that while olives can grow on all of the sites tested, there is a greater probability of success for commercial growing of olive between and along coastal sites where large scale experiment are highly recommended for rigorous evaluation of potential for commercial production of olives in these areas. In conclusion, there is a good probability that olives could be grown along the northeast coastline of Texas.

Microbial dynamics and key sensory traits of laboratory-scale co-fermented green olives (Olea europaea L. cv. Ascolana tenera) and sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.)

Table olives (Olea europaea L.) are one of the most important fermented vegetables worldwide, whereas sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) represents an emerging food crop, characterized by interesting nutritional and sensory qualities. Both are characterized by a high concentration of bioactive compounds with health beneficial effects. Thanks to these features, table olives and sea fennel undoubtedly represent two valuable ingredients for the manufacture of innovative vegetable preserves. Given these premises, the present study was aimed at exploring the co-fermentation of green olives and sea fennel to produce laboratory-scale prototypes of innovative high value preserves. To this end, the effects of two recipes, two standard methods for production of table olives, and two fermentation microbiota (resident or inoculated) were assessed. The prototypes were evaluated for their microbial dynamics as well as for key sensory traits by a panel of trained assessors. During the fermentation, all the prototypes showed a progressive pH reduction. Mesophilic lactobacilli, mesophilic lactococci, and yeasts were the main microbial groups at the end of the fermentation, while Enterobacteriaceae decreased during fermentation. Metataxonomic analysis revealed an evolution of the microbiota, with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum dominating in all the prototypes in the late stage of fermentation, irrespective of the recipe, processing method, and starter inoculation. A greater crunchiness and lower fibrousness were perceived in the Greek style prototypes, which were preferred than Spanish style prototypes by trained panelists.

“铁力木”还是“格木”?——兼论近代以来两个植物中文定名所引起的历史割裂和文化传承问题

在中国古代文献中,“格木”和“铁力木”是同一树种的不同名称,且“格木”是“铁力木”的俗称。近代,在西方植物学进入中国之后,国内的植物学家们将“铁力木”定为了Mesua ferrea L.的中文名,将“格木”定为了Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.的中文名,从而人为地将古代同一树种的不同名称变成两个不同树种的名称。而根据对现存文献中记载为“铁力木”文物用材的研究,发现其实际上是中文名为“格木”的Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.,与现代中文名为“铁力木”的Mesua ferrea L.完全不同,是两个树种。这使得“铁力木”这个词语在古代和现代出现了指代完全不同的现象,人为地制造了概念混淆和历史割裂,给“铁力木”文化的研究与传承工作增添了极大的障碍。

Eco-physiological characteristics of Tetracentron sinense Oliv.saplings in response to different light intensities

The regeneration of Tetracentron sinense Oliv.is poor in the understory and in open areas due to the charac-teristics of natural regeneration of the species on forest edges and in gaps.It is unclear whether different light intensities in various habitats affect eco-physiological characteristics of saplings and their natural regeneration.In this study,the light intensity in T.sinense habitats was simulated by artificial shading(L1:100%NS(natural sunlight)in the open;L2:50%NS in a forest gap or edge;L3:10%NS in understory)to investigate differences in morphology,leaf structure,physiology,and photosynthesis of 2-year-old sap-lings,and to analyze the mechanism of light intensity on sapling establishment.Significant differences were observed in morphology(including leaf area,and specific leaf area)under different light intensities.Compared to L1 and L3,chloroplast structure in L2 was intact.With increasing time,superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities in L2 became gradually higher than under the other light intensities,while malondialdehyde(MDA)content was opposite.Shading decreased osmoregulation substance contents of leaves but increased chlorophyll.The results suggest that light intensities significantly affect the eco-physiological characteristics of T.sinense saplings and they would respond most favorably at intermediate levels of light by optimizing eco-physiological characteristics.Therefore,50%natural sunlight should be created to promote saplings establishment and population recovery of T.sinense during in situ conservation,including sowing mature seeds in forest edges or gaps and providing appropriate shade protection for seedlings and saplings in the open.

Olive Leaf Disease Detection via Wavelet Transform and Feature Fusion of Pre-Trained Deep Learning Models

Olive trees are susceptible to a variety of diseases that can cause significant crop damage and economic losses.Early detection of these diseases is essential for effective management.We propose a novel transformed wavelet,feature-fused,pre-trained deep learning model for detecting olive leaf diseases.The proposed model combines wavelet transforms with pre-trained deep-learning models to extract discriminative features from olive leaf images.The model has four main phases:preprocessing using data augmentation,three-level wavelet transformation,learning using pre-trained deep learning models,and a fused deep learning model.In the preprocessing phase,the image dataset is augmented using techniques such as resizing,rescaling,flipping,rotation,zooming,and contrasting.In wavelet transformation,the augmented images are decomposed into three frequency levels.Three pre-trained deep learning models,EfficientNet-B7,DenseNet-201,and ResNet-152-V2,are used in the learning phase.The models were trained using the approximate images of the third-level sub-band of the wavelet transform.In the fused phase,the fused model consists of a merge layer,three dense layers,and two dropout layers.The proposed model was evaluated using a dataset of images of healthy and infected olive leaves.It achieved an accuracy of 99.72%in the diagnosis of olive leaf diseases,which exceeds the accuracy of other methods reported in the literature.This finding suggests that our proposed method is a promising tool for the early detection of olive leaf diseases.

Protective effects of oleic acid and polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil on cardiovascular diseases

The Mediterranean diet has long been recognized as one of the most effective ways to prevent and improve cardiovascular disease.Extra virgin olive oil(EVOO)is the typical sources of fat in the Mediterranean diet which have been shown to have noteworthy nutritional value and positive impact on human health.It is worth noting that EVOO owes its superior nutritional value to its bioactive composition.The main component of EVOO is monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFAs)in the form of oleic acid.Oleic acid accounts for up to 70%-80%of EVOO.Secondly,EVOO contains approximately more than 30 phenolic compounds,of which HT is essential for the protection against cardiovascular diseases.In this review,we focused on the potential mechanisms of oleic acid and polyphenols combat cardiovascular diseases risk in terms of oxidative stress,inflammation,blood pressure,endothelial function and cholesterol.This review might provide a reference for the studies on cardiovascular protective effects of EVOO.

New insights into the combined effects of geographical origin,cultivar and crop season on the physicochemical characteristics of Moroccan olive oils produced in northern Morocco.A comparative study

The Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima(TTA)region is one of the main olive oil producing regions in Morocco.Little is devoted to characterize olive oil physicochemical traits from TTA hence the originality of this study.It aimed at investigating variation in olive oil quality produced from three Moroccan cultivars‘Moroccan Picholine’,‘Menara’,and‘Haouzia’and their blends.Sampling was performed in five provinces fromTTA(Northern Morocco)during four consecutive crop-seasons(2018-2021)considering three extraction technologies(ET):traditional discontinuous press system(SP)and continuous extraction systems including decanter of three outlets(3O)and decanter of two outlets(2O).Physicochemical measurements consisted of routinely quality parameters namely free acidity(FA),peroxide value(PV),UV absorption parameters(K232,K270,andΔK),chlorophylls(Chl)and carotenoids(Car)contents,total phenolic compounds(TPC)and oxidative stability(OS).Crop season showed its superiority impacts on K232,OS,TPC,Chl,and OS.While cultivar was the main variability source in both PV and K270,and FA was mainly determined by ET.Important variations(p<0.05)were reported among crop seasons and locations due to pedoclimatic differences.‘Menara’and‘Haouzia’had higher pigments content,TPC,and OS,and the blends displayed low pigments concentration,TPC,and OS.Expectedly,continuous ET(2O and 3O)had the greatest values of pigments content,TPC,and OS as revealed by principal component analysis.Strong correlations were highlighted among basic quality parameters,TPC,pigments,and OS.Simple linear regression was used to describe the relationships between OS and TPC(R^(2)=0.856)and OS regressed against Chl(R^(2)=0.690)and Car(R^(2)=0.760),while TPC were regressed on Chl(R^(2)=0.670)and Car(R^(2)=0.680)and finally Chl against Car(R^(2)=0.931).In conclusion,compared to technological,genotypic,and geographic effects,climatic conditions were the main factor driving olive oil stability and associated phenolics and pigments;oil cultivar blend seems to have negative effects on pigments concentration and total phenolic compounds as well as oxidative stability.

Automatic Mapping and Counting of Olive Trees from Drone Imaging by a Convolutional Neural Network

Precision agriculture(PA)is an agricultural management strategy based on observation,measurement and response to the variability of inter/intra-champ cultures.It includes advances in terms of data collection,analysis and management,as well as technological developments in terms of data storage and recovery,precise positioning,yield monitoring and remote sensing.The latter offers an unprecedented spatial,spectral and temporal resolution,but can also provide detailed information on the height of the vegetation and various observations.Today,the success of new agricultural technologies means that many agricultural tasks have become automated and that scientists have conducted more studies and research based on smart algorithms that automatically learn the decision rules from data.The use of Deep Learning(DL)and in particular the development and application of some of its algorithms called Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)are considered to be a particular success.In this work,we have applied and tested the performance of a network of convolutional neural network to automatically detect and map olive trees from Phantom4 drone imagery.The workflow involved the acquisition of images and the generation of ortho-mosaic with Pix4D software,as well as the use of a geographic information system.The results obtained with a training dataset of 4500 images of 24∗24 pixels are very satisfying:95%Precision,a 99%Recall and an F-score of 97%.

不同加工方式对川党参营养及药效成分含量的影响

为了筛选出最适合川党参(Codonopsis tangshen Oliv.)的干燥加工条件,通过测定真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥方式下川党参的总黄酮、可溶性蛋白、总生物碱、多糖及炔苷含量,探究不同干燥加工方式对川党参营养及药效成分含量的影响。结果表明,在45℃和50℃烘干处理下,随着切片厚度的增加,川党参黄酮含量均呈逐渐上升的趋势,且整根干燥的川党参黄酮含量显著高于3 mm的川党参。切片厚度相同时,45℃烘干的川党参可溶性蛋白含量高于50℃和55℃;55℃条件下,3 mm厚度的川党参总生物碱含量显著高于整根处理。相同温度下,3 mm多糖含量显著低于整根处理;50℃和55℃条件下,3 mm的川党参炔苷含量显著高于50 mm和整根处理。真空冷冻干燥的川党参,其总黄酮含量均显著高于50℃整根烘干传统加工处理(CK),其中整根、-40℃、真空度80 Pa条件下的总黄酮含量最高,但可溶性蛋白含量最低;真空冷冻干燥处理的川党参总生物碱和多糖含量均显著低于传统加工处理。50 mm、-50℃、真空度80 Pa处理和10 mm、-30℃、真空度90 Pa处理的川党参炔苷含量均显著高于传统对照。表明烘干温度和切片厚度均会影响川党参药材营养及药效成分的含量,适宜的烘干温度和切片方式能有效减少药效成分的流失。真空冷冻干燥加工对川党参药效成分的影响取决于切片厚度、温度以及真空度。综上,以炔苷含量作为主要考评指标,结合综合效应分析结果,得出川党参最适宜的热风烘干条件是温度50℃、切片厚度3 mm;最适宜的真空冷冻干燥加工条件为温度-50℃、切片厚度50 mm、真空度80 Pa。

杜仲提取物对鲫抗氧化性能的影响

该试验探讨在鲫(Carassius auratus)的饲料中添加不同水平的杜仲提取物对其机体抗氧化性能的影响,确定杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)提取物在鲫养殖中的最适添加水平。试验选择体重约为50g的健康的鲫600尾,按照单因素试验设计,将其均分4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复30尾鲫。对照组鲫投喂基础饲料,试验组鲫投喂添加0.1%、0.2%和0.4%的杜仲提取物的饲料。试验鲫驯养1周,正式试验期6周。试验结束,检测各组鲫机体的抗氧化相关指标。结果显示,投喂0.2%和0.4%的杜仲提取物可以显著降低血清中丙二醛水平(P<0.05),显著提高了过氧化氢酶活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力、谷胱甘肽-硫转移酶活力(P<0.05);投喂0.1%、0.2%和0.4%的杜仲提取物显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶活力(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,杜仲提取物可以有效改善鲫机体的抗氧化功能,且杜仲提取物的最适添加量为0.2%。

塔里木河下游地下水埋深对胡杨气体交换和叶绿素荧光的影响

为了分析干旱环境下地下水埋深变化对胡杨(Populus euphratica oliv.)光合作用的影响,对塔里木河下游3个地下水埋深(4.91,6.93m和8.44m)环境下胡杨叶片的气体交换日变化、光响应曲线、PN-Ci曲线以及叶绿素荧光特性等进行了比较研究。研究结果表明:当地下水埋深从4.91m增加到6.93m和8.44m,胡杨光合速率(PN)(10:00),初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、以及PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΩPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和正午叶水势(Ψmidday)等都发生了明显变化,其中胡杨NPQ增加了109%-127%,ΩPSⅡ,ETR和Ψmidday分别减小了24%-29%,17%-22%和31.6%-45.6%,表明胡杨受到的干旱胁迫程度在增加;而当地下水埋深在6.93-8.44m之间时,上述参数无显著变化,表明胡杨很可能处于相同干旱胁迫程度;并且在地下水埋深4.91-8.44m范围内,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),表观量子效率(φ),Rubisco羧化速率(Vcmax),等参数都未发生明显变化,表明即使地下水埋深增加到8.44m,此时的干旱胁迫程度也未超过胡杨的耐受能力,其光合能力也未受到不可逆转的伤害。

盐制对杜仲治疗去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症影响的研究

目的研究杜仲及其盐制品对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的治疗作用,并探讨盐制对其治疗作用的影响。方法 40只SD雌性大鼠分为伪手术组、模型对照组、杜仲生品治疗组和杜仲盐制品治疗组,除假手术组施行假手术外,其余均行手术彻底摘除卵巢,术后4周开始杜仲生品及盐制品水提液灌胃给药(4.0 g/kg·d),实验过程称体质量,连续给药12周后,颈动脉取血,测定血钙(S-Ca)、血磷(S-P)含量,ELISA试剂盒双抗体夹心法测定血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨钙素(OCN)、雌二醇(E2)含量;动物处死后剥取完整子宫称重,采用HE染色法进行子宫病理学检查,剥离双侧股骨,双能X射线衍射法测定大鼠股骨骨密度。HE染色法观察股骨骨小梁形态和成骨细胞数量,micro-CT扫描观察股骨骨小梁微体系结构。结果杜仲生品及盐制品能有效抑制去卵巢所致的大鼠体重增加,升高血清钙、雌二醇的含量,降低血磷、碱性磷酸酶和骨钙素的含量。增加大鼠股骨骨密度,改善股骨骨小梁微体系结构,增加股骨骨小梁成骨细胞数量,且长期用药对子宫无明显刺激作用。结论杜仲生品及盐制品对于大鼠去卵巢所引起的骨质疏松症有良好治疗作用,且盐制品效果优于生品。

HPLC法同时测定水解前后杜仲叶黄酮苷元的含量

建立快速检测杜仲中两种黄酮苷元槲皮素与山奈酚的高效液相色谱方法，并测定水解前后杜仲叶与杜仲素黄酮苷元的含量。采用 HPLC 法同时测定黄酮苷元，色谱柱为 Diamonsil C18（4.6 mm ×250 mm，5μm），以甲醇-0.2％磷酸（63：37）为流动相，检测波长为370 nm，流速1.0 mL/ min，柱温为30℃。槲皮素和山奈酚分别在0.5~80μg/ mL 和0.5~18μg/ mL 内线性关系良好，该检测方法能迅速、准确检测水解前后杜仲叶和杜仲素中槲皮素和山奈酚的含量；水解工艺可明显提高杜仲黄酮苷元含量。

Analysis of Amylase and Superoxide Dismutase Isozymes During the Germination Process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv Seeds

[ Objective] The study was to understand the changes of amylase（AMY） and superoxide dismutase（SOD） isozymes during the ger- mination process of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv seeds. [ Metbod] By employing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, the expressions of AMY and SOD isozymes during seed germination process were analyzed. ~ Result] The main AMY bands remained strong during the whole peri- od and a new band A2 appeared in the middle and late period of seed germination. Some new SOD bands occurred at the early stage, then be- came weak or disappeared in the middle period, and band S6 became intense in the late peried. [ Conclusion.] The expression of AMY and SOD isozyme gene has temporal difference during germination of E. henryi Oliv seeds.

杜仲穴盘育苗基质的研究

以泥炭、珍珠岩、蛭石等常用育苗基质为材料,对杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliver)进行了不同基质配方的育苗效果试验。结果表明,以泥炭∶珍珠岩∶蛭石=3∶0∶2的基质配方育苗效果好,比较适合杜仲穴盘育苗方式。