Effect of the Ultrasound Generated by Flat Plate Transducer Cleaning on Polluted Polyvinylidenefluoride Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membrane

Polyvinylidenefluoride （PVDF） hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane is frequently employed in water treatment. However, the fouling of ultrafiltration membranes affects the economic effectiveness of such process significantly. The ultrasound generated by flat plate transducer （UFPT） was used to clean the polluted PVDF ultrafiltration membrane with 2 g·L^-1 of citric acid aqueous solution in our study. The effects of UFPT intensity on the membrane surface were studied. The new membrane was easy to be polluted by the saturated CaCl2 solution. A synergistic effect of UFPT and 2 g·L^-1 citric acid aqueous solution could remove the foul of the membrane, and its flux could be recovered about 81%. The flux recovery of old membrane polluted was increased to 73.2% after 7 h soaking in citric acid aqueous solution, but its flux recovery without soaking was only increased to 56.2%.

Fouling and cleaning of membrane——a literature review

Membrane fouling curtails severely the economical and practical implementation of membrane process. The fundamental principles and mechanisms of membrane fouling as well as factors affecting fouling have been summarized in this paper. It also has covered three fouling resistance models and four kinds of approaches to improve membrane performance. Membrane cleaning methods are also discussed including physical, chemical, physico\|chemical and biological methods. In the four groups of basic cleaning methods, biological cleaning has considerable advantages and potentials. Extensive research work should be carried out further to explore and develop new ideas and techniques in the field of membrane cleaning and restoration.

Recent developments on catalytic membrane for gas cleaning

Catalytic membrane, a novel membrane separation technology that combines catalysis and separation, exhibits significant potential in gas purification such as formaldehyde, toluene and nitrogen oxides(NO_x). The catalytic membrane can remove solid particles through membrane separation and degrade gaseous pollutants to clean gas via a catalytic reaction to achieve green emissions. In this review, we discussed the recent developments of catalytic membranes from two aspects: preparation of catalytic membrane and its application in gas cleaning.Catalytic membranes are divided into organic catalytic membranes and inorganic catalytic membranes depending on the substrate materials. The organic catalytic membranes which are used for low temperature operation(less than 300 °C) are prepared by modifying the polymers or doping catalytic components into the polymers through coating, grafting, or in situ growth of catalysts on polymeric membrane. Inorganic catalytic membranes are used at higher temperature(higher than 500 °C). The catalyst and inorganic membrane can be integrated through conventional deposition methods, such as chemical(physical) vapor deposition and wet chemical deposition. The application progress of catalytic membrane is focused on purifying indoor air and industrial exhaust to remove formaldehyde, toluene, NO_x and PM2.5, which are also summarized. Perspectives on the future developments of the catalytic membranes are provided in terms of material manufacturing and process optimization.

Fouling behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)ultrafiltration membrane by polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and chemical cleaning method

Severe fouling to poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)membrane is usually caused as filtrating the papermaking wastewater in the ultrafiltration(UF)process.In the paper,fouling behavior and mechanism were investigated,and the low-concentration polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)contained in the sedimentation tank wastewater was found as the main foulant.Consequently,the corresponding cleaning approach was proposed.The experiment and modeling results elaborated that the fouling mode developed from pore blockage to cake layer along with filtration time.Chemical cleaning conditions including the composition and concentration of reagents,cleaning duration and trans-membrane pressure were investigated for their effect on cleaning efficiency.Pure water flux was recovered by over 95% after cleaning the PVDF membrane using the optimal conditions 0.5 wt% NaClO(as oxidant)and 0.1 wt% sodiumdodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS,as surfactant)at 0.04MPa for 100 min.In the chemical cleaning method,hypochlorite(ClO−)could first chain-scissor PVA macromolecules to small molecules and SDBS could wrap the fragments in micelles,so that the foulants were removed from the pores and surface of membrane.After eight cycling tests,pure water flux recovery maintained above 95% and the reused membrane was found intact without defects.

Characterization of polysulfone hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane and its cleaning efficiency by streaming potential and flux method

Polysulfone(PS)hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane was characterized combined with flux and streaming potential in single electrolyte solutions.The effects of trans-membrane pressure,electrolyte concentration,ion valence and pH value of electrolyte solution on the streaming potential(SP)of the membrane were investigated.The zeta potential and surface charge density of the membrane were calculated on the basis of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation and Gouy-Chapmann theory.The results indicate that the valence and concentration of cation have a greater influence on the SP and surface charge density of PS membrane than those of anion,and the pH value of electrolyte solution has great effects on the SP and zeta potential of the membrane surface. Both the absolute value of the streaming potential and water flux of the adsorbed membrane decrease,compared with those of the clean membrane.The streaming potential and flux of the cleaned membrane can be completely recovered by cleaning with the mass fraction of 0.8%EDTA at pH=10.

Pilot study on treatment of low turbidity and low temperature water by coagulation-immersed membrane process

The objective of this paper was to investigate the practicability of coagulation-immersed membrane process during low-temperature period through the study of steady operation,chemical cleaning methods,water quality and agent consumption.Experimental results showed that:membrane performance decreases with the reduction of temperature,but low temperature has little effect on stable operation of immersed membrane when coagulation as pretreatment.EFM with 1200 mg/L sodium hypochlorite after every 48 filtration cycles was made for reducing membrane fouling efficiently,and the method,with 1.5% sodium hydroxide and 3500 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 10 h and then 2% hydrochloric acid for 4 h,is an appropriate cleaning method under low temperature.Compared with convention treatment process,immersed membrane process not only has same agent consumption,but also permeated water quality is more superior such as fine removal effect on turbidity with average 0.10 NTU.Therefore,coagulation-immersed membrane process is more appropriate for increasing water quality demand and the treatment of low turbidity and low temperature water.

Characteristics of Membrane Fouling in an Anaerobic-(Anoxic/Oxic)~n-MBR Process

The characteristics of membrane fouling and cleaning, in a hybrid MBR process, was investigated. Under the condition of sub-critical flux operation, a characteristic three-stage trans-membrane pressure （TMP） profile is observed as time passes. The initially extended period of slow pressure rise, followed by a somewhat faster rise, is then sup- planted by a sudden transition to rapid pressure rise. Membrane cleaning experiments and SEM examination make it apparent that the rapid TMP rise is mainly caused by the accumulation of a surface cake layer, which is a reversible fouling that can be removed by tap water washing. Fouling caused by a gel layer, which is an irreversible fouling, can be removed efficiently by chemical cleaning. NaC10 can oxidize the gel layer, which is formed mainly of macromo-lecular organic substances. The HC1 can remove inorganic particles formed by Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋ ions etc. The sequence of chemicals used in membrane cleaning has an influence on the cleaning result. The effect of the NaC1O＋HC1 cleaning procedure is superior to that of the HCI＋NaC1O one. Particle size distribution measurements （PSD） reveal that fine particles are inclined to deposit or attach on the membrane surface, or in the membrane pores, and caused rapid fouling.

Fabrication of cost effective iron ore slime ceramic membrane for the recovery of organic solvent used in coke production

Improvement of coking properties of sub-bituminous coal （A） and bituminous coal （B） was done using blended organic solvents, namely, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone （NMP） and ethylenediamine （EDA）. Various solvent blends were employed for the coal extraction under the total reflux condition. A low-cost ceramic membrane was fabricated using industrial waste iron ore slime of M/s TATA steel R＆D, Jamshedpur （India） to separate out the dissolved coking fraction from the solvent-coal mixture. Membrane separations were carried out in a batch cell, and around 75 % recovered NMP was reused. The fractionated coal properties were determined using proximate and ultimate analyses. In the case of bituminous coal, the ash and sulfur contents were decreased by 99.3 % and 79.2 %, respectively, whereas, the carbon content was increased by 23.9 % in the separated coal fraction. Three different cleaning agents, namely deionized water, sodium dodecyl sulphate and NMP were used to regain the original membrane permeability for the reusing.

Pilot-plant Study of Anoxic-aerobic Membrane Bioreactor （AO-MBR） on the Changes of Membrane Flux under Constant Pressure

Under a constant pressure, a pilot-plant test was conducted through the use of anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor （AO-MBR）, and this test operated steadily for 251 days. During the experiment, there were a total of four membrane cleaning processes, for the 90th day, the 150th day, the 210th day and the 240th day, respectively （The cleaning cycle was 90 days, 60 days, 60 days and 30 days, respectively）. From the initial 33.26 L/m^2.b dropped to 20.03 L/m^2.h after the fourth membrane cleaning, membrane flux reduced to 60.22% of the initial flux. During the 180 thd-210 thd of the experiment, the powdered activated carbon （PAC）, the segment size of which is 80-100, was put into anoxic reactor. Membrane flux decreased from 16.02 L/m^2·h to 15.29 L/m^2·h, and then rose to 15.65L/m^2·h. The dosing of PAC had a significant effect on the maintenance of a high membrane flux and extending running time. Before several membrane cleanings, a wire of membrane was intercepted from membrane module. It was found that the membrane surface sediments seemed to the inorganic colloid formed by Fe^2＋, Ca^2＋ and biofilm formed by some micro-organisms after the membrane surface pollutants were analyzed preliminarily with scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.

Application of heat-activated peroxydisulfate process for the chemical cleaning of fouled ultrafiltration membranes

Na Cl O has been widely used to restore membrane flux in practical membrane cleaning processes,which would induce the formation of toxic halogenated byproducts.In this study,we proposed a novel heatactivated peroxydisulfate(heat/PDS)process to clean the membrane fouling derived from humic acid(HA).The results show that the combination of heat and PDS can achieve almost 100%recovery of permeate flux after soaking the HA-fouled membrane in 1 mmol/L PDS solution at 50℃ for 2 h,which is attributed to the changes of HA structure and enhanced detachment of foulants from membranes.The properties of different treated membranes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),atomic force microscope(AFM),attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATRFTIR),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),demonstrating that the reversible and irreversible foulants could be effectively removed by heat/PDS cleaning.The filtration process and fouling mechanism of the cleaned membrane were close to that of the virgin membrane,illustrating the good reusability of the cleaned membrane.Additionally,heat/PDS which can avoid the generation of halogenated byproducts shows comparable performance to Na Cl O on membrane cleaning and high performance for the removal of fouling caused by sodium alginate(SA),HA-bovine serum albumin(BSA)-SA mixture and algae,further suggesting that heat/PDS would be a potential alternative for membrane cleaning in practical application.

废水处理中纳滤膜化学清洗技术研究现状、挑战与展望

纳滤技术由于其操作压力较低、对二价离子截留率高等优势,在市政污水、纺织废水、制药废水等废水处理领域有广阔的应用前景。然而膜污染问题的存在限制了纳滤技术的发展,膜污染不仅会导致膜通量衰减、分离性能下降,还会大大缩短膜的使用寿命。化学清洗可有效缓解膜污染,但常用的清洗剂均会对膜结构和分离性能产生影响,还可能引发生物耐药性及膜清洗废水二次污染等问题。本文对不同类型废水处理中纳滤膜的污染特征及化学清洗方法进行综述,并且重点阐释了酸、碱、次氯酸钠等化学清洗剂与聚酰胺纳滤膜的作用机制,以及频繁的化学清洗对膜面微生物的影响和所引发的生物风险,最后对有关问题的解决措施提出展望,以期为膜污染控制方法的优化提供参考。

浸没式超滤膜在大型给水厂的应用与思考

浙江省某地两个大型水厂(J水厂和T水厂)的生产规模分别为2.0×10^(5)m^(3)/d和5.0×10^(5)m^(3)/d,其运行时间分别为2年和7年,均采用浸没式超滤膜为核心净水工艺。文章结合两个水厂的实际运行情况,研究和总结了两个水厂的运行管理经验,得到如下结论:膜运行方面,两水厂膜进水浑浊度日常在0.15~4.25 NTU,台风季偶有短时13.6~35.2 NTU的情况下,膜出水浑浊度一直稳定在0.1 NTU以下,2μm以上的颗粒数偶有检出;膜污染控制方面,物理清洗时两水厂均在产水中间阶段进行一次气冲清洗,可有效缓解膜污染;化学清洗时发现J水厂仅采用柠檬酸清洗效果好,T水厂采用先次氯酸钠、后柠檬酸清洗效果好;水厂设计方面,J水厂泵吸式产水整体能耗高达27 kW·h/km^(3),T水厂虹吸式产水最低能耗仅为13 kW·h/km^(3),有效降低了能耗;运行管理方面,扩大清水池容积可有效解决因清水池调蓄能力不足导致的超滤膜长时间超负荷运行的问题;同时在膜池的进水管上增设膜前加氯点,保证出水余氯质量浓度稳定在0.2 mg/L左右可有效解决藻类滋生问题。

二沉池出水造成的超滤膜污染在NaClO溶液中化学清洗效能研究

二沉池出水中含有大量微生物代谢产物,这些物质在采用超滤膜对二沉池出水进行深度处理时会产生严重的膜污染,NaClO溶液常用于化学清洗有机物及微生物造成的膜污染。该研究采用NaClO溶液对二沉池出水造成的超滤膜污染进行化学清洗,结合膜通量、膜表面形貌、官能团、主要元素组成在NaClO溶液清洗前后的变化深入分析了NaClO化学清洗膜污染的效能及对膜特性的影响。结果表明NaClO溶液化学清洗可高效去除膜污染并恢复膜通量,但会改变膜表面形貌及元素组成;清洗温度、清洗时间、初始pH及NaClO浓度都会对清洗效能产生影响,在近中性、常温条件下,将污染膜浸泡在100 mg/L NaClO溶液内2 h即可有效去除膜污染,且过度清洗会导致膜损伤。因此,采用NaClO溶液化学清洗二沉池出水造成的膜污染时,需要严格控制清洗条件以实现膜污染高效去除并减少对膜结构特性的影响。

超疏水-高疏油SiC膜的制备及性能

基于SiO_(2)粒子共混喷涂与浸渍方法,研发了一种在SiC膜上制备超疏水-高疏油表面的工艺。通过喷涂不同粒径的SiO_(2)颗粒,在SiC膜表面构造具有双疏性能的微纳双重粗糙结构,然后通过浸渍将十七氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷接枝至SiC膜表面,成功制备了具有超疏水-高疏油特性和优异自清洁性能的SiC膜。通过改变含氟量、粗糙度,分析了各参数对表面润湿性的影响。经改性后所得超疏水-高疏油SiC膜表面上水和正十六烷的静态接触角分别为152.6°和146.3°,滚动角分别为5.2°和10.2°,这归因于SiC膜表面的微纳结构和低表面能物质降低了其与其他物质的黏附力。在强酸和强碱溶液中,超疏水-高疏油SiC膜表现出稳定的双疏性。本研究为在无机膜上构建具有优异耐酸碱性的超疏水-高疏油表面提供了一种简便的工艺。

光催化耦合膜分离系统中缓解膜污染的研究进展

光催化是一种环境友好型高级氧化技术,可有效降解有机污染物。膜分离技术作为一种高效分离技术已被广泛应用在水处理领域,但膜污染导致膜过滤性能降低,分离效率减弱,膜寿命缩短,运行成本增加,是膜分离技术进一步推广的限制因素。光催化耦合膜分离技术被认为是一种缓解膜污染的有效手段。系统综述了光催化耦合膜分离系统(PMRs)中膜污染缓解情况的最新研究,总结了PMRs的不同构型,并分析了不同构型的优、缺点及其应用前景;进一步以典型光催化剂二氧化钛为例,详细讨论了提高光催化效率的材料设计与改性策略,分析了耦合系统中膜污染问题缓解的机制,并展望了光催化耦合膜分离技术的未来发展趋势,以期为今后开展相关研究提供参考。

重力驱动式动态膜生物反应器的膜清洗再生方式优化研究

构建了重力驱动式好氧动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)处理生活污水,比较不同物理清洗方法(空气反冲洗、表面刷洗和组合方式)对动态膜再生的影响,探究了动态膜的形成过程和过滤机理,解析DMBR的污染物去除性能。研究结果表明,动态膜的形成伴随着出水颗粒物粒径的不断减少,5 min后颗粒粒径分布基本稳定,动态膜形成阶段符合滤饼过滤模型,稳定运行阶段符合标准过滤模型。DMBR对浊度、NH_(4)^(+)-N、COD和SCOD的平均去除率分别为99.6%、94.0%、93.2%和82.8%。空气反冲洗辅助刷洗不仅可以去除微网表面的污染层,还可去除对DMBR长期运行有影响的污染物,五个过滤周期的初始通量恢复率均达到93.1%以上。

Eco-friendly regeneration of end-of-life PVDF membrane with triethyl phosphate:Efficiency and mechanism

Membrane will inevitably reach the end of its lifespan due to the irrecoverable fouling accumulation in membrane bioreactors(MBRs)during long-term operation.Herein,we developed an eco-friendly membrane regeneration strategy with triethyl phosphate(TEP),which successfully prolonged the lifespan of end-of-life(EOL)polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membranes in a large-scale MBR.The regenerated(Rg)membrane exhibited a water permeance of 534.8±45.7 L m^(-2)h^(-1)bar-1,along with stable rejection rate,which was comparable with that of the new membrane.Furthermore,compared to the membrane subjected solely to preliminary cleaning,the Rg membrane presented a more hydrophilic surface due to the combination of preliminary cleaning and solvent-based processing.Besides,the Rg membrane presented less fouling propensity with the critical flux of 15.2 L m^(-2)h^(-1),significantly higher than that of the EOL membrane(4.0 L m^(-2)h^(-1)).Importantly,the membrane regeneration strategy was capable of guaranteeing the effluent quality in MBR systems for treating real municipal wastewater.This study provides an eco-friendly membrane regeneration strategy for effectively removing the irrecoverable foulants,thereby promoting the advancement of sustainable membrane-based wastewater treatment technology.

再生水厂超滤膜污染的清洗优化研究

针对再生水厂高浊度污染情况,以某再生水厂浸没式超滤膜为研究对象,构建一套中试设备,模拟运行中发生最多且严重的高浊度污染,通过调整物理清洗及化学清洗的技术参数对受污染膜进行模拟清洗,以跨膜压差为评价指标,结合实际生产中的经济指标,对清洗效果进行比较并找出更合理、更便捷、更经济的清洗方式。通过改变清洗方式,优化现有水厂超滤膜清洗方式,可大幅降低膜运行时间、药剂成本,延长膜使用寿命。

不同结构的聚醚砜膜过滤阻力分析及耐碱性能研究

制备了指状孔、海绵孔及分段指状孔3种不同结构的聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜和磺化聚砜(SPS)改性聚醚砜膜,通过牛血清蛋白(BSA)过滤对不同结构PES膜的污染情况进行阻力分析,通过碱洗前后通量衰减及泡点对比,检验不同类型PES膜的稳定性。结果表明:以指状孔为主的PES膜总阻力最小,其原膜阻力和浓差极化阻力占比最低,阻力主要来自孔隙堵塞,占比高达80.82%;以海绵孔为主的PES膜总阻力居中,尽管浓差极化阻力最大,但吸附占比最低仅为1.80%;分段指状孔的PES膜总阻力最大,原膜、吸附及孔隙堵塞阻力占比皆最高,而浓差极化阻力居中;根据碱洗后表现,除指状孔PES膜外,其他3种膜都有第二次过滤通量高于初始值的现象,从配方角度分析,由聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)及SPS改性膜的耐碱性不如两亲性共聚物。