The Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games

The first modern Olympic Games took place in Athens in 1896.While in those early days of the Olympics only amateur and gentleman athletes were allowed to participate,today Olympic athletes are highly trained professionals often dedicating decades of preparation for the chance to compete in the Olympic Games.In sharp contrast to these highly trained athletes,the world’s population becomes less physically active on average,resulting in an obesity epidemic with associated metabolic syndrome and increased mortality through non-communicable diseases(e.g.,Collins et al.^(1)).

Scientific Advances and Weather Services of the China Meteorological Administration’s National Forecasting Systems during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics

Since the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics was the first Winter Olympics in history held in continental winter monsoon climate conditions across complex terrain areas,there is a deficiency of relevant research,operational techniques,and experience.This made providing meteorological services for this event particularly challenging.The China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre,achieved breakthroughs in research on short-and medium-term deterministic and ensemble numerical predictions.Several key technologies crucial for precise winter weather services during the Winter Olympics were developed.A comprehensive framework,known as the Operational System for High-Precision Weather Forecasting for the Winter Olympics,was established.Some of these advancements represent the highest level of capabilities currently available in China.The meteorological service provided to the Beijing 2022 Games also exceeded previous Winter Olympic Games in both variety and quality.This included achievements such as the“100-meter level,minute level”downscaled spatiotemporal resolution and forecasts spanning 1 to 15 days.Around 30 new technologies and over 60 kinds of products that align with the requirements of the Winter Olympics Organizing Committee were developed,and many of these techniques have since been integrated into the CMA’s operational national forecasting systems.These accomplishments were facilitated by a dedicated weather forecasting and research initiative,in conjunction with the preexisting real-time operational forecasting systems of the CMA.This program represents one of the five subprograms of the WMO’s high-impact weather forecasting demonstration project(SMART2022),and continues to play an important role in their Regional Association(RA)II Research Development Project(Hangzhou RDP).Therefore,the research accomplishments and meteorological service experiences from this program will be carried forward into forthcoming highimpact weather forecasting activities.This article provides an overview and assessment of this program and the operational national forecasting systems.

National Image Construction from the Perspective of Multimodal Metaphor-A Case Study of the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics

The national image is a comprehensive concept with a distinct political feature,including the international image presented to the outside world,and also encompassing the national identity of the people.With the development of globalization,international cultural communication has become a crucial part of shaping the national image,and the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics has become an important opportunity for China to showcase its national image to the world in the post-pandemic era.Based on Forceville’s multimodal metaphor theory,this paper examines the metaphorical phenomena contained in the performance and their functions,effects,and purposes in the construction of the national image.It is found that there are many scenes,images,and narratives in the opening ceremony,including war metaphor,competition metaphor,personification metaphor,and other conceptual metaphors.The focus of this paper is on multimodal metaphor in a broad sense,mainly encompassing auditory and visual modes.Through the use of these multimodal metaphors,the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics builds an image of a vibrant,peace-loving,and responsible country,which not only demonstrates China’s cultural self-confidence,but also expresses the Chinese people’s beautiful vision for the early reunification of the motherland.

Effects of a closed-loop system against SARS-CoV-2 at the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games:a descriptive and modeling study

BACKGROUND:To assess the efficacy of the epidemic prevention measures of the“closed-loop”system adopted by the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games(BOWG).METHODS:We retrospectively collected and analyzed information,including age,sex,nationality,vaccination status,date of diagnosis,and date of entry,from 280 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals identified during the BOWG.A susceptibility-exposed-infectious-remove model was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of epidemic prevention strategies on controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 under different scenarios during the BOWG.RESULTS:Regarding SARS-CoV-2-positive cases,97.9%were imported,and 96.4%were asymptomatic.The median age was 37 years(range:29–47 years),and 73.9%were male,with the majority of cases being broadcasters and European attendees.Regarding vaccination status,93.5%were fully vaccinated,and six cases were considered to have been infected in the closed-loop system during the BOWG.Assuming that the BOWG adopted a semi-closed-loop management system,the cumulative number of confirmed cases would be 1,137 for quick quarantine measures(3 d later)implemented and 5,530 for delayed quarantine measures(9 d later)implemented.This modeling revealed that stringent pandemic prevention measures and closed-loop management effectively controlled the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the BOWG.CONCLUSION:Imported cases are considered the main risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 transmission during mass gatherings,but a comprehensive closed-loop system could minimize transmission among attendees and general personnel.

Preliminary Discussion on the Sea Water Quality Status in the 2008 Olympics Boat-sailing Field and Adjacent Area

A cruise of survey in the 2008 Olympics boat-sailing field and adjacent area was carried out on August 28^th, 2003. Preliminarily analysis on the eutrophication status was made on the basis of the content of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN）, dissolved inorganic phosphate （PO4-P）, dissolved oxygen（DO） and chemical oxygen demand （COD） as well. The results indicated that in most of the survey area, water quality was in accordance with the 1^st class National Seawater Standard except the average concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon which was beyond the 2^nd class National Seawater Standard. The concentrations of PO4-P as well as DIN were mainly influenced by the runoff or drainage from lands, with a comparatively higher concentration in the coastal areas from the Fushan Bay to the Shilaoren bathing beach. The distribution of eutrophication index （El） showed that part of the survey area was in a state of slight eutrophication The eutrophication was mostly influenced by the land runoff or drainage and related factors. The sea water quality of the Olympic boat-sailing field was fine and just slightly polluted on the whole.

Olympic Education in China

国际奥林匹克委员会要求奥林匹克主办城市和主办国应该传播奥林匹克知识和发扬奥林匹克精神。为了调查关于该要求的执行情况,以及探究在北京奥林匹克教育规划和其他问题的有关研究。留下北京奥林匹克教育的一份持久的教育遗产,分别对以下问题进行了讨论和检查:中国奥林匹克教育的开始;中国进行奥林匹克教育的原因;奥林匹克教育对中国人教育观念的影响;北京奥林匹克教育的特性;北京奥林匹克教育为全世界奥林匹克运动会做出的贡献。

关于后奥林匹克主义与元叙事的文化哲学批判——兼评《Olympic Studies Current Intellectual Crossroads》

从文化哲学的角度初步总结后奥林匹克主义的特点。后奥林匹克主义是在解构各种传统均衡基础上的重新建构。在个体层面,它解构个体传统平衡,强调个体身心群的全面建构;在类层面,它倡导类生命的完整与和谐;在人与自然的关系层面,则强调和谐自然,绿色奥运。在介绍、评述和综合分析巴西奥林匹克研究专家Lamartine P.DaCosta 2002年出版的《Olympic Studies Current Intellectual Crossroads》一书的基础上认为,后奥林匹克主义是后现代视野下对现代奥林匹克主义的重新认识和思考,是元叙事基础上对奥林匹克主义的重新解读,在时间一历史维度上,它是对现代奥林匹克的继承,在逻辑—意义纬度上,则是对现代奥林匹克主义的超越;后奥林匹克主义是多元文化观,不存在统一的价值判断标准。

Olympic torch relay abroad and its reflection on English teaching at home

What happened to the Olympic torch relay abroad reveals how little and superficially the western countries, in particular, know of china. Meanwhile there also exists a lack or vacancy of English teaching in English teaching at home. The failure of expressing Chinese culture and conditions correctly and fluently among the English learners has already resulted in negative impact on our international image, which is related to our teaching policy of strengthening western culture and neglecting the export of our own culture. Therefore, in the English teaching at all levels, great attention should be paid to the cross-cultural communication between home culture and the culture of target language, the promotion of expressing mother culture in foreign languages, and exporting and broadcasting Chinese culture.

扩建南澳Olympic坝的环境考虑

最近,投资20亿澳元(12亿美元)扩建Olympic坝,使得其生产能力提高到从约9×106t矿石中开采和选冶出0.2×106t阴极铜、4 500t铀氧化物(UOC)、25×105 g Au和26×106 g Ag盎司银.扩建需要事先准备和批准环境影响报告(EIS).在设计和扩建期间应用的设计标准和实施法规确保在建造期间没有环境意外事故发生,执行环境管理体系已确保被扩建设施的作业继续保持对环境产生较低影响.

Sporsts Industry＇s Change After 2008 Olympic Game

2008年北京奥运会的成功举行，使中国体育产业迎来了发展历程中的最大一次机遇，奥运会带来的经济效应给中国并不成熟完善的体育产业带来一场深刻的变革。据有关部门的统计分析，北京中奥成功后自2002年起到2008年这七年时间内，中国的经济增长速度将额外增加0．3％，体育产业成为最大的受益者。

BOCOG Promotes Protection of Olympic Marks

The BOCOG promoted the protection of Olympic intellectual property rights(知识产权)by giving out leaflets(传单),showing display boards and playing promotional videos to the public at Beijing Lufthansa Friendship Shopping Mall in eastern part of Beijing on the moming of April 26, 2005. The promotional activity was jointly held by the BOCOG legal department and the Chaoyang Branch of Beijing Adminis tration of Industry and Commerce(BAIC).

Fuwa:we are the mascots of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

Time:2008Place:BeijingCharacters:Beibei,Jingjing,Huanhuan,Yingying,Nini,Some kids,Storyteller Scene I:We are FuwaStoryteller: Look,five lovely little friends—Fuwa are coming.

Size Distributions of Aerosol Sulfates and Nitrates in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games： Impacts of Pollution Control Measures and Regional Transport

For the 2008 Olympic Games, drastic control measures were implemented on industrial and urban emissions of sulfur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxides （NOx） and other pollutants to address the issues of poor air quality in Beijing. To investigate the effects of SO2 and NOx reductions on the particulate sulfate and nitrate concentrations as well as their size distributions, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors （MOUDIs） at urban and downwind rural sites in Beijing before and after full-scale controls. During the sampling period, the mass concentrations of fine particles （PMI.s） at the urban and rural sites were 94.0 and 85.9 p.g m-3, respectively. More than 90% of the sulfates and 60% of nitrates formed as fine particles. Benefiting from the advantageous meteorological conditions and the source controls, sulfates were observed in rather low concentrations and primarily in condensation mode during the Olympics. The effects of the control measures were separately analyzed for the northerly and the southerly air-mass-dominated days to account for any bias. After the control measures were implemented, PM, sulfates, and nitrates were significantly reduced when the northerly air masses prevailed, with a higher percentage of reduction in larger particles. The droplet mode particles, which dominated the sulfates and nitrates before the controls were implemented, were remarkably reduced in mass concentration after the control measures were implemented. Nevertheless, when the polluted southerly air masses prevailed, the local source control measures in Beijing did not effectively reduce the ambient sulfate concentration due to the enormous regional contribution from the North China Plain.

Reductions of PM_(2.5) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomerations during the 2008 Olympic Games

The Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring Network successfully undertook the task of monitoring the atmospheric quality of Beijing and its surrounding area during the 2008 Olympics. The results of this monitoring show that high concentrations of PM2.5 pollution exhibited a regional pattern during the monitoring period （1 June-30 October 2008）. The PM2.5 mass concentrations were 53 μg m-3, 66 p.g m-3, and 82 μg m-3 at the background site, in Beijing, and in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations, respectively. The PM2.5 levels were lowest during the 2008 Olympic Games （8-24 August）： 35μg m-3 at the background site, 42 μg m-3 in Beijing and 57 μg m-3 in the region. These levels represent decreases of 49%, 48% and 56%, respectively, compared to the prophase mean concentration before the Olympic Games. Emission control measures contributed 62% 82% of the declines observed in Beijing, and meteorological conditions represented 18%-38%. The concentration of fine particles met the goals set for a ＂Green Olympics.＂

International Fair Play Committee and Olympic spirit

On the premise that the goal and nature of work remain the same,in order to desalt the regional culture of Europe,it took the internationalism road of pervasive value,thus the International Committee for the Organization of the Pierre de Coubertin Fair Play Awards was renamed as International Fair Play Committee.

The Structure and Evolution of Sea Breezes During the Qingdao Olympics Sailing Test Event in 2006

Using data from automatic surface weather stations, buoys, lidar and Doppler, the diurnal variation and the three-dimensional structure of the sea breezes near the sailing sites of the Good Luck Beijing- 2006 Qingdao International Regatta from 18 to 31 August 2006 are analyzed. Results show that excluding rainy days and days affected by typhoon, the sea breezes occur nearly every day during this period. When Qingdao is located at the edge of the subtropical high at 500 hPa, the sea breeze is usually stronger, around 3-4 m s^-1. It starts at around 1100 to 1300 LST and lasts about 6 hours. The direction of the sea breeze tends to be southeasterly. When Qingdao is under the control of the subtropical high, the sea breeze is usually weaker, less than 2.5 m s^-1 throughout the day, and begins later, between 1300 and 1500 LST. In this case, the direction of the sea breeze is variable from easterly to southeasterly. Most sea breezes in Qingdao are very shallow, up to 300 meters deep. Strong sea breezes can reach 1.5 km in depth and can push as far as 100 km inland. If the Huanghai sea breeze moves inland and meets the sea breeze of the Jiaozhou Bay in the western part of Qingdao, the sea breeze will strengthen and form three boundaries due to the interaction of the two sea breezes.

Landscape Space Construction Based on Motion Vision——A Case Study of Landscape Design of Sichuan Olympic Sports School in China

After the analysis of the beauty contained in motion vision, the paper had pointed out that motion vision was the link for spectators relating and communicating with aesthetic objects and decided landscape space construction sequence. It further analyzed the relations between architectural space and visual perception which could be divided into inner experience and external experience. By taking landscape space construction of Sichuan Olympic Sports School for example, based on the analysis of design principles and objective of landscape space, the paper had focused on the discussion of landscape concept in terms of motion vision. In the perspective of two-dimensional vision, landscape effects of White Pigeon Square and Bright Eyes Square had been introduced. In the perspective of three-dimensional vision, landscape effects of the Olympic Rings waterscape and the Olympic Rings gallery had been illustrated. Finally, based on the integration between landscapes and architectures under visual perception, the coordination between campus architectures and landscape construction in Olympic Sports School had been analyzed.

Androgenic-anabolic steroids and the Olympic Games

Androgenic-anabolic steroids （AAS） have been misused by athletes at the Olympic Games, both before and after they were prohibited in sport in 1974. Systematic doping with AAS occurred in the German Democratic Republic （GDR） from 1965 to 1989 which assisted that country to win many medals at Olympic Games, especially in female events. Currently, AAS are the most frequent category of prohibited substances detected in the urine of athletes both globally and at the last two Summer Olympic Games. Scientific confirmation that AAS are effective in enhancing sports performance was difficult because ethical approval was difficult for research involving male subjects taking massive doses of androgens as some athletes and bodybuilders did. Methods to detect AAS have evolved gradually over the past three decades and currently, despite an impressive array of sophisticated analytical equipment and methods, anti-doping authorities and analytical scientists continue to face challenges as have occurred from the use by athletes of designer AAS during the past few years. The future development and use of selective androgen receptor modulators （SARMs） can be anticipated to pose problems in the years ahead. Endocrinologists should be aware that on occasions, replacement testosterone （T） therapy may be authorized in sport as a therapeutic use exemption （TUE） and these circumstances are discussed.

Health, Physical Activity and the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games: Legacy or Fallacy?

It is generally expected that the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games will bring health and social benefits to their host city and to Brazil. This assumption comes from “common sense”, as a logical conclusion arising from the fact that host cities “inspire” and stimulate lifestyle changes. Benefits are also expected on tourism, self-image, architecture and the economy of the country as a whole. But are these expectations real and evidence-based? What parts of these “facts” are concrete and which ones are not? This paper suggests available ways of quantifying positive effects of hosting an Olympic Game, and puts the focus of this approach on the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games and their true legacy, seeking scientific certainties.

Daily variations of airborne pollen in Beijing Olympic Park during August of three consecutive years and their relationships with meteorological factors

A three-year aeropalynological study was carried out in the month of August for each of the three years 2005, 2006 and 2007 in the Beijing Olympic Park. A total of 19550 pollen grains were counted （15057 grains in 2005, 2717 in 2006 and 1776 in 2007） for the following taxa： Gramineae, Chenopodiaceae, Humulus L., Artemisia L., Ambrosia L. and Pinus L. The analysis indicated that in the three consecutive years of 2005-007, airborne pollen types and daily number of pollen in August in the Beijing Olympic Park were closely related to environmental change and vegetation composition. The daily variations of airborne pollen displayed similar patterns in August in each of the three years, which were affected positively by periods of daily sunshine, negatively by daily relative humidity and daily precipitation. Continuously high daily temperatures and stable daily wind speeds seemed to have little effect on the fluctuation of airborne pollen.