Different n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios affect postprandial metabolism in normal and hypertriglyceridemic rats

Postprandial metabolism plays major roles in many pathological conditions.The n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)ratio is closely related to various physiological disorders.This study aimed to investigate the effects of high fat meals with different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on postprandial metabolism in normal control(NC)and hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)rats.The postprandial response of triglyceride(TG)in HTG groups was higher than that in NC groups after different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meals.The HTG groups showed higher postprandial total cholesterol(TC)responses than NC groups after 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals.The 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio elicited lower postprandial responses of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)than 1:1 and 10:1 ratios in HTG groups.The postprandial malondialdehyde(MDA)response was lower after a 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meal than 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals in HTG groups.The 1:1 ratio resulted in a lower postprandial reactive oxygen species(ROS)level than 5:1 and 10:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in NC groups.The results showed that a low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improved postprandial dysmetabolism induced by a high fat meal in NC and HTG rats.A high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio increased the difference in postprandial metabolism between NC and HTG rats.

Novel Lipase from Golden Pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)Viscera:Purification,Characterization,and Application in the Concentrating of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Lipases have been widely applied in a variety of industrial fields,such as food,pharmaceuticals,biofuels,and biotechnology.Recent years have witnessed a great interest in modifying lipids for the production of triacylglycerols enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs).Here,a novel salt-tolerant,organic solvent-stable,and bile salt-activated lipase was purified from golden pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)viscera,which was named as golden pompano lipase(GPL).GPL had a specific activity of 57.2U mg^(-1)with an estimated molecular weight of 14 k Da,exhibited optimal activity at 40℃a nd pH 8.0,and showed K_(m)and V_(max)of 40.16μmol L^(-1)and 769.23μmol L^(-1)min^(-1),respectively.GPL activity was enhanced by Mn^(2+)and sodium deoxycholate.It was active in organic solvents,including methanol,ethanol,chloroform,and hexane.GPL also showed a good salinity tolerance of up to 1 mol L^(-1).n-3PUFA enrichment in the glyceride fraction of golden pompano oil was performed by GPL-catalyzed hydrolysis and yielded a total PUFA concentration of 56.99%.EPA,DHA,and DPA were enriched by 10.4-,3.2-,and 1.8-fold of their initial levels,respectively.This study recognized the industrial applicability of GPL to prepare enriched C_(20-22)n-3 PUFA.

Comparison of the effects of 3 kinds of oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glycolipid metabolism and lipoprotein subfractions

Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(ω-3 PUFAs)can be classifi ed into animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)are frequently accompanied by dyslipidemia,which is closely related to the high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C)subfractions change.This study aimed to determine the effects of different sourcesω-3 PUFAs on glucolipid metabolism and lipoprotein subfractions in T2DM with dyslipidemia.Ninety T2DM patients with dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to take 3 g/day fi sh oil(FO,containing eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)),3 g/day perilla oil(PO,containingα-linolenic acid(ALA)),or 3 g/day blend oil(BO,containing EPA,DHA and ALA)for 3 months.90 patients completed the intervention.There was a significant reduction of glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)in all the groups.The triglycerides(TG)in the FO group were signifi cantly different with a group×time interaction(P=0.043),which was higher compared with the other two groups.The serum small HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was higher and the serum large HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was lower than those in the BO and FO groups.Plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs are more effective at controlling blood glucose than animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs.However,animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs have a signifi cant lowering effect on TG compared with plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Particularly,large HDL-C subfractions after animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake were higher than plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake;while small HDL-C subfractions were lower.Both the animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs have practical value in improving glucose and lipids metabolism in T2DM patients with dyslipidemia.

The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Bronchial Asthma

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Allergies are intensely related to bronchial asthma and to other respiratory diseases such as chronic sinusitis, middle ear infections, and nasal polyps. Treatment can vary from inhalers to oral medications to drugs delivered in a nebulizer or breathing machine. Besides, dietary involvement was a significant tool to reduce the severity of many chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma. Randomly assigned, double blind, and placebo controlled 290 adults with mild to moderately persistent bronchial asthma concluded in this study, were subjected to alternating phases of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C and Zn either singly or in combination. Subjective symptom improvement, pulmonary function, and biochemical tests were carried out at the beginning of the study and at the end of each therapeutic phase. The study findings showed that nearly half of the cases were in age between 18 years to 40 years followed by 29.6 of the cases that fall in age range between 40 years and 60 years. It was clear that all the four supplements (ogema-3 fatty acids, vitamin C and Zn, and combination) contributed more than placebo in reducing the severity of bronchial asthma. However, omega 3 fatty acids and combined supplement significantly contributed in symptomatic improvement (p < 0.05). There was a significant improvement of pulmonary function and sputum inflammatory markers with diet supplementation (p < 0.05). So, the subjects with mild and moderately persistent bronchial asthma may get benefit from their dietary supplementation with omega 3 fatty acids, Zinc and vitamin C. It is evident from this study that omega 3 fatty acids and combined supplementation significantly improved the severity of bronchial asthma.

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸调节小胶质细胞激活及极化改善APPPS1小鼠学习记忆能力

目的 建立Fat-1/APPPS1转基因小鼠的体内模型及小胶质细胞体外模型,探讨n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 PUFAs)调节小胶质细胞激活及极化改善APPPS1小鼠学习记忆能力的效果和机制。方法 将杂合子Fat-1雄性小鼠与杂合子APPPS1雌性小鼠进行杂交,筛选子代得到WT、Fat-1、Fat-1/APPPS1以及APPPS1雄性小鼠,培育至9月龄。运用Morris水迷宫实验评估小鼠的学习记忆能力;气-质联用技术(GS-MS)测定小鼠脑组织内多不饱和脂肪酸水平;运用免疫组织化学法检测小鼠大脑海马区β淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein, Aβ)沉积情况;运用组织免疫荧光、qRT-PCR及酶联免疫吸附实验检测各组小鼠中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)炎症水平,小胶质细胞激活及极化水平,基因Iba-1的转录及表达小胶质细胞激活水平,基因CD86、CD206的转录及表达小胶质细胞极化水平。采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠来源的永生化BV2小胶质细胞损伤建立细胞炎症模型,用二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)对细胞预处理,运用细胞免疫荧光、qRT-PCR和蛋白免疫印迹技术检测各组小胶质细胞炎症、激活及极化水平,采用的激活与极化指标与动物实验相同。结果 与APPPS1小鼠相比,内源性表达n-3 PUFAs的Fat-1/APPPS1小鼠学习记忆障碍明显改善(P<0.05),海马区Aβ沉积有效缓解(P<0.05),CNS炎症水平以及小胶质细胞激活水平显著降低(P<0.05),同时小胶质细胞激活表型从M1向M2型转化(P<0.05)。DHA+EPA预处理显著降低了LPS诱导的BV2细胞炎症水平(P<0.05),且促使细胞从M1向M2型转化(P<0.05)。结论 n-3 PUFAs可以抑制APPPS1小鼠大脑小胶质细胞激活,调节小胶质细胞由M1向M2转化,降低中枢神经炎症水平,改善APPPS1小鼠学习记忆障碍。

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸加重FFAR4基因缺失小鼠结肠炎进程

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一种慢性肠道疾病,额外营养支持有助于缓解IBD患者病情。研究表明膳食中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸具有良好的抗炎作用,而人群研究表明部分IBD患者额外补充n-3多不饱和脂肪酸无益于其疾病缓解。大规模测序发现n-3多不饱和脂肪酸受体基因FFAR4存在突变,n-3多不饱和脂肪酸在IBD治疗中的不确定结果是否与FFAR4基因的缺失有关,目前尚不清晰。通过对野生型(WT)小鼠和FFAR4基因缺失(FFAR4KO)小鼠进行结肠炎造模,并同时对两组小鼠额外补充n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,实验结果表明,在同时补充n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的情况下,相较于WT小鼠,FFAR4KO小鼠的结肠炎更加严重,表现为更多的体质量丢失、更高的疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI)、更高的结肠髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性以及更高的结肠炎症因子转录水平。该研究为IBD患者得到精确营养干预提供了理论依据。

饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA对鸭蛋中脂肪酸组成和咸蛋黄品质的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究蛋鸭饲粮中n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6/n-3 PUFA)对鸭蛋中脂肪酸组成和咸蛋黄品质的影响。【方法】试验选用健康、体重相近的21周龄福建龙岩山麻鸭180只,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸭。分别饲喂玉米-豆粕(对照组)和玉米-豆粕-亚麻籽(试验组)饲粮,n-6/n-3 PUFA分别为16和8,试验周期为12周。饲养试验结束后,采集新鲜鸭蛋测定脂肪酸组成,腌制咸蛋,测定咸蛋黄内质特性、质构特性、风味和滋味。【结果】与n-6/n-3 PUFA 16饲粮相比,n-6/n-3 PUFA 8饲粮(1)增加了鲜蛋黄中C18∶0、C20∶0、C22∶0、C22∶1n9、C18∶2n6c、C18∶3n3、C20∶3n6、C20∶4n6、n-6 PUFA以及n-3 PUFA含量,降低了鲜蛋黄中n-6/n-3 PUFA(由10.20降至5.65,P<0.05);(2)降低了咸蛋黄的硬心率和硬心比重(P<0.05),不影响出油率和沙性(P>0.05);降低了咸蛋黄的硬度,增加了弹性(P<0.05),但黏附性、内聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼性无显著变化(P>0.05);降低了咸蛋黄中醇醚醛酮类的气味(P<0.05);降低了咸蛋黄的苦味和鲜味,增加了滋味的丰富性(P<0.05),对涩味和咸味无显著影响(P>0.05)。【结论】蛋鸭饲粮n-6/n-3 PUFA由16降为8时,可降低鲜蛋黄中n-6/n-3 PUFA,改善咸蛋黄品质和风味。

Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has been recognized as a major health burden.It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major independent cardiovascular risk factor.Lacking a definite treatment for NAFLD,a specific diet and an increase in physical activity represent the most commonly used therapeutic approaches.In this review,major literature data about the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs) as a potential treatment of NAFLD have been described.n-3 PUFAs,besides having a beneficial impact on most of the cardio-metabolic risk factors(hypertension,hyperlipidemia,endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis) by regulating gene transcription factors [i.e.,peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR),PPAR,sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1,carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein],impacts both lipid metabolism and on insulin sensitivity.In addition to an enhancement of hepatic beta oxidation and a decrease of the endogenous lipid production,n-3 PUFAs are able to determine a significant reduction of the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules(tumor necrosis factor-and interleukin-6) and of oxygen reactive species.Further strengthening the results of the in vitro studies,both animal models and human intervention trials,showed a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs on the severity of NAFLD as expressed by laboratory parameters and imaging measurements.Despite available results provided encouraging data about the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs as a treatment of NAFLD in humans,welldesigned randomized controlled trials of adequate size and duration,with histological endpoints,are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of PUFA,as well as other therapies,for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients.It is worthwhile to consider that n-3 PUFAs cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from exogenous sources(fish oil,flaxseeds,olive oil) which are typical foods of the Mediterranean diet,known for its beneficial effects in preventing obesity,diabetes and,in turn,cardiovascular events.According to these data,it is important to consider that most of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs can also be obtained by an equilibrate nutrition program.

孟德尔随机化探究Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险的因果关系

目的利用孟德尔随机化方法分析Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险的因果关联。方法对Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌全基因组关联研究(GWASs)数据进行分析,筛选出与Omega-3脂肪酸相关的遗传位点作为工具变量(IVs)。使用逆方差加权(IVW)、MR-Egger、加权中位数、简单模式和加权模式等孟德尔随机化分析方法对Omega-3脂肪酸和乳腺癌发病风险间的因果关系进行评估。结果共筛选出47个与Omega-3脂肪酸强相关的SNPs作为工具变量,IVW等分析方法均显示Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌的发病风险间不存在因果关联(P>0.05)。MR-Egger回归分析等方法均未检测到明显的基因水平多效性(P=0.319),表明分析结果具有较高的敏感性和稳健性。结论Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险之间无因果关联。

A randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome

AIM:To evaluate the role of dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in dry eye syndrome.METHODS:A prospective,interventional,placebo controlled,double blind randomized trial was done at two referral eye centers.Two hundred and sixty-four eyes of patients with dry eye were randomized to receive one capsule(500mg)two times a day containing 325mg EPA and 175mg DHA for 3 months(omega-3 group).The omega-3 group was compared to a group of patients(n=254)who received a placebo(placebo group).There were 4 patient visits(at baseline,1 month,2 months and3 months).On each visit,recording of corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA),slit lamp examination and questionnaire based symptom evaluation and scoring was done.A symptomatic score of 0-6 was mild,6.1-12moderate and 12.1-18 severe dry eye.Response to intervention was monitored by routine tear function tests like Schirmer I test,tear film break-up time(TBUT),Rose Bengal staining and most notably,conjunctival impression cytology.RESULTS:Sixty-five percent of patients in the omega-3group and 33%of patients in placebo group had significant improvement in symptoms at 3 months(P=0.005).There was a significant change in both Schirmer’s test value and TBUT values in the omega-3group(P【0.001),both comparisons.However,there was a larger drift in TBUT values in omega-3 than the placebo group,in comparison to Schirmer’s test values.The mean TBUT score was 2.54±2.34 in the omega-3group and 0.13±0.16 in placebo group,respectively.The mean reduction in symptom score in omega-3 group was 2.02±0.96 as compared to 0.48±0.22 in placebogroup(P【0.001).Despite a slight increase mean score,the Schirmer scores did not correlate well with symptomatic improvement.CONCLUSION:Omega-3 fatty acids have a definite role for dry eye syndrome.The benefit seems to be more marked in conditions such as blepharitis and meibomian gland disease.The role of omega fatty acids in tear production and secretion needs further evaluation.

Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health and Diseases

The pharmaceutical effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs) as dietary nutrients on human health and diseases have gained much attention and are investigated for decades. Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid(DPA) are the three major n-3 PUFAs enriched in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, algae, and so on. It has been well known that n-3 PUFAs, especially DHA and EPA, are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that n-3 PUFAs might cure inflammatory diseases through several mechanisms, such as plasma membrane remodeling of lymphocytes, down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alternating adhesion molecule expressions. Several molecular targets of n-3 PUFAs on immune-regulation have also been identified, such as GPR120(FFA4), protein kinase C(PKC), and PPAR-γ. However, it remains inconclusive if dietary n-3 PUFAs function the same both in vitro and in vivo based on cohort studies. This review will focus on the molecular targets and mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of n-3 PUFAs on human health and diseases, such as obesity, tumor, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.

Effects of dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunoglobulins, cytokines, fatty acid composition, and performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary ratios of n-6：n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets. Thirty pregnant Landrace sows were assigned to one of three treatments from d 108 of gestation until weaning （26-29 d） and were fed diets containing different ratios of n-6：n-3 PUFA including 3：1,9：1 and 13：1. The effects on sow and litter production traits were examined together with an assessment of sow body condition. No differences were detected among the treatments for the daily feed intake of sows or changes in sow weight and back-fat levels during lactation （P 〉 0.05）. Litter size at d 14 and d 21 were tended to increase in 3：1 treatment compared with 9：1 and 13：1 treatments （P 〈 0.10）. Litter weight gain （1.77 kg/d） from d 0 to d 14 was tended to increase in 9：1 groups compared with the other two treatments （P 〈 0.10）. A significant difference was observed for the content of a -linolenic acid, total n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of n-6：n-3 PUFA in the colostrum, milk, and piglets plasma （P 〈 0.01）. The effects of different ratios of n-6：n-3 PUFA in sow diets on colostrum, milk and piglet plasma immunoglobulin concentrations are studied. No difference was observed among treatments in the concentrations of IgM, and IgA in colostrum （P 〉 0.05）. A great significant difference for IgG concentration was observed among 3 group in colostrum. A great significant difference for IgA, and IgM （P〈 0.01） concentrations in piglet plasma at d14 and a significant difference for IgG（P 〈 0.05） was observed at d14. Furthermore, at d 21 of lactation, piglet plasma IgG and IgA concentration were greater in 3：1 compared with 13：1 group （P 〈 0.01）. In summary, the current study demonstrated that altering the ratio of n-6：n-3 PUFA in lactating sow diet had an effect on the immune component including immunoglobulin and cytokines, and it tended to increase the litter average daily gain and improve the immune status of piglets when dietary ratio of n-6：n-3 PUFA was 9：1.

Omega-3 fatty acid improves the clinical outcome of hepatectomized patients with hepatitis B virus(HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

Omega-3 fatty acid supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves the clinical outcome of patients undergoing certain operations; however, its benefits for patients with hepatitis type B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have undergone hepatectomy are still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplemented total parenteral nutrition on the clinical outcome of patients with HBV- associated HCC who underwent hepatectomy at our institution. A total of 63 patients with HBV-associated HCC who underwent hepatectomy were included in this study. These patients were randomly assigned to receive stand- ard total parenteral nutrition (the control group, n = 31) or omega-3 fatty acid supplemented total parenteral nutri- tion (the omega-3 fatty acid group, n = 32) for at least 5 d. The study endpoints were the occurrence of infection- related complications, recovery of liver function and length of hospital stay. The results showed that the omega-3 fatty acid group had a lower infection rate (omega-3 fatty acid, 19.4% vs control, 43.8%, P 〈 0.05), a better liver function after hepatectomy: alanine transaminase (omega-3 fatty acid, 48.23__+ 18.48 U/L vs control, 73.34 q-40.60 U/L, P 〈 0.01), aspartate transaminase (omega-3 fatty acid, 35.77_ 14.56 U/L vs control, 50.53 4-24.62 U/L, P 〈 0.01), total bilirubin (omega-3 fatty acid, 24.29___7.40 mmol/L vs control, 28. 374-8.06 mmol/L, P 〈 0.05) and a shorter length of hospital stay (omega-3 fatty acid, 12.71 ___2.58 d vs control, 15.91 ___3.23 d, P 〈 0.01). The serum contents of IL-6 (omega-3 fatty acid, 23.98___5.63 pg/mL vs control, 35.55___7.5 pg/mL, P 〈 0.01) and TNF-a (ome- ga-3 fatty acid, 4.43___1.22 pg/mL vs control, 5.96___1.58 pg/mL, P 〈 0.01) after hepatectomy were significantly lower in the omega-3 fatty acid group than those of the control group. In conclusion, administration of omega-3 fatty acid may reduce infection rate and improve liver function recovery in HBV-associated HCC patients after hepatectomy. This improvement is associated with suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines in these patients.

Impact of postoperative omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immunomodulations in colorectal cancer patients

AIM: To investigate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid parenteral supplementation postoperatively on clinical outcomes and immunomodulation in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: Forty-two patients undergoing radical colorectal cancer resection with an indication for total parenteral nutrition postoperatively were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Patients received total parenteral nutrition supplemented with either soybean oil (LCT; Intralipid, Fresenius-Kabi, SO group, n = 21) or a combination of omega-3 fish oil and soybean oil (LCT:fish oil = 5:1, fish oil; Omegaven, Fresenius-Kabi, FO group, n = 21), up to a total of 1.2 g lipid/kg per day for 7 d postoperatively. A same volume calorie and nitrogen was administrated. Routine blood test, biochemistry, systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, percentage of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes were evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative d 1 and 8. Patient outcome was evaluated considering mortality during the hospital stay, length of postoperative hospital stay, and occurrence of infectious complications. RESULTS: Both lipid regimens were well tolerated. No differences between the two groups were noticed in demographics, baseline blood test, biochemistry, serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, percentage of CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes, and ratios of CD4+/CD8+. Compared with those on postoperative d 1, serum IL-6 levels onpostoperative d 8 were significantly depressed in the FO group than in the reference group (-44.43 ± 30.53 vs -8.39 ± 69.08, P = 0.039). Simultaneously, the ratios of CD4+/CD8+ were significantly increased in the FO group (0.92 ± 0.62 vs 0.25 ± 1.22, P = 0.035). In addition, depression of serum TNF-α levels (-0.82 ± 2.71 vs 0.27 ± 1.67, P = 0.125) and elevation of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocyte percentage (12.85 ± 11.61 vs 3.84 ± 19.62, P = 0.081, 17.80 ± 10.86 vs 9.66 ± 17.55, P = 0.084, respectively) were higher in the FO group than in the reference group. Patients in the FO group trended to need a shorter postoperative hospital stay (17.45 ± 4.80 d vs 19.62 ± 5.59 d, P = 0.19). No statistically significant difference was found when stratified to mortality and occurrence of infectious complications. CONCLUSION: Postoperative supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids may have a favorable effect on the outcomes in colorectal cancer patients undergoing radical resection by lowering the magnitude of inflammatory responses and modulating the immune response.

Role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,citrus pectin,and milk-derived exosomes on intestinal barrier integrity and immunity in animals

The gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry is prone to challenge by feedborne antigens,pathogens,and other stress factors in the farm environment.Excessive physiological inflammation and oxidative stress that arises firstly disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier followed by other components of the gastrointestinal tract.In the present review,the interrelationship between intestinal barrier inflammation and oxidative stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease was described.Further,the role of naturally existing immunomodulatory nutrients such as the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,citrus pectin,and milk-derived exosomes in preventing intestinal barrier inflammation was discussed.Based on the existing evidence,the possible molecular mechanism of these bioactive nutrients in the intestinal barrier was outlined for application in animal diets.

Role of perinatal long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in cortical circuit maturation:Mechanisms and implications for psychopathology

Accumulating translational evidence suggests that the long-chain omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) plays a role in the maturation and stability of cortical circuits that are impaired in different recurrent psychiatric disorders. Specifically, rodent and cell culture studies find that DHA preferentially accumulates in synaptic and growth cone membranes and promotes neurite outgrowth, dendritic spine stability, and synaptogenesis. Additional evidence suggests that DHA may play a role in microglia-mediated synaptic pruning, as well as myelin development and resilience. In nonhuman primates n-3 fatty acid insufficiency during perinatal development leads to widespread deficits in functional connectivity in adult frontal cortical networks compared to primates raised on DHA-fortified diet. Preterm delivery in non-human primates and humans is associated with early deficits in cortical DHA accrual. Human preterm birth is associated with longstanding deficits in myelin integrity and cortical circuit connectivity and increased risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), mood, and psychotic disorders. In general, ADHD and mood and psychotic disorders initially emerge during rapid periods of cortical circuit maturation and are characterized by DHA deficits, myelin pathology, and impaired cortical circuit connectivity. Together these associations suggest that early and uncorrected deficits in fetal brain DHA accrual may represent a modifiable risk factor for cortical circuit maturation deficits in psychiatric disorders, and could therefore have significant implications for informing early intervention and prevention strategies.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote liver regeneration after 90% hepatectomy in rats

AIM:To evaluate the effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(ω-3 PUFA) administration on liver regeneration after 90% partial hepatectomy(PH) in rats.METHODS:ω-3 PUFAs were intravenously injected in the ω-3 PUFA group before PH surgery.PH,sparing only the caudate lobe,was performed in both the control and the ω-3 PUFA group.Survival rates,liver weight/body weight ratios,liver weights,HE staining,transmission electron microscope imaging,nuclearassociated antigen Ki-67,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and signal transduction were evaluated to analyze liver regeneration.RESULTS:All rats in the control group died within 30 h after hepatectomy.Survival rates in the ω-3 PUFA group were 20/20 at 30 h and 4/20 1 wk after PH.Liver weight/body weight ratios and liver weights increased significantly in the ω-3 PUFA group.The structure of sinusoidal endothelial cells and space of Disse was greatly restored in the ω-3 PUFA group compared to the control group after PH.In the ω-3 PUFA group,interleukin(IL)-4 and IL-10 levels were significantly increased whereas IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-levels were dramatically decreased.In addition,activation of protein kinase B(Akt) and of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway were identified at an earlier time after PH in the ω-3 PUFA group.CONCLUSION:Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may prevent acute liver failure and promote liver regeneration after 90% hepatectomy in rats.

The Efficacy of the Consumption of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for the Maintenance of Remission in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of the actual consuming n-3 PUFA for remission-maintenance in IBD patients. A questionnaire on the dietary habits of patients one month before hospitalization (Q1) was completed by 24 patients with IBD (10 ulcerative colitis (UC) subjects and 14 Crohn’s disease (CD) subjects) treated at our hospital. We educated the study subjects about an n-3 PUFA diet, and a follow-up survey (Q2) was conducted 6 to 12 months after discharge. Disease activity was evaluated using the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) score and/or the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score for CD and the partial UCDAI score without endoscopic evaluation for UC. Q1 showed that the average n-3 and n-6 PUFA intakes were 1673 ± 1651 mg and 9146 ± 5217 mg, respectively, and the average n-3/n-6 ratio was 0.27 ± 0.31. In Q2, the intake of n-3 PUFA was significantly higher (3671 ± 1684 mg, p < 0.001), whereas the n-6 PUFA intake decreased significantly (5217 ± 1973 mg, p < 0.001) compared to those in Q1. As a consequence, the dietary n-3/ n-6 ratio was significantly increased (0.87 ± 0.60, p < 0.001). Maintenance of the remission rate was significantly higher in IBD patients who complied with the n-3 diet, and these patients maintained a dietary n-3/n-6 ratio of 0.432 or higher (17 of 23 cases;70.8%, p < 0.03) compared to that observed for IBD patients who did not comply with the diet. These results emphasize the importance of adjusting dietary PUFA and suggest that the n-3 diet may be effective in maintaining the remission of IBD.

Alterations of attention and impulsivity in the rat following a transgenerational decrease in dietary omega-3 fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),particularly the omega-3 PUFAs,are thought to be involved in neuronal processes,to play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders and to be important for the integrity of central nervous system functioning.The present study investigated the effects of nutritional omega-3 PUFAs on attentional functions and impulsive behavior in Wistar rats.For this purpose,female Wistar rats were fed an omega-3 deficient diet over several generations,and the dams of the seventh generation were randomly assigned to two diet groups and fed an omega-3 deficient or an omega-3 sufficient diet.In addition,a group of previously untreated dams was fed an omega-3 sufficient diet.The male offspring of these three diet groups were tested using an established paradigm for the assessment of attention and impulsive behavior,i.e.a modified version of the five-choice-serial-reaction-time task(5CSRTT).The present data show that the deficiency of omega-3 PUFAs over generations led to substantial changes in attentional processes and impulsive behaviors.The impairments associated with an omega-3 deficiency were partly corrected by treatment with the omega-3 sufficient diet in the last generation of the omega-3 deficient group which showed substantial improvements in attention parameters.While there were no significant effects of dietary modifications on psychomotor activity levels,there was some evidence for changes in impulsive behavior.In conclusion,transgenerational dietary changes in the availability of omega-3 PUFAs led to changes in attentional processes and impulsive behavior in rats,supporting the hypothesis that omega-3 PUFAs play a role in cognitive and behavioral processes.The present findings offer a promising approach in the investigation of the role of omega-3 PUFAs in a variety of cognitive and behavioral domains.

Beneficial n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and n6:n3 ratios after 4-week EPA + DHA supplementation associated with reduced CRP: A pilot study in healthy young adults

Chronic systemic inflammation is associated with many conditions of aging such as atherosclerosis. Lowering high n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios are commonly found in Western diets aids in preventing inflammatory-related diseases. However, it is not clear whether dietary interventions designed to alter n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios can reduce systemic inflammation in younger adults. Studies that evaluate PUFA intake often use subjective data from food frequency questionnaires or food records rather than more precise physiological measures of PUFAs (e.g. plasma levels). Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study that analyzed data from the experimental parent study of younger adults (n = 18), was to determine whether plasma PUFA levels were associated with levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, and if supplementation with n-3 PUFAs was correlated with rising n-3 PUFA concentrations in plasma and decreasing n-6:n-3 ratios. In the parent study, participants received daily either placebo or n-3 PUFA softgels (1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]). EPA and DHA are the biologically active components in fish oil. Measures included blood for PUFA quantification at baseline and four weeks later, when blister wounds were created and wound fluid and saliva were collected. The saliva samples were used to measure CRP in the present study. We report that CRP was significantly and negatively correlated with total n-3 PUFAs (tau-β = ?0.373, p = 0.031) and positively correlated with n-6:n-3 ratios (tau-β = 0.320, p = 0.063). Those consuming EPA + DHA supplements had significantly higher concentrations of total n-3 PUFAs and significantly lower n-6:n-3 ratios (p The present study has shown that beneficial levels of n-3 PUFAs and n-6:n3 ratios were achieved with 4-weeks of EPA + DHA supplementation and were associated with reduced CRP in young adults. EPA + DHA supplementation for some young adults may help prevent inflammatory conditions later in life.