Research on Ventilation and Heat Insulation Layer Design of Split-Type Roof Greening Based on Topological Interlocking Principle

In this paper,the roof ventilation and heat insulation layer modules are combined with the roof greening,and each module is assembled through the principle of topological interlocking.The assembly of these modules does not require any rivets or cement mortar,and the structural stability of the overall assembled roof is achieved only through the interlocking and limiting the movements of the interlocked units.The green roof designed in this paper has strong applicability and can be applied to roofs of different shapes.Such a roof can not only meet the aesthetic needs,but also beautify the urban environment and reduce carbon emissions.

Preparation of ultra-fine grain Ni-Al-WC coating with interlocking bonding on austenitic stainless steel by laser clad and friction stir processing

The ultra-fine structured Ni?Al?WC layer with interlocking bonding was fabricated on austenitic stainless steel by combination of laser clad and friction stir processing (FSP). Laser was initially applied to Ni?Al elemental powder preplaced on the austenitic stainless steel substrate to produce a coating for further processing. The as-received coating was subjected to FSP treatment, processed by a rotary tool rod made of WC?Co alloy, to obtain sample for inspection. Microstructure, phase constitutions, hardness and wear property were investigated by methods of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), hardness test alongside with dry sliding wear test. The results show that the severe deformation effect exerted on the specimen resulted in an ultra-fine grain layer of about 100μmin thickness and grain size of 1?2μm. Synergy between introduction of WC particles to the deformation layer and deformation strengthening contributes greatly to the increase in hardness and friction resistance. An interlocking bonding between the coating and matrix which significantly improves bonding strength was formed due to the severe deformation effect.

Open Fracture Tibia Treated by Unreamed Interlocking Nail. Long Experience in El-Bakry General Hospital

Background: Internal splintage of open tibial fractures had gained acceptance as a preferred method of early stabilization of such injuries. Patients and Methods: Fifty-five patients had been operated upon. They were followed from July 2008 to March 2013 (56 months) with an average time of 39 months. The final results had been evaluated through a scheme including 7 parameters: pain, union, malunion, infection, range motions of nearby joints, implant and technical failure and activity and returning to the same work. Results: According to previous parameters, union was achieved in 52 cases (94.5%) at an average time of 20 weeks (16 - 52 weeks) with 5.5% incidence of nonunion. Excellent and good ranges of knee and ankle motions were achieved at final follow-up visit in 49 cases (89.09%). The incidence of complication was acceptable mainly malunion 7.3%, deep infection 12.7%, implant and technical failure 9.1% full activity and returning to the same work achieved in 89.1%. The overall net results of our series are as follows: excellent—19 cases (34.5%), good—27 cases (49.1%), fair—6 cases (10.9%) and poor—3 cases (5.5%). Conclusion: Utilizing unreamed interlocking nail for open tibial fractures is a good method of treatment particularly those of grade (II), and (IIIA).

Comparative study of intertrochanteric fracture fixation using proximal femoral nail with and without distal interlocking screws

BACKGROUND Intertrochanteric(IT)fracture is one of the most common fractures seen in an orthopaedic practice.Proximal femoral nailing(PFN)is a common modality of fixing IT femur fracture.We retrospectively studied whether a PFN with two proximal lag screws can be done without distal interlocking screws in the 31-A1 and 31-A2 fracture patterns according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association(AO/OTA)guidelines for IT femur fractures.AIM To compare the outcomes of IT fractures(AO/OTA 31-A1 and 31-A2)treated by PFN with and without distal interlocking screws.METHODS We carried out a retrospective study of 140 patients in a tertiary care centre who had AO/OTA type 31-A1 and 31-A2 IT fractures.We divided the patients into two groups,in which one of the groups received distal interlocking screws(group 1)and the other group did not(group 2).The subjects were followed up for a mean period of 14 mo and assessed for radiological union time,fracture site collapse,mechanical stability of implant,and complications associated with the PFN with distal interlocking and without distal interlocking.Then,the results were compared.RESULTS PFN without distal interlocking screws has several advantages and gives better results over PFN with distal interlocking screws in the AO/OTA 31-A2 fracture pattern.However,similar results were observed in both groups with the fracture pattern AO/OTA 31-A1.In patients with fracture pattern AO/OTA 31-A2 treated by PFN without distal interlocking screws,there were minimal proximal lockrelated complications and no risk of distal interlock-related complications.The operative time,IITV radiation time and time to radiological union were reduced.These patients also had better rotational alignment of the proximal femur,and the anatomy of the proximal femur was well maintained.It was also noted that in the cases where distal interlocking was performed,there was a gradual decrease in neck shaft angle,which led to varus collapse and failure of bone-implant construct in 21.40%.CONCLUSION In fracture pattern AO/OTA 31-A2,PFN without distal interlocking had better results and less complications than PFN with distal interlocking.

Olecranon anatomy:Use of a novel proximal interlocking screw for intramedullary nailing,a cadaver study

AIM: To define the optimum safe angle of use for an eccentrically aligned proximal interlocking screw(PIS) for intramedullary nailing(IMN).METHODS: Thirty-six dry cadaver ulnas were split into two equal pieces sagitally. The following points were identified for each ulna: the deepest point of the incisura olecrani(A), the point where perpendicular lines from A and the ideal IMN entry point(D) are intersected(C) and a point at 3.5 mm(2 mm safety distance from articular surface + 1.5 mm radius of PIS) posterior from point A(B). We calculated the angle of screws inserted from point D through to point B in relation to D-C and B-C. In addition, an eccentrically aligned screw was inserted at a standard 20° through the anterior cortex of the ulna in each bone and the articular surface wasobserved macroscopically for any damage.RESULTS: The mean A-C distance was 9.6 mm(mean ± SD, 9.600 ± 0.763 mm), A-B distance was 3.5 mm, C-D distance was 12.500 mm(12.500 ± 1.371 mm) and the mean angle was 25.9°(25.9°± 2.0°). Lack of articular damage was confirmed macroscopically in all bones after the 20.0° eccentrically aligned screws were inserted. Intramedullary nail fixation systems have well known biological and biomechanical advantages for osteosynthesis. However, as well as these well-known advantages, IMN fixation of the ulna has some limitations. Some important limitations are related to the proximal interlocking of the ulna nail. The location of the PIS itself limits the indications for which intramedullary systems can be selected as an implant for the ulna. The new PIS design, where the PIS is aligned 20°eccentrically to the nail body, allows fixing of fractures even at the level of the olecranon without disturbing the joint. It also allows the eccentrically aligned screw to be inserted in any direction except through the proximal radio-ulnar joint. Taking into consideration our results, we now use a 20° eccentrically aligned PIS for all ulnas. In our results, the angle required to insert the PIS was less than 20° for only one bone. However, 0.7° difference corresponds to placement of the screw only 0.2 mm closer to the articular surface. As we assume 2.0 mm to be a safe distance, a placement of the screw 0.2 mm closer to the articular surface may not produce any clinical symptoms.CONCLUSION: The new PIS may give us the opportunity to interlock IMN without articular damage and confirmation by fluoroscopy if the nail is manufactured with a PIS aligned at a 20.0° fixed angle in relation to the IMN.

Verifying the accuracy of interlocking tables for railway signalling systems using abstract state machines

Railway transportation system is a critical sector where design methods and techniques are defined by international standards in order to reduce possible risks to an acceptable minimum level. CENELEC 50128 strongly recommends the utilization of finite state machines during system modelling stage and formal proof methods during the verifi- cation and testing stages of control algorithms. Due to the high importance of interlocking table at the design state of a sig- nalization system, the modelling and verification of inter- locking tables are examined in this work. For this purpose, abstract state machines are used as a modelling tool. The developed models have been performed in a generalized structure such that the model control can be done automatically for the interlocking systems. In this study, NuSMV is used at the verification state. Also, the consistency of the developed models has been supervised through fault injection. The developed models and software components are applied on a real railway station operated by Metro Istanbul Co.

Design of Railway Computer Interlocking Search Algorithm and Implementation of Interlocking Software

The computer interlocking system has a wide application in realizing interlocking control between the switch, the signal, and the track circuit in station. Due to the similarity between the binary tree and the station-type data structure, the actual station route search method and the recursive algorithm are combined inorder to realize the computer interlocking route search. On this basis, through the design of switch class, track circuit class and signal machine class, by using C++ object-oriented the management of station data structure and entity object are realized, and then the crowding alarm, switch operations and so on in computer interlocking software. Taking the implementation of 5# station computer interlocking software as an example and based on are realized C++ the object-oriented computer interlocking software is written to provide a reference for realizing the railway computer interlocking training system function.

Experimental studies on interface mechanism of interlocking attachment of porous titanium

The feature of porous titanium is that new bone trabecular tissue could ingrow intoits pores and produce interlocking attachment.The spherical TC4 powder and titanium fiberwere seperately implanted into the femurs of 24 dogs.The pore size of the samples was0.24mm and their rates of porosity were 40%～50%.After 3 months,the interface shearstrength examined by straight pulling test,was over 4.60±0.36MPa.Scanning electronmicroscopy showed that there were new bone components in the porous layer.Lightmicroscopy also revealed that there were new bone lacunae and their pathways in it.Thedepth of the reforming bone was 3 mm.Interface shear strength of the new bone in the po-rous layer might meet the need of load bearing.Porous materials would prevent the artificialjoint from loosening and thus help to develop a new service clinically.

Comparison of straight median sternotomy and interlocking sternotomy with respect to biomechanical stability

AIM: To increase the stability of sternotomy and so decrease the complications because of instability. METHODS: Tests were performed on 20 fresh sheep sterna which were isolated from the sterno-costa joints of the ribs. Median straight and interlocking sternotomies were performed on 10 sterna each, set as groups 1 and 2, respectively. Both sternotomies were performed with an oscillating saw and closed at three points with a No. 5 straight stainless-stee wiring. Fatigue testing was performed in craniocaudal, anterio-posterior(AP) and lateral directions by a computerized materials-testing machine cycling between loads of 0 to 400 N per 5 s(0.2 Hz). The amount of displacement in AP, lateral and craniocaudal directions were measured and also the op-posing bone surface at the osteotomy areas were calculated at the two halves of sternum. RESULTS: The mean displacement in cranio-caudal direction was 9.66 ± 3.34 mm for median sternotomy and was 1.26 ± 0.97 mm for interlocking sternotomy, P < 0.001. The mean displacement in AP direction was 9.12 ± 2.74 mm for median sternotomy and was 1.20 ± 0.55 mm for interlocking sternotomy, P < 0.001. The mean displacement in lateral direction was 8.95 ± 3.86 mm for median sternotomy and was 7.24 ± 2.43 mm for interlocking sternotomy, P > 0.001. The mean surface area was 10.40 ± 0.49 cm2 for median sternotomy and was 16.8 ± 0.78 cm2 for interlocking sternotomy, P < 0.001. The displacement in AP and cranio-caudal directions is less in group 2 and it is statistically significant. Displacement in lateral direction in group 2 is less but it is statistically not significant. Surface area in group 2 is significantly wider than group 1.CONCLUSION: Our test results demonstrated improved primary stability and wider opposing bone surfaces in interlocking sternotomy compared to median sternotomy. This method may provide better healing and less complication rates in clinical setting, further studies are necessary for its clinical implications.

Investigation of the Effect of the Addition of Petroleum Waste to Interlocking Bricks Constituent

Incinerator ash was investigated for its potential use as a replacement for sand and cement in concrete interlocking bricks. The physical characteristics of the raw materials were examined. Two sets of mixes were prepared. For the first set, sand and water quantities were fixed while incinerator ash was used at 0% to 100% replacement by weight for cement in steps of 10%. In the second set, incinerator ash was used at 0% to 100% replacement by weight for sand while cement and water quantities was fixed. The mixing proportions for cement, sand and water were 1:3:0.7, respectively. Compressive strength and leachability tests were performed on the specimens. Results showed that the replacement of sand by incinerator ash up to 40% exhibited higher compressive strength than the control mix (0% incinerator ash) after 28 days curing. Maximum compressive strength of 33.33N/mm2 was obtained after 28 days curing using using 20% incinerator ash substitution for sand. Replacement of cement by incinerator ash up to 20% exhibited higher compressive strength than the control mix. Compressive strength of 28.2 N/mm2 was achieved after 28 days curing period using a 20% ash substitution for cement. Leaching of heavy metals (Pb and Cd ) present in the ash was observed in concentrated nitric acid.

Treatment of femur supracondylar fracture with retrograde interlocking intramedullary nails in elderly patients

Objective： To report 32 cases of femur supracondylar fracture treated with retrograde interlocking intramedullary nails in elderly patients. Methods： According to the AO classification, all of 32 cases were classified as extra-articular type A. 32 cases were treated with interlocking intramedullary nail by closed insertion from intercondylar fossa of the knee. All cases accepted CPM exercise as early as possible after operation. Results： Following up 5 to 15 months, all fractures united within an average duration of 5.3 months （4-7 months）. According to the Shelbourne scale, the excellent rate of the knee function was 86.3%. Conclusion： Retrograde interlocking intramedullary nail is useful alternative implant for the treatment of osteoporotic supracondylar fracture of femur, particularly of the type A fracture in the elderly population. Its merits include stable fixation, high rate of fracture union and few complications.

Report of a New Case of Interlocking Heads in a Breech-Vertex Twin Delivery: A Conversation with My Residents

“Locked twins” is a rare event occurring in about 1 in every 1000 twin births. A 21-year-old primigravida with a 31-week twin pregnancy was admitted for delivery. The head of the first twin was locked to the chin of the second twin at the top of the symphysis pubis. Caesarean section was performed allowing the delivery of both dead twins. Twins gestations with first twin in the breech presentation raise index of suspicion of potential locked twin. However, management of such situation is controversial with most authors and colleges recommending caesarean section to avoid interlocking heads. We report another rare case of interlocking heads and bring up the topic about management of breech-first twin deliveries.

Near is more:learning efficiency in research and development innovation among interlocking firms

Research question/issue:This study examines whether geographic proximity produces a proximity preference as interlocking firms observe each other and learn innovative behaviors through information transmission among interlocking directors.Research findings/insights:We study the performance of A-share-listed companies in China from 2007 to 2017 on the basis of resource dependence theory,agglomeration effect theory,and Porter’s competitive theory.When target firms learn about research and development–related innovation behaviors from interlocking firms closer to them,they experience more efficient learning effects and have improved convergent traits.Moreover,this proximity advantage increases the willingness of the target firm to communicate with and learn from interlocking firms closer to them.Highly developed areas and research and development–intensive industries positively affect the learning efficiency of interlocking firms.Theoretical/academic implications:Our conclusion is consistent with resource dependence theory;target firms in highly developed areas are more willing to imitate and study nearby interlocking firms to maintain their peer relations,innovation potential,and competitiveness.Our conclusion is also consistent with competition theory,which states that the exchange of information between target firms in highly research and development–intensive industries and distant interlocking firms increases innovation differentiation,innovation potential,and competitiveness,even when such exchange has a high cost.Practitioner/policy implications:The results support resource dependence theory and peers’effects.The information obtained by interlocking directorates through external social relations guides firm decision-making,and closer distances reveal more obvious effects.

Design Procedure for Semi Interlocking Masonry

SIM （semi interlocking masonry） is a kind of innovative building system for mortar-less walls. It utilizes a special method of interlocking SIM bricks that allows relative sliding of brick courses in-plane of a wall and prevents out-of-plane relative movement of bricks. It has increased capacity to dissipate earthquake energy through friction between bricks compared with traditional masonry. It can be used in earthquake resistant frame structures as infill panels, which also act as EDD （energy dissipation devices）. However, as a mortar-less system, it is not covered by masonry design standards. The purpose of this paper is to introduce S1M and also to develop an analytical design procedure for this innovative masonry system.

Interlocking System for CBTC (Communication Based Train Control) System

In recent years,the environment of railways and the systems such as CBTC(communication based train control)have been changing.To respond the changes and the needs of customers,a UTCS(unified train control system)has been developed to realize a system that evolves with customers.Previous type systems consist of independent components such as ATC(Automatic train control)system,electronic interlocking system,and facility monitoring system,and there are a complicated overlap of system configurations and functions and difference in concept between the systems.On the other hand,the integrated train control system consists of horizontal layers such as function layer,network layer,and terminal layer.Therefore,the system has been developed to make it simple with no unnecessary redundancy and evolving to meet the needs of customers.In this paper,we explain a method that realizes the interlocking function for CBTC system in the function layer based on the concept of“securing a train travelling path”including path blocking and routing,and evaluate the safety of the method using STAMP/STPA.

Study on the Application of Non-Plastering Technology of BM Lightweight Aggregate Interlocking Block

Benchmark(BM)lightweight aggregate interlocking block has the characteristics of energy saving,no plastering,convenient construction,etc.,which can be used for internal infilled walls at all parts(240 mm thick block can also be used for external infilled walls).The U-shaped bricks are used in building ring beams,structural columns and lintel formwork.It eases the formwork construction process,saves energy consumption,shortens the construction period,and reduces the materials used,achieving the purpose of ensuring a high-quality building at minimum construction cost.Taking the practical project as an example,this paper studies the performance and characteristics of BM light aggregate interlocking block,and introduces the key construction technologies,aiming to provide relevant reference for the application of BM light aggregate interlocking block in practical projects.

Monitoring energy usage of heavy-haul iron ore trains with on-board energy meter for improving energy efficiency

Purpose-For billing purposes,heavy-haul locomotives in Sweden are equipped with on-board energy meters,which can record several parameters,e.g.,used energy,regenerated energy,speed and position.Since there is a strong demand for improving energy efficiency in Sweden,data from the energy meters can be used to obtain a better understanding of the detailed energy usage of heavy-haul trains and identify potential for future improvements.Design/methodology/approach-To monitor energy efficiency,the present study,therefore,develops key performance indicators(KPIs),which can be calculated with energy meter data to reflect the energy efficiency of heavy-haul trains in operation.Energy meter data of IORE class locomotives,hauling highly uniform 30-tonne axle load trains with 68 wagons,together with additional data sources,are analysed to identify significant parameters for describing driver influence on energy usage.Findings-Results show that driver behaviour varies significantly and has the single largest influence on energy usage.Furthermore,parametric studies are performed with help of simulation to identify the influence of different operational and rolling stock conditions,e.g.,axle loads and number of wagons,on energy usage.Originality/value-Based on the parametric studies,some operational parameters which have significant impact on energy efficiency are found and then the KPIs are derived.In the end,some possible measures for improving energy performance in heavy-haul operations are given.

杂填土地基中螺杆桩竖向承载特性研究

为了研究杂填土地基中螺杆桩竖向承载特性,基于极限平衡理论分析了桩-土咬合机理,结合桩-土之间的相互作用得到螺纹段等效侧阻力增大系数,在此基础上建立了单桩竖向承载力计算公式,并对杂填土地基中螺杆桩单桩进行缩尺模型试验。结果表明,螺杆桩在竖向荷载作用下,荷载-沉降曲线经历了弹性、弹塑性、塑性破坏3个阶段。根据模型试验所得桩身轴力和桩侧等效侧阻力沿深度的分布规律,总体上螺纹段等效侧阻力高于直杆段。当桩体达到极限承载力时,试验所得等效侧阻力扩大系数与理论分析结果基本一致。

推动民族地区经济互嵌式发展研究

推动经济互嵌发展,促进各民族交往交流交融,是推进各民族和民族地区共同走向社会主义现代化的着眼点和切入点。从经济上看,互嵌式发展是不同民族之间通过市场和非市场的经济交易形成的相互影响、相互渗透的关系,且经济互嵌发展对于各类资本积累、要素生产率和经济增长有促进作用。民族八省区在经济发展、贫困减缓、城镇化、受教育程度、就业结构、空间分布等方面都有不同的经济互嵌程度,而且各地区经济互嵌程度已有了显著提升,但互嵌程度和水平也受到一些因素的约束。因此,进一步推动民族地区经济互嵌式发展,还要支持民族地区加快发展,进一步提升经济互嵌水平,持续支持基础设施建设,降低各民族交往交流交融的各种成本,持续加强基本公共服务供给,提高基本公共服务的供给质量,深度对接和融入国家区域发展战略,在协调发展中推进经济互嵌式发展,利用动态比较优势的变化,提升产业的嵌入性和融合发展水平,互嵌导向型的对口支援与合作政策,着力提高民族地区互嵌式发展的内生潜力。

重庆官栈河大桥主桥主墩基础锁口钢管桩围堰加固

重庆官栈河大桥主桥为(62+110+62)m三跨连续刚构桥,主墩基础采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工。围堰施工正常水位+325.300 m,施工期控制水位+330.500 m。在该桥主墩围堰完成四周锁口钢管桩插打及前4道内支撑安装后,因极端天气原因,长寿湖水位上涨到+332.200 m,危及围堰安全。为解决钢管桩围堰的安全问题,提出采用水下施工内支撑的加固方案。待围堰内部水头与外部保持一致后,将已经插打的锁口钢管桩加高至标高+334.000 m,拆除已安装好的4道内支撑,重新安装6道内支撑。采用MIDAS Civil软件分别建立加固前、后钢管桩围堰结构有限元模型,分析钢管桩及内支撑的受力安全与稳定性。结果表明:施工控制水位+330.500 m下,围堰结构最大正应力由加固前的162.6 MPa下降到加固后的82.3 MPa,下降了49.3%;承载水位可从施工控制水位+330.500 m增加到目标控制水位+333.500 m,且强度和刚度等均留有一定储备。水下施工内支撑的加固方案可提升围堰的承载能力。该桥围堰加固后整体受力效果良好,已顺利完成承台浇筑施工。