On-Line Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater in a Pulp and Paper Mill Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Although near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated for numerous applications, the number of actual on-line or even on-site industrial applications seems to be very limited. In the present paper, the attempts to produce online predictions of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill using NIR spectroscopy are described. The task was perceived as very challenging, but with a root mean square error of prediction of 149 mg/l, roughly corresponding to 1/10 of the studied concentration interval, this attempt was deemed as successful. This result was obtained by using partial least squares model regression, interpolated reference values for calibration purposes, and by evenly distributing the calibration data in the concentration space. This work may also represent the first industrial application of online COD measurements in wastewater using NIR spectroscopy.

A METHOD OF ON-LINE MEASUREMENT FOR THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS OF MULTIVARIATE SYSTEM

In this paper,a method of multipoint pseudorandom combined excita-tion with the orthogonal reciprocal repeated sequences(ORRS)is presented on thebackground of the on-line identification of multivariate system.The capacity of therestraint to the identification error caused by the non-random D.C.drift of the mul-ti-input excitation with the ORRS in the multivariate system is also discussed.Thevalidity of the method described in this paper is proved by the modelling tests of themulti-plate rotor system.

On-line Temperature Rise Measurement of Submersible Motors

A new approach to the on-line temperature rise measurement of submersible pump's motors is presented. A new method of power supply and signed transmission for the measurement device in the pump well is also put forward here. The design and some experimental results are given.

Integrated On-line Instrumentation System of Magnetic Properties Measurement

A portable microcomputer-controlled inspection system has been developed for detection of magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials. It incorporates custom designed software for control of the magnetic field during operation such as demagnetization, field sweeping, and for data logging and analysis. Results are recorded using a 12-bit analog to digital converter and are then stored on disk. The magnetic hysteresis loop and Barkhausen noise data can be converted into important magnetic parameters: coecivity, remanence, and hysteresis loss, Barkhausen amplitude, and Barkhausen noise energy. This system incorporated with the magnetostriction, and magnetoacoustic emission, is then related with the nondestructive detection of material degradation.

A Study on Comprehensive Modeling for Errors in on-line Measuring System of Machining Center

Based on the theory of multi-body system (MBS), bine’s and huston’s methods are applied to an on-line measuring system of machining center in this paper. Through the study on modeling technique, the comprehensive model for errors calculation in an on-line measuring System of machining center have been built for the first time. Using this model, the errors can be compensated by soft.ware and the measuring accuracy can be enhanced without any more inveSt. This model can be used in all kinds of machining center.

Development of an automatic measurement system using atmospheric pressure photoionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and application for on-line analysis of particulate matter

On-line chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter(PM)with soft ionization technique and ultrahigh-resolution Mass Spectrometry(UHRMS)provides molecular information of organic constituents in real time.Here we describe the development and application of an automatic measurement system that incorporates PM_(2.5)sampling,thermal desorption,atmospheric pressure photoionization,and UHRMS analysis.Molecular formulas of detected organic compounds were deducted from the accurate(±10 ppm)molecular weights obtained at a mass resolution of 100,000,allowing the identification of small organic compounds in PM_(2.5).Detection efficiencies of 28 standard compounds were determined and we found a high sensitivity and selectivity towards organic amines with limits of detection below 10 pg.As a proof of principle,PM_(2.5)samples collected off-line in winter in the urban area of Beijing were analyzed using the Ionization Module and HRMS of the system.The automatic system was then applied to conduct on-line measurements during the summer time at a time resolution of 2 hr.The detected organic compounds comprised mainly CHON and CHN compounds below 350 m/z.Pronounced seasonal variations in elemental composition were observed with shorter carbon backbones and higher O/C ratios in summer than that in winter.This result is consistent with stronger photochemical reactions and thus a higher oxidation state of organics in summer.Diurnal variation in signal intensity of each formula provides crucial information to reveal its source and formation pathway.In summary,the automatic measurement system serves as an important tool for the on-line characterization and identification of organic species in PM_(2.5).

Analysis and Application of the Synthetic Relative Measuring Method in On-Line Monitoring for Capacitive Equipment in Power Systems

On-line measurement for dielectric loss angle can effectively monitor the insulation condition of capacitive equipment in power systems. Synthetic relative measuring methods not only markedly overcome the shortcomings of traditional absolute measuring methods but also greatly improve the accuracy of dielectric loss angle measurement. However, synthetic relative measuring methods based on two or three pieces of capacitive equipment do not have the characteristic of generality. In this paper, a principle of synthetic relative measuring method is presented. The example of application for synthetic relative methods based on three and four pieces of capacitive equipment running in the same phase is taken to present the failure judgment matrices for N pieces of equipment. According to these matrices, the fault condition of N pieces of capacitive equipment can be watched, which is more general. Then some problems needing to be concerned along with two diagnostic methods used in diagnostic system are introduced. Finally, two programmable flow charts for the two methods are given and corresponding examples demonstrate their feasibility in practice.

Tracking Galloping Profile of Transmission Lines Using Wireless Inertial Measurement Units

Galloping of power transmission lines might bring about huge damage such as massive power outage and collapse of the transmission towers. To realize forecast of the galloping and provide data for study on the galloping mechanism, this paper proposes an online monitoring system for tracking galloping profile of power transmission lines based on wireless inertial measurement units (WIMUs). The system is composed of three modules: wireless inertial measurement nodes, monitoring base station, and remote monitoring station. After detailing the hardware system, the corresponding software which positions and displays galloping profile of the transmission line in real-time is outlined. The feasibility of the proposed on-line monitoring system is demonstrated through a series of experiments at the State Grid Key Laboratory of Power Overhead Transmission Line Galloping (Zhengzhou, China) by taking into account different vibration patterns.

A Rapid Method for Measuring Seed Protein Content in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>(L.) Walp)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a legume crop that is grown in the worldwide, provides beneficial proteins for human consumption and animal feeding. In comparison, Rapid N analyzer as traditional method, has been widely used to measure protein content through the percentage of total nitrogen in the seed’s grounded powder. Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) has commonly been used to measure protein content in soybean seeds using whole grain without the need of seed grinding, which makes it possible to obtain fast results at a lower cost-per-analysis than the traditional combustion method. The specific objective of this study is to test a rapid method for measuring cowpea seed protein content by the NIR analyzer comparing to the traditional rapid N analyzer. A total of 240 cowpea genotypes were used in this study, including six seed coat colors, black, blackeye, browneye, cream, pinkeye, and red with 40 cowpea genotypes. The results showed that a linear relationship exists between the NIR analyzer and the Rapid N analyzer in the six different color groups. The correlation efficiency (r) between the seed protein contents from NIR and Rapid N was higher for pinkeye seed (r = 0.867), blackeye (0.771), cream (0.729), browneye (0.700), and red (0.623), respectively, but lower for black seeds, indicating that the NIR analyzer can be used to measure protein content for cowpea seeds with the five types of seed coat except black. Overview, the cowpea seed protein content measured from the NIR analyzer showed a little higher seed protein content. A series of regression models with different seed coat color have been built to adjust to protein content of colorful cowpea seeds from the NIR analyzer. But, it is not recommended to use for black color seeds due to a very low correlation efficiency (r) value with 0.184.

ON-LINE INSPECTION TECHNIQUES OF MANUFACTURING QUALITY OF ROLLED-STEEL SHEET

On-line measurement of manufaturing quality of rolled steel needs the performances of noncontact, high-responds, high-resolution and high aceuracy. The reccntly developed hardware makes it possible. This paper gives a review of the development of this techniques and introduces four kinds of developed measurement systems. And the future development trends in this field was also discussed.

The Measurement and Control of Diameter in Large-Scale Part Processing

Based on laser-scanned measuring technology, a met ho d of on-line dynamic non-contact measurement and feedback control of processin g dimension, i.e. the double edges laser-scanned large diameter on-line dynami c measurement and control system is presented, which can be used to measure diam eter in large-scale machine part processing. In this paper, the working princip le, overall structure and microcomputer real-time control and data processing s ystem of the system are discussed in detail, the method of double edges scanned large diameter dimension measurement and control is theoretically analyzed, its possibility has been verified by experiments of lathing large diameters machine parts by a vertical lathe. The system adopts the measuring scheme of double edge s laser-scanned combined with grating displacement measurement. The two edges c haracteristic information of the measured diameter is given by the double edges laser-scanned measuring system, the non-contact measurement of large diameter dimension is realized to combine with the grating displacement measuring systems . The main controller gives out feedback control signal by means of measured res ults, and controls advance and retreat of lathe tool by the servo-control syste m of a vertical lathe to realize on-line dynamic non-contact measurement and c ontrol in processing.

Why Should We Bother on Measurement in Wastewater Treatment Operation?

The question of wastewater treatment and control is reflected from a very specific viewpoint: the low priority given to accurate and useful measurements within wastewater treatment. The matter is discussed from four various perspectives, that may be labelled “Legal understanding”;“Needs for accurate measurement results already in the planning and design stage”;“The measurement problem and human behaviour”;“The understanding of the short term and long term dynamics and changes in pollution and flow loads on a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)”. All these aspects bring about much improved needs for an accurate and frequent measurement scheme both for pollutants and flows entering a WWTP. The conclusion is stated as follows: A far more and well elaborated on-line measurement system at the plants would become a needed tool for improved water environment protection at lower costs.

Measurement of Particle Velocity, Particle Size Distribution and Concentration in Particulate Suspension by Transmission Fluctuation Correlation Spectrometry

In coal-fired power generation industry, parameters such as particle size affect combustion efficiency. Especially in the application of two-phase flow clean energy, the parameters such as particle velocity, particle size distribution and concentration are very important, because the coal particle velocity, concentration or size range have an impact on the whole combustion process. This paper introduces an optical measurement setup based on the transmission fluctuation correlation spectrum measurement technique, which realizes the simultaneous measurement of particle velocity, particle size distribution and concentration. Compared with image method, ultrasonic spectrum method and other methods, the experimental device is simple and low-cost.

基于红外辐射测温法的焊头动态高速真温测量系统研制

温度是用来表征物体特性的一个重要的基本参数,被广泛应用于金属加工、生产生活、航空航天等各个领域,温度测量的准确与否对每个行业都有着至关重要的影响。随着电子设备的尺寸不断微型化以及各种可穿戴智能设备的普及和发展,小型化成为了电子元件技术水平的一个重要技术指标,所以电子元器件也一直朝着小尺寸、高集成化方向发展,而其焊接温度的波动引起的产品良品率也在不断降低。因此,如何实现电子元器件焊接过程中焊头温度的实时获取,已成为众多相关企业急需研究的课题。基于晶体管式焊接电源的工作特点,从分析焊头的结构特性入手,利用焊头的红外光谱辐射特性,设计了一种激光瞄准式的光学系统,采用朗伯体法对焊头进行温度测量,从而得到焊头工作时的实时真温。整个温度测量系统由硬件系统部分和软件系统部分构成。其中,硬件系统包括光学系统的设计、 I/V转换及放大电路和上位机的高速数据采集系统。软件系统主要包括上位机系统界面的设计。上位机软件采用LabVIEW进行程序设计,主要包括AD采集卡的配置与驱动、数据滤波、零点测量、温度标定、温度计算、实时温度曲线和数据存储。在系统建立、软件调试完毕后,采用标准空腔黑体炉对测温系统进行了校准。首先,利用整体黑体法对焊头工作时的发射率进行了试验,结果表明,在氧化和非氧化状态下,其发射率与文献数据基本一致。然后利用该发射率值,计算出了焊头上小孔的空腔黑体发射率。最后,利用恒流晶体管式焊接电源进行了系统稳定性和重复性实验。分析该方法的不确定度,得出该方法的总体不确定度在3%以内。通过对测温系统的标定和配置,该系统还可以应用在其他需要高速精确测温的场景。

基于双斜坡法的光纤应变快速测量方法

为了提高基于布里渊散射的光纤应变测量的实时性,将仅根据两个工作点布里渊增益计算布里渊频移的双斜坡法用于光纤应变测量。介绍双斜坡法的基本原理,基于仿真布里渊谱研究左右两侧工作点选择对布里渊频移计算准确性的影响规律,确定最佳的工作点。基于确定的最佳工作点和不同信噪比的布里渊谱,研究信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio, SNR)对双斜坡法和最小二乘拟合法准确性的影响规律。结果表明:双斜坡法的两个工作点围绕光纤沿线布里渊频移的均值对称时误差最小;随两个工作点频率之差的增加布里渊频移误差先减小后增大。相似准确性下双斜坡法的布里渊谱测量时间仅为最小二乘拟合法的约1/30,布里渊频移的计算时间仅约为后者的1/480。

连续继代培养下培养基降本措施对甘薯组培苗生长的影响

为降低甘薯(Dioscorea esculenta(Lour.)Burkill)组培苗快繁培养的生产成本,提高工厂化育苗的经济效益,在MS基本培养基的基础上,通过简化培养基组成、以自来水代替去离子水、以白砂糖代替蔗糖等降本措施,研究了连续继代培养下培养基组成简化或替代措施对甘薯组培苗生长的影响。结果表明,无论是初代培养还是继代培养,以白砂糖代替蔗糖,对甘薯组培苗生长无显著影响,但去除培养基中的微量元素、有机物质或以自来水代替去离子水,均对组培苗产生不利影响,导致株高降低、增殖系数减小、根系生长变差,且这种不利影响在经历长时间的继代培养后进一步加剧,组培苗生长更差。因此,在甘薯组培苗的工厂化生产中,可以用白砂糖代替蔗糖,降低组培生产成本,而其他降本措施不宜采用。

河口岸带氨氮原位快速分析方法研究

以自主研发的海水氨氮原位快速分析仪的现场可靠测量为目标,基于改进的靛酚蓝分光光度法建立了一种河口岸带氨氮的快速分析方法。论文基于正交实验分析,研究了不同盐度条件下,全自动快速测量最佳不完全显色反应时间,并确定了给定盐度范围内最佳不完全显色反应时间随盐度变化的规律。研究及分析结果表明,样品盐度为5‰的情况下,基于改进和优化后的靛酚蓝分光光度法,氨氮原位测量仪的检测耗时仅需要60s左右;样品盐度在0‰~25‰范围内,氨氮快速测量的最佳反应时间,随着盐度的增大而逐渐增加,样品盐度为25‰时,检测耗时为180s。光程长度为10cm、显色反应时间为60s时,盐度为5‰的氨氮样品检测下限为0.9945μmol·L^(-1),方法标准工作曲线R2大于0.99,证明改进后的靛酚蓝分光光度法可以满足河口岸带水体中氨氮的原位快速检测。将其应用于湛江湾水体中氨氮时间序列在线监测发现,监测期间氨氮浓度与水体盐度存在很好的负相关关系。与传统的人工检测和流动注射分析方法相比,自主研发的海水氨氮原位快速分析仪检测分析过程中样品和试剂消耗量极少(μL),反应时间短(盐度为5‰时60 s),可适用于河口岸带水体中氨氮的长时间序列原位及在线监测。

成都市域快轨减振措施效果分析

为评价市域快轨的减振效果,以成都市域快轨18号线某圆形盾构隧道为例,选取了线路条件基本相同的相近断面,对双层非线性减振扣件、减振垫浮置板、钢弹簧浮置板3种减振措施及对应普通道床断面进行现场测试,研究市域快轨减振措施的减振效果。通过对实测数据进行时域、频域和1/3倍频程分析,得到不同减振措施和普通断面的隧道壁最大Z振级(VL_(Zmax)),并对比得到不同减振措施的减振效果;通过对测点的隧道壁振动加速度级及地面振动进行1/3倍频程分析,得到振动的传播衰减情况。结果表明:3种减振措施都有减振效果,双层非线性减振扣件减振效果为7.3 dB,减振垫浮置板的减振效果为16.2 dB,钢弹簧浮置板的减振效果最好,达到了19.7 dB。

醉驾新规的诉讼法解读及其对完善我国轻罪案件诉讼程序的启示

“两高两部”《关于办理醉酒危险驾驶刑事案件的意见》对醉驾案件的相关诉讼法问题作了详细规定,包括强制措施、证据收集和采信、诉讼程序、刑事司法与行政执法衔接、办案程序等。这些规定既有对现有规定的细化完善,也有对实践探索的提炼总结,还有一些重要的制度创新,对构建中国特色轻罪诉讼程序作了有益探索,提供了改革的样本。